电渣重熔马氏体时效钢中的非金属夹杂物研究

本文应用电子扫描法(SEM+EDS)和金相法,对真空感应熔炼(VIM)及随后进行电渣重熔(ESR)的改进型18NiNb马氏体时效钢中的非金属夹杂物进行了定性和评级分析。结果表明,电渣重熔对去除钢中的硫化物和尺寸较大的单颗粒夹杂效果明显,电渣重熔后钢中的夹杂物主要为细小的氧化物夹杂,数量明显减少、且呈弥散分布,进一步提高了18NiNb合金钢的钢锭质量。     

硫化物形态对超高强度钢冲击韧性的影响

本文对比分析了"真空感应+真空自耗重熔"和"电弧炉+VOD+真空自耗重熔"两种工艺冶炼的超高强度G50钢力学性能.利用扫描电镜和能谱分析等检测手段研究了不同冶炼工艺生产的G50钢中夹杂物类型和尺寸分布.研究结果表明:电弧炉+VOD+真空自耗重熔工艺冶炼的G50钢横向和纵向冲击韧性分别相对"VIM+VAR"工艺得到很大的改善,各向均匀性得到改善.电弧炉+VOD+真空自耗重熔工艺冶炼的G50钢中夹杂物颗粒状和椭圆形弥散均匀分布,阻碍空洞合并,导致冲击性能尤其是横向冲击性能得到极大的改善.     

零夹杂钢精炼的理论与工艺

零夹杂钢即夹杂物高度弥散分、尺寸小于1 μm的钢.论文从理论上分析其制备的可能性,展望其性能.具体工艺措施为:经过预脱铝处理的超低S、P工业纯铁,在50 kg真空感应炉中依靠碳氧脱氧反应进行初脱氧、深脱氧和合金化处理,炼成42CrMo钢,最后在电子束炉中经过两次重熔,得到全氧量为T.O.=4×10-6的42CrMo锭.精炼钢锻造成材后,非金属夹杂物非常细小用常规金相检验(×100倍)很难定量评级,在扫描电镜检测下发现有少量1～4 μm 的Al2O3夹杂,其主要来自铁合金原料.疲劳寿命由107转数提高到109转数.     

浅析硬线钢中非金属夹杂物

硬线盘钢制品对钢的纯净度,夹杂物的尺寸、分布以及形态都有严格的要求,非金属夹杂物又是影响硬线钢质量的主要因素之一。本文通过介绍硬线钢中非金属夹杂物的来源和分类,分析了不同类型夹杂物的形成机理及形貌,指出了非金属夹杂物对硬线钢的影响和危害。     

夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响

对洁净车轮钢在不同温度下进行正火处理,得到不同晶粒尺寸的显微组织,然后对车轮钢进行室温冲击试验,利用扫描电镜对冲击试样断口形貌进行观察,研究了夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响。结果表明：部分车轮钢冲击试样以夹杂物起裂,夹杂物类型为Ti（C,N）,另一部分冲击试样断口起裂源处则未发现有夹杂物,但尺寸在10μm以下的Ti（C,N）夹杂物对车轮钢的冲击韧度没有明显的影响,而晶粒尺寸对车轮钢的冲击韧度有明显影响;其主要原因是室温下车轮钢冲击断裂的临界事件是微裂纹穿过晶界扩展引发解理断裂,因此晶粒尺寸是决定洁净车轮钢冲击韧度的主要因素。     

用金相法检验精炼前后Q235B钢液中的夹杂物

对某一炉Q235B钢液精炼前后的夹杂物从尺寸、分布密度、形状及数量的角度进行了金相检验及分析。结果表明：精炼后,小颗粒状夹杂物尺寸及分布密度均有所增加;而尺寸大于20μm的球状或近球状夹杂物和非球状夹杂物的数量减少了43％,其中非球状夹杂物尺寸及数量均大幅度降低,而球状或近球状夹杂物的比例提高了40％;同时尺寸大于50μm的夹杂物尺寸及数量也均有不同程度的降低;因此使用的精炼合成渣对改变夹杂物的形状和净化钢液起到了一定作用。     

正三棱锥形夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体形核模型研究

通过建立晶内铁素体形核模型,结合数学推导发现,基底相为不规则形状的夹杂物比基底相为球形夹杂物形核功小,易诱导铁素体形核。根据数学模型分析球形夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体形核的影响因素。结果表明:夹杂物尺寸过小时不利于诱导晶内铁素体形核,其尺寸增加到0.15μm后,对铁素体的形核影响反而不大;夹杂物与钢液的润湿角越小,越易诱导铁素体形核;夹杂物与钢液的润湿角为70°~90°时,球形夹杂物易诱导正三棱锥形铁素体析出,而润湿角小于70°时,易诱导球形铁素体析出;析出相为正三棱锥形铁素体形核模型的形核率比析出相为球形铁素体模型的形核率高。通过实验验证了不规则夹杂物可以诱导铁素体形核,且夹杂物尺寸大于0.15μm后,对铁素体的形核影响不大。     

热输入对E36钢SAW焊缝组织及韧性的影响

为提高建造海洋采油平台的效率、减少生产周期,进而为实际生产提供数据支持,采用3种不同热输入对海洋采油平台用E36钢进行埋弧焊焊接,通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对焊缝微观组织及夹杂物形貌进行了观察,研究了不同热输入对焊缝组织及韧性的影响,并分析了不同热输入对焊缝夹杂物尺寸分布和成分的影响.结果表明:热输入为50 k J/cm时,焊缝金属韧性较好;随着焊接热输入的增加,焊缝的冲击韧性降低,但仍能满足性能指标,焊缝金属中夹杂物成分相差较大,有效夹杂物数量减少,焊缝金属中大角度晶界比例减少;对于E36钢,热输入为160 k J/cm时不仅能使韧性符合要求还能提高生产效率.     

钙处理对AH36船体钢耐点蚀性能的影响

为提高AH36钢的耐海水腐蚀性能,炼钢时引入了钢水钙处理工艺.本文通过室内间浸挂片试验、交流阻抗试验、动电位极化试验及极化试验后的SEM分析,研究了钙处理对AH36钢中的夹杂物及耐点蚀性能的影响.结果表明:变性夹杂物中的CaS对钙处理钢的耐点蚀性能有明显的影响.通过钙处理把钢中氧化铝夹杂、硅铝酸盐夹杂等球化变性成无CaS或低CaS的球状CaO-Al2O3复合夹杂,可有效提高钢的耐点蚀性能;变性球状复合夹杂中含较多的CaS会促进诱发夹杂物周围基体腐蚀,提高点蚀诱发敏感性;含硫量较高的AH36钢在钙处理不充分时,形成CaS夹杂或以CaS为主的复合夹杂,会使AH36钢的耐点蚀性能恶化.     

两种新型试验用钢疲劳寿命差异的实验研究

选用两种新型试验用钢，分析测定了它们的化学成分、金相组织特征及夹杂物分布形态；通过高频疲劳测定试验比较了它们之间疲劳寿命差异．结果表明：对同种钢而言，缺口系数对疲劳寿命的影响非常大，缺口系数越大，疲劳寿命越小；不同钢之间的疲劳寿命的差异取决于钢中的化学成分及钢中夹杂物．合理地提高材料的合金元素，有效地改善材料的化学成分的配比及适当的热处理工艺可以明显提高材料的强度极限；纯净的钢质量及合理的高强度是提高钢的疲劳寿命的最合理、有效的手段．     

Effect of desulphurization and calcium treatments on the inclusion morphology of 0.4C-Cr-Mo-Ni steel

Several 0.4C-Cr-Mo-Ni steels with different sulphur and calcium content levels have been studied to determine the effect of desulphurization and calcium treatments on the morphology of non-metallic inclusions in low-alloy steels. The volume fraction and size parameters of the inclusions were determined using optical microscopy. The inclusions were identified by electron probe microanalysis. The volume fraction and mean aspect ratio of a stringy type of inclusion, which consisted predominantly of MnS, was reduced significantly with a decrease in sulphur content through desulphurization. A cluster type of composite inclusion was also decreased with decreasing sulphur content. Calcium treatment of steel with a commercial sulphur level was not very effective for modification of the inclusions, producing two types of cluster composite inclusion. However, the calcium treatment of desulphurized steel modified dramatically the stringy type to a particle type (mean diameter: 1.3 m) which consisted predominantly of CaS-CaO, while small amounts of Ti and Al were also detected.     

Effect of Cold Deformation on the Machinability of a Free Cutting Steel

The effect of cold deformation on the machinability of a free cutting steel has been investigated through characterization of the variation in size and morphology of the sulfide inclusions. The machinability has been indexed in terms of cutting force, surface roughness, and chip characteristics. The possible interrelations between inclusion characterizing parameters and machinability indices have been examined. Increased cold deformation was found to increase interinclusion spacing as well as aspect ratio of the inclusions. These variations in inclusion characteristics, in turn, were found to reduce the cutting forces and the chip length up to a critical amount of deformation. The results highlight the influence of inclusion characterizing parameters on machinability characteristics of free cutting steels.     

Characterization of inclusions in clean steels: a review including the statistics of extremes methods

The application of new secondary refining techniques and non-metallic inclusion reduction techniques in steel production processes has greatly reduced the size and amount of non-metallic inclusions remaining in molten steels and steel products. This makes the inspection of inclusions difficult. Here the main methods used for the characterization of inclusions in clean steels are reviewed. The influences of inclusions on the properties of steels are discussed. Statistical methods for the prediction of the maximum inclusion size in a large volume of steel are introduced. Methods based on the statistics of extremes are described in detail. The methodology for the practical application of these methods is described and the factors affecting the precision of the estimation are discussed.     

Evaluation of giga-cycle fatigue properties of some maraging steels by intermittent ultrasonic fatigue testing

ABSTRACT In evaluating the giga-cycle fatigue strength of some high strength steels, information on the size distribution of nonmetallic inclusions contained in the material is indispensable. To save time and effort of obtaining such data concerning the inclusions, a convenient dissolution method to evaluate the maximum inclusion size is proposed, in place of a conventional method of measuring the inclusion sizes on many cross-sectional areas. Meanwhile, to save time-consuming work of obtaining giga-cycle fatigue properties of some metallic materials, an intermittent ultrasonic fatigue testing method has also been developed. In the present paper, these two newly developed methods were successfully combined to assess the long life fatigue properties of maraging steels as a function of inclusion size.     

Effects of rare earth elements on inclusions and impact toughness of high-carbon chromium bearing steel

High-carbon chromium bearing steels with different rare earth (RE) contents were prepared to investigate the effects of RE on inclusions and impact toughness by different techniques. The results showed that RE addition could modify irregular Al₂O₃ and MnS into regular RE inclusions. With the increase of RE content, the reaction sequence of RE and potential inclusion forming elements should be O, S, As, P and C successively. RE inclusions containing C might precipitate in molten steel and solid state, but the precipitation temperature was significantly higher than that of carbides in high-carbon chromium bearing steel. For experimental bearing steels, the volume fraction of inclusions increased steadily with the increase of RE content, but smaller and more dispersed inclusions could be obtained by 0.018% RE content compared with bearing steel without RE, whereas the continuous increase of RE content led to an increasing trend for inclusion size and a gradual deterioration for inclusion distribution. RE addition could improve the transverse impact toughness and isotropy of bearing steel, and for modified high-carbon chromium bearing steel by RE alloying, the increase of RE content continuously increased both transverse and longitudinal impact toughness until excessive RE addition.     

Formation of acicular ferrite and influence of vanadium alloying

Abstract

The effect of vanadium microalloying in promoting a tough, acicular ferrite microstructure in C-Mn steels has been investigated. The microstructure obtained consisted of fine interlocking ferrite plates and was indistinguishable from acicular ferrite developed in steel weld metals, apparently from the intragranular nucleation of ferrite at inclusions. A number of variables were examined in high purity experimental steels including composition and heat treatment conditions, and related to a metallographic examination of the microstructure by high resolution micro-analytical transmission electron microscopy and surface analysis. A comprehensive study of the inclusions in the steels, containing different ratios of oxygen and nitrogen concentration, did not find any significant evidence that inclusion assisted nucleation was the sole determining factor in producing acicular ferrite. Moreover, no evidence could be found to relate vanadium alloying to significant vanadium nitride precipitation, either separately, or associated with the inclusions. Thus, in the present steels, any possible alternative influence of vanadium on intragranular ferrite nucleation is not obscured by effects associated with the inclusion population. The vanadium concentration appeared to be the most important influence in developing an acicular ferrite microstructure in these experimental steels, and this is not inconsistent with previous reports in the literature of a beneficial 'vanadium effect'. Evidence for vanadium segregation in the microstructure was found, which may be related to the effect of vanadium in encouraging the formation of acicular ferrite. Even when there is good evidence that inclusions are responsible for intragranular ferrite nucleation (as, for example, in steel weld metals), a 1 :1 inclusion-ferrite relationship has been difficult to establish. Thus, even an inclusion activated nucleation theory is likely to require additional intragranular ferrite formation without inclusion assistance, such as sympathetic or autocatalytic nucleation, and this could be reflected in the present study by vanadium atom clustering facilitating an alternative intragranular ferrite nucleation mechanism.     

熔速对氩气保护GH4169G合金电渣锭组织及夹杂物的影响

研究了熔速对氩气保护GH4169G电渣锭宏微观组织及非金属夹杂物的影响。结果表明:适当增加熔速有利于缩短铸锭的局部凝固时间,减小二次枝晶间距,从而细化枝晶组织,但对Nb、Ti等易偏析元素沿径向的宏观分布影响不大。熔速对GH4169G铸锭中的夹杂物类型影响较小,主要为氧化物、氟化物和氮化物三类。夹杂物在铸锭表面最多,向内部迅速减少并趋于稳态。铸锭内部夹杂物多以氧化物为核心,氮化物为次外层,碳化物为最外层的双层或三层结构。采用MeltFlow-ESR模拟方法,分析了熔速对重熔过程中夹杂物运动轨迹的影响,发现提高熔速有利于夹杂物向铸锭表面运动,降低铸锭表面夹杂物富集区的厚度和铸锭内部夹杂物的数量。此外,提高熔速有利于缩短夹杂物析出长大的时间,降低夹杂物尺寸。     

Effect of Zr–Ti deoxidisation on the hydrogen-induced cracking of X65 pipeline steels

The effect of Zr–Ti combined deoxidisation, compared with the traditional Al deoxidisation, on inclusion and microstructure in X65 pipeline steels was investigated by means of analytical characterisation techniques such as non-aqueous solution electrolysis method, optical and electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and hydrogen-induced cracking test. Large inclusions as well as elongated MnS particles were observed in the conventional Al-deoxidised steel. However, the type and size of inclusions were efficiently controlled in the Zr–Ti-deoxidised steel, in which MnS particles were spheroidised and evenly dispersed in the matrix. Hydrogen-induced cracking test results showed that centre segregation was the main factor accountable for hydrogen-induced cracking in X65 pipeline steels. The Zr–Ti-deoxidised X65 pipeline steel revealed better HIC-resistance performance.     

圆珠笔头用新型易切削不锈钢的组织与力学性能

对圆珠笔头用新型高铬硫系铁素体易切削不锈钢冷拉线材的微观组织与力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,钢中易切削相为MnS、Pb及其与Te形成的复合夹杂物,均呈细小球状或椭球形沿拉拔方向断续、串链状分布.MnS夹杂物大小横向约1μm,纵向约10μm.钢中Cr、Mo的碳化物对改善MnS夹杂物形态有显著作用.该钢成品线材基体组织为细小铁素体晶粒,晶粒度约为10级,力学性能与进口同类钢线材相近,作为替代进口材料,其用于制造圆珠笔头,具有良好的切削性能,能满足生产加工和使用要求,填补了国内空白.     

稀土处理对Mn-V-Ti钢点蚀性能影响的研究

实验室冶炼了5炉稀土处理及未处理的锰系低合金船体钢,并收集了一种工业生产的同种钢。通过冶金分析、极化试验、闭塞电池试验及挂片试验,研究了夹杂物变性对钢材点蚀诱发及扩展的影响;结果表明:钢中夹杂物是点蚀的诱发源,硫化物夹杂物的数量对钢材的点蚀性能有显著影响。稀土硫化物夹杂数量少,体积小,能显著降低钢的点蚀诱发敏感性,降低钢的蚀坑扩展速度,提高钢的耐蚀性。