多指抓取的实时力优化算法

根据非线性摩擦约束与特定结构矩阵正定性之间的等价性,将多指抓取力规划问题描述为线性约束正定矩阵对应的平滑流形最优化问题,并且采用线性约束梯度流方法计算得到最优的抓取力。当手指数目较多时,高维描述矩阵限制了传统线性约束梯度流表达式的计算速度,为了解决该问题,基于力优化过程中描述矩阵的仿射约束特性,提出一种适合实时应用的基于抓取力矢量的线性约束梯度流算法。该算法取代描述矩阵,采用抓取力矢量表示线性约束梯度流,大大降低了线性约束梯度流表达式的维数和计算量。以摩擦点接触情况下的四指灵巧手为对象, 采用该算法进行抓取力计算,分析权重因子和步距因子对于计算结果和收敛速度的影响,证明该算法的正确性和实时性。     

重载夹持装置接触力的封闭性

对钳口欠约束的重载锻造操作机夹持机构的结构特点进行分析,指出重载夹持装置夹持接触力的封闭性及优化计算的重要性和困难性。在比较分析重载夹持操作和多指手抓取作业的力封闭性特点基础上,将重载夹持装置的钳口与锻件接触界面之间复杂的分布式动接触作用等效为接触约束区合成的集中力的摩擦点接触模型,基于BUSS等发现的摩擦点约束与正定对称矩阵的等价性,研究重载夹持装置的力封闭性判别方法。结合重载夹持接触的特点,对动态作业过程中满足力封闭条件的夹持接触界面的等效合力接触点位置进行搜索,并采用线性约束梯度流的迭代优化算法实现对钳口接触力的优化和所需最优夹紧力的计算。仿真和试验结果的比较分析表明计算方法的有效性。     

机器人多指抓取力封闭分析的非线性规划算法

提出了一个同时适于机器人多指抓取力封闭定性与定量分析的非线性规划算法。从抓取的力平衡方程出发,研究了外力旋量空间与任一接触处操作力空间之间的关系。在接触力空间定义了约束力集、严格约束力集及法向力集,分析了三者之间的关系。基于摩擦约束的凸性,给出了力封闭和部分力封闭的充要条件,推导了相应的判别算法。提出了衡量抓取接触稳定性的定量指标。最后做了实例说明。     

灵巧机械手多指协调控制技术

根据抓取力封闭约束和力平衡约束条件,将多指精细抓取的力优化问题转换为非线性规划问题。对于非线性规划问题的求解,传统算法的实现一般需要编写相对复杂的程序,因此提出一种以序列二次规划算法为核心的fmincon函数对非线性规划问题进行快速求解的方法,并将该方法用Matlab软件予以实现;针对多指抓取的任务要求,提出一种试探性抓取并采用关节阻抗控制算法控制手指各指节与物体接触力的多指强力抓取方法,该方法简单且具有一定自主性。采用ADAMS仿真软件中生成的灵巧机械手控制模块在Simulink仿真环境中建立多指协调控制仿真系统,并以此对上述提出的方法进行算例验证。分析结果表明在精细抓取和强力抓取的不同任务要求下,灵巧机械手完成了对目标物体的稳定抓取,证明了所提方法的准确性。     

多指抓取接触力求解及规划研究

分析了不同接触模型的力螺旋约束,首先通过建立力平衡方程求解了多指抓取的接触力,结合算例指出所求解接触力可能不满足接触的单向性约束;然后分析了多指抓取时的等式和不等式约束,给出了新型目标函数,通过优化方法规划出多指抓取的接触力,最后的算例验证了优化法的有效性和正确性.     

三指手抓取力封闭性的简单判别算法

根据力封闭抓取的定义建立了利用严格内力的存在条件进行三指灵巧手力封闭抓取判别的研究方法,构建了三指灵巧手力封闭抓取的等价判别算法。在手指指端与物体构成有摩擦的固定点接触模型的前提下,三指灵巧手力封闭抓取条件等价于抓取矩阵满秩并存在严格内力。首先,基于对物体表面接触位置的几何特性分析,建立了摩擦扇存在条件,每个指端接触点的内法矢与接触平面所成夹角小于接触点摩擦圆锥角;其次,通过研究接触点摩擦扇边界线及其交点的相互位置关系,推导了内力汇交多边形的存在条件,任意两个摩擦扇的边界线交点中,至少有一个位于第3个摩擦扇的严格内部,或者至少有3个边界线交点位于第3个摩擦扇边界线上;最后,在考虑内力平衡关系的基础上,建立了基于矢量计算的三指灵巧手力封闭抓取的快速判别算法。     

机器人多指手抓取运动学研究综述

对国内外在机器人多指手抓取运动分析研究领域取得的进展及研究现状进行了综述。介绍了常用的抓取模型,分析了接触构形的力封闭与形封闭性及判别条件和抓取质量主要评价指标,归纳了抓取规划和接触力求解的典型方法。指出了多指手抓取运动学方面有待进一步研究的问题。     

机器人多指手及其抓取机制的研究进展

对国内外在机器人多指手样机研制和抓取机制领域所取得的最新进展及研究现状进行综述.介绍国内外机器人多指手的样机模型和最新研制进展,提出今后多指手研究发展方向及必然趋势.归纳多指手在抓取机制方面的典型研究方法,总结抓取力封闭性与形封闭性的研究成果及存在的不足,指出在多指手研究方面有待进一步解决的问题.     

多边形物体带摩擦抓取的最优规划算法

多指机械手抓取物体时,需要选取手指和物体的接触位置,最大限度地抑制外来扰动,实现稳定抓取.基于此,考虑n指抓取任意多边形的情况,将各方向上多指手可平衡的最大外力螺旋作为优化指标,提出一种满足力封闭条件的初始抓取位置规划算法.经过仔细分析原始力螺旋集合的特点和优化指标在力螺旋空间的几何意义和物理意义,构造线性规划算法来求取给定初始抓取位置下改进抓取性能的最优方向.从初始位置出发,提出一种不断向最优方向改进抓取性能,最后收敛到最优抓取位置的迭代算法.计算实例表明,初始抓取位置规划算法能获得性能较优的初始抓取位置,同时由于最优抓取位置迭代算法每步均在最优方向上作改进,因此算法迭代步数少,运行效率高,计算结果达到或接近全局最优指标.     

基于任务适应性的多指手抓取规划

针对多指手抓取过程中手指与物体构成的执行系统，通过在任务空间引入力椭球和速度椭球的概念，构建了反映抓取映射传递特性的力传动比和速度传动比解析公式。在综合考虑传动比和抓取构型偏离奇异位置等要求的基础上，提出了反映抓取构型任务适应性的抓取评价指标，用于对抓取构型进行最优规划。结合实例说明了上述评价指标应用于多指手最优抓取规划的有效性。     

基于最大力螺旋多指手抓取规划

机器人多指手抓取物体时,为了保证抓取稳定性,必须对手指与被抓物体之间的接触位置进行合理的布局,寻求最佳的抓取位置.基于此,提出基于最大力螺旋的多指手抓取规划方法,将多指手可以平衡的最大外力螺旋作为评价规划的性能指标,建立力封闭约束条件下抓取位置与最大外力螺旋优化模型,并运用神经网络进行仿真,将该方法与基于广义力椭球方法进行比较.前者弥补了广义力椭球方法的局限性,可以清楚地描述多指手抓取位置与可平衡外力螺旋之间的对应关系,定量地描述被抓物体的稳定性程度,使得抓取规划的判断更直观、更具有实用性.     

基于抓取稳定性的手指接触力规划算法

在手指指端与物体构成有摩擦固定点接触模型的前提下,通过对三指灵巧手抓取内力与抓取稳定性关系的分析,构建指端接触力的规划算法。在接触点摩擦锥内将指端接触力分解为操作力和抓取内力,分析抓取内力对于接触稳定性的作用和内力汇交点与汇交多边形的相互位置,建立抓取内力与抓取稳定性之间的关系,通过合理规划内力汇交点的位置获得较高的抓取稳定性。通过使内力汇交点到汇交多边形各条边的最短距离达到最大,建立基于抓取稳定性的内力汇交点优化模型和指端接触力的规划算法。该算法将抓取布局规划和接触力分配融为一个统一的过程,可以有效提高抓取的规划效率,有利于抓取的在线规划。结合抓取实例说明了算法的有效性。     

FORCE OPTIMIZATION OF GRASPING BY ROBOTIC HANDS

It is important for robotic hands to obtain optimal grasping performance in the meanwhile balancing external forces and maintaining grasp stability. The problem offeree optimization of grasping is solved in the space of joint torques. A measure of grasping performance is presented to protect joint actuators from working in heavy payloads. The joint torques are calculated for the optimal performance under the frictional constraints and the physical limits of motor outputs. By formulating the grasping forces into the explicit function of joint torques, the frictional constraints imposed on the grasping forces are transformed into the constraints on joint torques. Without further simplification, the nonlinear frictional constraints can be simply handled in the process of optimization. Two numerical examples demonstrate the simplicity and effectiveness of the approach.     

Kinematics and dynamic modeling for holonomic constrained multiple robot systems through principle of workspace orthogonalization

This paper deals with an efficient mathematical modeling for multiple robot manipulators (or multifingered robot hands) holding and transporting a rigid common object on the constraint surfaces, subject to a set of holonomic (integrable) constraints. First, the kinematics and dynamics of the multiple robot systems are formulated. After a series of model transformations, a combined dynamic model is derived from a unified viewpoint. Then the system dynamics can be decomposed into two orthogonal subsystems the (reduced-order) motion subsystem and the force subsystem. From a practical point of view, the new dynamic model presented in this paper is suitable form for dynamic analysis and hybrid (position/force) control synthesis.     

Optimization of a structure with contact conditions using equivalent loads

Engineering structures consist of various components, and the components interact with each other through contact. Engineers tend to consider the interaction in analysis and design. Interactions of the components have nonlinearity because of the friction force and boundary conditions. Nonlinear analysis has been developed to accommodate the contact condition. However, structural optimization using nonlinear analysis is fairly expensive, and sensitivity information is difficult to calculate. Therefore, an efficient optimization method using nonlinear analysis is needed to consider the contact condition in design. Nonlinear Response Optimization using Equivalent Loads (NROEL) has been proposed for nonlinear response structural optimization. The method was originally developed for optimization problems considering geometric/material nonlinearities. The method is modified to consider the contact nonlinearity in this research. Equivalent loads are defined as the loads for linear analysis, which generate the same response field as that of nonlinear analysis. A nonlinear response optimization problem is converted to linear response optimization with equivalent loads. The modified NROEL is verified through three examples with contact conditions. Three structural examples using the finite element method are demonstrated. They are shape optimization with stress constraints, size optimization with stress/displacement constraints and topology optimization. Reasonable results are obtained in the optimization process.     

METHOD OF CLASSIFYING GRASPS BY ROBOT HANDS

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FORCE FEEDBACK DATAGLOVE BASED ON PNEUMATIC ARTIFICIAL MUSCLES

An exoskeleton force feedback dataglove is developed, which uses the pneumatic artificial muscles as actuators. On the basis of the simplified hand model, the motion equation is deduced according to the theory of Denavit-Hartenberg. The model of the equivalent contact forces exerted by the object on the finger is proposed. By the principle of virtual work, the static equilibrium of finger is established. The force Jacobian matrix of finger is calculated, and then the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects are obtained. The theory and structure of the force feedback datagolve are introduced. Based on the theory of motion stabilization of four-bar linkage, the flexion angles of joints are measured. The torques on finger joints caused by the output forces of pneumatic artificial muscles are calculated. The output forces of pneumatic artificial muscle, whose values are controlled by its inner pressure, can be calculated by the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects. The arms of force, driving torques and the needed output forces of pneumatic muscle are calculated for each joint of the index finger. The criterion of output force of pneumatic muscle is given.     

基频约束结构优化设计的线性矩阵不等式方法

介绍了半定规划及线性矩阵不等式 (LMI)的基本概念 ,给出具有基频约束的桁架结构优化问题的半定规划形式。半定规划法 (或称线性矩阵不等式方法 )可以有效地求解该问题的全局最优解 ,最后以一个简单桁架结构为算例