苯乙烯热引发本体聚合动力学

研究了加少量乙苯的苯乙烯热引发本体聚合于120～170℃聚合速率在0～95%转化率内的变化规律,建立了如下聚合动力学模型:(dx)/(dt)=A[M]_0~(382)(1-x)~(5/2)/(1+∈x)~(3/2)其中 A=[]A_0+A_1x+A_2x~2+A_3x~3,x 表示转化率A_i(i=0,1,2,3)是温度和乙苯含量的函数。实验测定了不同聚合阶段的转化率,并进行了参数回归。     

苯乙烯本体聚合机理及动力学模型

对苯乙烯本体聚合的链引发，链增长，链转移的链终止各基元反应的本质进行了讨论。分析比较了目前的采用的苯乙烯本体聚体的生观动力学模型和宏观动力学模型。     

三硫代碳酸酯的制备及其调控的RAFT聚合

综述了三硫代碳酸酯的合成方法及其在调控RAFT聚合反应中的应用,并对各方法的特点、适用范围和局限性进行比较,并对该类研究提出展望。     

活性自由基聚合研究的新动态──可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合

介绍了基于可逆链转移思想的“活性”／控制自由基聚合。着重介绍澳大利亚Ｒｉｚｚａｒｄｏ研究小组的最新研究成果：以双硫酯类化合物为链转移剂的可逆加成－断裂链转移自由基聚合。分析其活性特征,并阐明其反应机理     

苯乙烯聚合动力学 （Ⅱ）热引发本体聚合动力学模型

在１２０～２００℃内研究了苯乙烯热引发本体聚合的动力学，建立了聚合速率及聚合度分布模型，所建立的模型能很好地描述在高转化范围内的转化率－时间关系及聚合度分布，上述研究结果可为苯乙烯热聚合反应器的设计、控制等提供可靠的依据。     

稀土催化苯乙烯本体聚合机理与动力学

The bulk polymerization of styrene catalyzed by Nd(P204)3/MgBu2/HMPA (hexamethyl phospho-ramide) was carried out in capped glass tubes. The effects of reaction conditions on polymerization conversion and molecular weight in the range of high conversion were investigated. The molecular weight of the resultant polymers is dramatically high and its distribution is relatively narrow. The polymerization process demonstrates the feature of living polymerization and auto-acceleration phenomenon. The auto-acceleration phenomenon is attributed to the non-instantaneous formation of the active species. The experimental data suggest that chain transfer to MgBu2 is one of the factors governing the molecular weight development. A mechanism of polymerization is presented with the chain transfer process incorporated.     

苯乙烯可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合动力学

为了实现可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合过程中,苯乙烯均聚、高分子量聚苯乙烯的合成及苯乙烯与其他单体共聚时,对苯乙烯转化率、共聚时组成和分子量大小的控制,进行了二硫代苯乙酸-1-苯基乙酯(PEPDTA)调控苯乙烯本体和细乳液聚合动力学分析。在本体聚合中,反应速率慢,链增长自由基与中间态自由基的终止反应对聚合速率影响较小,很难合成窄分布、高转化率、高分子量的聚苯乙烯;在细乳液聚合中,反应速率快、转化率高,随着PEPDTA含量增加,乳胶粒数量减少、粒径分布变宽,诱导期和缓聚现象明显;聚合物的数均分子量随转化率线性增长,RAFT试剂浓度越高,分子量分布越窄,反应时间越长,分布越宽。以Smith-Ewart方程为基础,建立了苯乙烯RAFT细乳液聚合动力学模型,模型动力学曲线与实验数据相符合,能较好地预测实验过程。     

苯乙烯均聚合研究

以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,六水氯化铁为催化剂,六次甲基四胺为配体,维生素C为还原剂,通过反向原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),合成了聚苯乙烯(PSt)。研究了反应温度、反应时间、引发剂用量、配体用量、还原剂用量、单体配比等工艺条件对聚合反应的影响。实验结果表明,此方法下合成聚苯乙烯均聚物的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度90℃,反应时间4 h,引发剂偶氮二异丁腈用量为单体总量的2.5%(摩尔比),配体六次甲基四胺用量为单体总量的0.75%(摩尔比),还原剂维生素C用量为单体总量的1.5%(摩尔比),催化剂FeCl3·6H2O的用量为单体总量的0.5%(摩尔比)。得到的样品用红外光谱进行了表征。     

活性自由基聚合研究的新动态

介绍了基于可逆链转移思想的“活性”／控制自由基合聚合。着重介绍澳大利亚Ｒｉｚｚａｒｄｏ研究小组的最新研究成果：以双硫酯类化合物为链转移剂的可逆加成－断裂链转移自由基聚合。分析其活性特征,并阐明其反应机理。     

可逆加成断裂链转移聚合及 链转移剂的制备进展

20世纪以来国内外学者使用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法进行了有机合成和分子设计,并探索了满足RAFT聚合条件的RAFT试剂,成功得到了RAFT聚合产物。本文介绍了RAFT聚合法的机理、优势与缺陷,并在对RAFT聚合成果进行系统总结的基础上,简要综述了整体的国内外研究现状,介绍了RAFT试剂的合成案例,并提出了水溶性RAFT试剂的合成思路,展望了RAFT聚合体系未来的发展方向。     

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of styrene with benzoimidazole dithiocarbamate as a reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer agent

Two novel dithiocarbamates [2‐Y‐benzoimidazole‐1‐carbodithioic acid benzyl esters: Y = methyl (1b) or phenyl (1c)] were synthesized and successfully used in the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in bulk with thermal initiation. The effects of the temperatures and concentration ratios of the styrene and RAFT agents on the polymerization were investigated. The results showed that the polymerization of styrene could be well controlled in the presence of 1b or 1c. The linear relationships between ln([M]₀/[M]) and the polymerization time (where [M]₀ is the initial monomer concentration and [M] is the monomer concentration) indicated that the polymerizations were first‐order reactions with respect to the monomer concentration. The molecular weights increased linearly with the monomer conversion and were close to the theoretical values. The molecular weight distributions [weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight (M_w/M_n)] were very narrow from 5.3% conversion up to 94% conversion (M_w/M_n < 1.3). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 560–564, 2006     

可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合的研究进展

自可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合技术在1998年发明以来,就逐渐成为聚合研究者的一种非常强大的合成工具,并在研究与应用领域得到很快的发展。文章综述了可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合的RAFT试剂的分类、聚合机理及聚合中的阻滞现象,简要说明了RAFT技术应用的研究进展。     

丙烯酸丁酯细乳液单电子转移-蜕化链转移聚合反应

单电子转移-蜕化链转移(SET-DT)聚合是一种单体适用性广、对聚合环境要求不苛刻的活性自由基聚合方法。以Na_2S_2O_4为催化剂,CHI3为引发剂,采用水相细乳液聚合法进行丙烯酸丁酯(BA)的SET-DT活性自由基聚合,考察了聚合温度、引发剂/催化剂浓度、催化剂滴加方式和乳化剂浓度对聚合动力学、聚丙烯酸丁酯(PBA)数均分子量和分子量分布的影响。结果表明,细乳液聚合速率明显大于悬浮聚合,可在较低温度(30℃以下)、较低引发剂和催化剂浓度(BA,CHI_3和Na_2S_2O_4的初始摩尔浓度比为1 600:1:8)下实现BA的快速聚合;通过聚合过程滴加Na_2S_2O_4催化剂和增加十二烷基硫酸钠主乳化剂浓度,可提高聚合速率;采用低引发剂浓度和催化剂逐步滴加聚合得到的PBA的平均分子量较大,分子量分布较窄。     

RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate in Carbon Dioxide

Summary: Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of methyl acrylate (MA) in solution containing either 22 vol.‐% CO₂ or toluene were performed at 80 °C and 300 bar using cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB) at concentrations between 1.8 × 10^?3 to 2.5 × 10^?2 mol · L^?1 as the RAFT agent. Product molecular weight distributions and average molecular weights indicated the successful control of MA polymerization in CO₂, even at low CDB concentrations. RAFT polymerization rates were strongly retarded by CDB and were lower in CO₂ than in toluene solution. The enhanced fluidity associated with the addition of CO₂ to the polymerizing system provided access to mechanistic details of RAFT polymerization. The data of the present study into MA, together with our recent results on RAFT polymerization of styrene in solution of CO₂ and of toluene, suggest that self‐termination of intermediate RAFT radicals is responsible for retardation in case of high concentrations of this intermediate and in case of enhanced fluidity, which may be achieved by polymerization in solution of CO₂.

     

活性自由基聚合法合成偶氮聚合物研究进展

偶氮聚合物具有光致顺反异构和光学各向异性,其在光电信息技术领域具有重要的潜在应用前景.利用活性自由基聚合的方法可以在温和的条件下合成得到特定结构与预定相对分子质量的偶氮聚合物.综述了该技术领域的最新研究进展,并对近年来出现的聚合体系与方法,包括氮氧稳定自由基聚合(NMP)、原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)、可逆加成一断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合等,作了简要的评述.     

Living Radical Polymerization and Molecular Imprinting: Improving Polymer Morphology in Imprinted Polymers

Living radical polymerization (LRP) techniques and their ability to improve the morphology of crosslinked polymer networks by controlling polymer chain growth are reviewed. Recent successes in the creation of improved molecularly imprinted polymer networks are also discussed. LRP offers the ability to control molecular weight, polydispersity, and tacticity while reducing microgel formation in polymers created via free‐radical polymerization (FRP). The improved network architecture of polymers created via LRP has great potential, especially when considering imprinted networks which have traditionally been plagued by heterogeneity in network morphology and binding affinities. Using LRP can considerably improve template recognition and further delay template transport in imprinted polymers.

     

丙烯酰胺在聚乙二醇水溶液中可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合

结合双水相聚合和可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合,提出在聚乙二醇(PEG)水溶液中进行丙烯酰胺(AM)的RAFT双水相聚合,考察反应条件对聚合反应速率和产物分子量及分布的影响。结果表明:高引发剂浓度、单体浓度和聚合温度可以提高初始聚合速率和最终转化率,PEG和RAFT试剂浓度的增加会导致聚合速率减慢和最终转化率降低;峰值聚合速率随引发剂浓度、单体浓度和聚合温度的增加而增大,同时峰值聚合速率对应的时间提前;RAFT试剂浓度增加会推迟峰值聚合速率对应的时间,但可制得分子量分布较窄的产物;PEG浓度的增加会导致产物的分子量分布变宽。     

可逆加成-断裂链转移沉淀聚合法制备噻菌灵分子印迹聚合物

采用可逆加成-断裂链转移（RAFT）聚合技术与沉淀聚合技术相结合的方法合成了噻菌灵分子印迹聚合物。该聚合物微粒具有更好的分散性,其印迹效果比传统沉淀聚合法得到的分子印迹聚合物更好。为从复杂的农药残留中富集和分离噻菌灵提供了可能。