强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成马来酸双丁酯

利用强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化马来酸酐和正丁醇制备马来酸双丁酯,当马来酸酐与正丁醇的摩尔比为 ０１∶０６,树脂用量 １２５ ｇ,反应温度 １２０～１２４ ℃,反应时间 １４０ ｍ ｉｎ 时,酯收率大于 ９０ ％ 。     

菜籽油基热固性树脂的制备研究

采用菜籽油在一定条件下先后与甘油和马来酸酐(MA)反应生成菜籽油基单甘油酯马来酸单酯(ROMG-MA),然后与苯乙烯发生共聚合反应,转化为热固性树脂.讨论分析了各个反应条件对产物总转化率的影响,并用红外光谱证明菜籽油参与了反应.结果表明,ROMG-MA与苯乙烯共聚合反应的适宜条件为:ROMG-MA质量分数50%、BPO的质量分数5%、苯乙烯的质量分数45%、反应温度90℃,反应时间1.0 h.     

利用废弃聚酯制备热熔胶的研究

在催化剂醋酸锌作用下,采用甘油(GL)对废弃的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)进行醇解反应;然后加入松香树脂、轻质碳酸钙等,制得书本装订用HMA(热熔胶)。研究结果表明:当m(GL)∶m(PET)=0.43∶1、醇解温度为260℃和醇解时间为3.0~3.5 h时,并以醋酸锌为催化剂,再加入松香树脂、轻质碳酸钙搅拌2.0~2.5 h后,制成的书本装订用HMA具有良好的综合性能。     

脂肪酶催化合成棕榈酸维生素C酯的研究

在溶剂相中,用固定化脂肪酶催化合成棕榈酸维生素C酯。研究了反应体系含水量、溶剂、反应温度、加酶量、加入分子筛等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为:Novo 435脂肪酶用量为反应物质量的4%,叔丁醇作溶剂,反应温度55℃,摇床转速200 r/min,反应时间36 h,转化率52%,产品纯度95%。     

固定酶法催化合成生物柴油Ⅰ.大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶的制备

研究了用于生物柴油酶催化的大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶的制备过程,考察和优化了脂肪酶固定化方法及条件。结果表明,采用大孔树脂D3520作载体,以载体涂布法固定化脂肪酶的最适固定化条件为:酶用量为酶∶树脂=0.16∶1(质量比),吸附时间1~3 h,pH值范围为9.0~9.4,固定化温度40℃。酶活力可达91.49 U/g,酶活回收率约为54%。     

耐腐蚀乙烯基酯树脂的合成研究

本文研究了用环氧树脂和不饱和酸合成乙烯基酯树脂中影响反应的因素和条件,并指出它在防腐蚀领域是具有较高应用价值的产品。     

腾冲菌脂肪酶的表达纯化及酶学性质的表征

将来自腾冲菌的脂肪酶(Lip A)基因(lip A)克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体p ET28a(含T7启动子)和p Trc99A(含Trc启动子)中,转入大肠杆菌表达,发现Trc启动子更适合Lip A的表达。通过热处理和DEAE-Sepharose阴离子柱纯化过程,重组Lip A得到纯化,比酶活达到1.9U/mg,重组Lip A分子量为42k Da。重组Lip A在80℃、p H 4.5时酶活最高,经85℃保温2h,酶活保持60%以上;在p H值4.0~6.0之间,Lip A具有较好的稳定性;Cu2+和Zn2+对酶活力分别有38.9%和69.2%的抑制作用,Mn2+、Co2+和Tween-20对该酶有较大的激活作用;以p-nitrophenyl-laurate(p-NP-C12)为底物时,该酶的Km值为1.5mmol/L,kcat为34.5s-1。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成乙酸己酯的研究

以乙酸、正己醇为原料,直接酯化合成乙酸己酯,分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成乙酸己酯的最佳工艺条件是:反应温度115℃;反应时间70min;n(正己醇)/n(乙酸)=1.2;催化剂用量为1g;带水剂苯用量为15mL(乙酸为0.3mol的情况下)。乙酸己酯的收率达到96.36%。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成甲酸辛酯的研究

以甲酸、正辛醇为原料,直接酯化合成甲酸辛酯,研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等对反应的影响。结果表明,合成甲酸辛酯的最佳工艺条件是:反应温度100℃,反应时间30min,甲酸与正辛醇物质的摩尔比为1.2∶1,催化剂用量为0.5g,带水剂环己烷为12.5mL(正辛醇为0.15mol的情况下)。甲酸辛酯的收率达到95.94%。该催化剂具有价廉易得、催化活性好、不腐蚀设备、无环境污染等优点,不经处理可循环使用多次。     

Enzyme‐based approaches for pitch control in thermomechanical pulping of softwood and pitch removal in process water

BACKGROUND: In the pulp and paper manufacturing process, pitch colloidal particles have a tendency to agglomerate and deposit on pulp fibres and equipments. They reduce the efficiency of the washer, increase the dirt count and bleach chemical consumption, reduce pulp brightness thus leading to paper defects. Triglycerides are considered to be the most problematic compounds during the manufacturing of mechanical and acidic sulfite pulps from various softwood species. RESULTS: Using enzyme‐based approaches, a pitch control method was developed for use with thermomechanical pulping of softwood and for pitch removal from process water. Results showed that with combination of a novel biodegradable surfactant and a lipase resin acids, sterols and triglyceride groups were reduced by 48%, 32% and 78%, respectively, compared with untreated samples. Using laccase treatment of the process water the fatty and resin acids were reduced by 42% and the lignans by 60%. CONCLUSION: By combining the proposed pulp treatment with laccase decontamination of the process water, this new method offers an efficient alternative to control the various pitch‐associated problems. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

变桨距风力机分段控制策略

大型风力机在实际运行中受风速、风向的变化影响很大。针对定速变桨型风力机分析其偏航与桨距调节控制策略,提出桨距分段控制新的控制策略,即根据不同的来流风速设计执行相对应的桨距控制策略。并通过LabVIEW软件设计1.5 MW的风力发电机测试与控制系统,实现提出的新控制策略。结果表明:分段控制策略能够快速地对来流风速的变化作出反应,提高了控制精度和系统的稳定性。     

Denicking of fatty acid pitch

Unsaturated fatty acids are usually hydrogenated with a nickel catalyst. As a side reaction, nickel dissolves in the fatty acids and forms nickel soaps. On refining the crude fatty acid feedstock by distillation, these nickel soaps are enriched in the bottom fraction (pitch) to a concentration range of 2,500–5,500 ppm. With a heat value comparable to heavy fuel oil, the pitch has been used as fuel. However, due to new environmental restrictions, the nickel concentration must be considerably reduced to limit gas emission of nickel. In this study, solvent extraction was investigated as a separation method for denickling of this valuable oleochemical by-product. At a temperature of 80°C, the nickel content in the pitch was reduced from 2,900 ppm to 4 ppm in three extraction steps by means of 1 wt% citric acid in water. Based on experimental results, a preliminary process flowsheet is presented consisting of extraction, stripping, acid washing and electrolysis. An economic analysis, performed on the extraction process and a process based on direct combustion followed by electrostatic precipitation revealed that direct combustion is economically more advantageous. However, the compatibility of the extraction alternative can be considerably improved by process optimization. The type and concentration of the stripping and acid washing agents, phase ratios, temperature, ionic strength and the equilibrium pH of the aqueous and acid phases are important process parameters that should be considered in the optimization process.     

Improvement and control of the quality of binder pitch for graphite electrodes

Factors influencing the coke yield and the softening point (SP) of pitches were studied to ascertain procedures for the improvement and control of their quality. The coke yield of pitches from different tar sources is expressed as a linear function of the BI content. Pitches were prepared by distillation under constant operating conditions. The coke yields of pitches, determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), increased with their benzene insoluble (BI) content, which is controlled by reflux heat treatment. Softening point increased with the nitrogen content as well as BI content. Therefore, increasing the BI content and decreasing the nitrogen content increases coke yield without any change in the softening point of binder pitches for graphite electrodes.     

Carbonization of pitch

An overview is presented of the many factors which influence the process of carbonization of pitch and hence the properties of pitch cokes. The controlling factors include type of starting material, the industrial process of carbonization, the role of quinoline-insoluble material and carbonization conditions. Several coke parameters are studied and related to the carbonization process by multiple regression analysis. Kinetic data are presented together with a schematic model of coke formation.     

用于环保的耐热脂肪酶产生菌Wi-3的诱变及其酶学特性研究

从福州温泉澡堂排水道中分离筛选到一株可用于环保的耐热脂肪酶产生菌株Wi-3,经UV NTG复合诱变,选育出突变株Wi-3-3和Wi-3-5,其酶活比出发菌株分别提高了32.3%和11.8%.对Wi-3-3的产酶条件进行研究,结果表明在35℃、起始pH值7.0、250 mL摇瓶装量为35 mL、接种量为4 mL(菌浓1.5×108个·mL-1)、发酵周期为35 h的培养条件下产酶最高.用硫酸铵提取Wi-3-3发酵液中脂肪酶进行酶学特性的初步研究,结果表明其最适反应pH值为8.6、最适反应温度为55℃.     

Liquid crystal surface anchoring of mesophase pitch

Mesophase pitch, in common with other liquid crystalline substances, exhibits preferred angles of molecular orientation at its boundaries with other phases. These orientations, or surface anchoring states, are important because they influence the ultimate graphene layer arrangement in a variety of carbon materials where the pitch precursor encounters a composite filler, a free surface, a bubble cavity, or the surfaces of processing equipment such as a fiber spinneret. This paper presents experimentally determined anchoring states for two mesophase pitches at free surfaces, and on twenty solid substrates. Edge-on anchoring is found to be the most common state, occurring on the free surface, on some metals, on PTFE, and on all oxides with the exception of the lamellar material mica. The optical texture associated with the edge-on films is observed to be stable during carbonization up to 1200 °C. Face-on anchoring is observed on carbon graphene planes, mica and the metals Pt, Ni, and Ag. Trends in the data are discussed in terms of the strength of pitch/substrate intermolecular forces relative to π-π bonding between large discotic mesogens within the pitch. The implications for the structure and properties of carbon materials are discussed.     

Effects of fullerene addition on the carbonization of synthetic naphthalene isotropic pitch

The toluene soluble fraction of fullerene soot, consisting of C₆₀ and C₇₀ and other fullerenes, was co-carbonized with synthesized isotropic pitch derived from naphthalene. Mixtures of fullerene and pitch gave carbons in higher yield than expected from their single carbonizations at fullerene contents <30 wt%. The fullerenes suppressed the expansion of the pitch during carbonizations, and changed the optical textures of resultant carbons. At levels of addition of fullerenes <30 wt%, no fullerenes could be detected in resultant carbons by spectroscopy, but were detected as spheres of ca. 10–20 nm diameter in the carbons by TEM. It is considered that fullerenes remove hydrogen from the naphthenic structures of the pitch and so alter carbonization characteristics. Hydrogenation breaks the spheroidal fullerene framework.     

Modified characteristics of mesophase pitch prepared from coal tar pitch by adding waste polystyrene

The toluene soluble of coal tar pitch was carbonized with waste polystyrene. The properties of mesophase pitches were characterized using polarized light optical microscope, apparent viscometer, FT-IR, ¹H NMR and X-ray diffractometer. After adding the waste polystyrene into the toluene soluble of coal tar pitch, the soluble mesophase were was increased from about 9% to 52% and the mesophase pitches were changed from 74% with coarse mosaic texture to 100% with flow domain texture. The mesophase pitches were transformed from thixotropy to unthixotropy. By waste polystyrene added into the toluene soluble of coal tar pitch, the methylene group was increased a lot. The presence of more alkyl groups modified the characteristics of mesophase pitches and improved the assembly of mesophase pitch molecules.