关于若干工艺参数对铺带质量影响的研究

为分析自动铺带成型过程中铺放压力、铺放温度及铺放速度各工艺参数对铺放质量的影响,进而预测铺带过程中预浸带的形变,对带变形和带间隙进行微调控制以保证产品质量,本文在南航自行研制的自动铺带机上进行了一系列实验,并以预浸带黏性流动公式分析探讨了各因素的影响。研究结果表明,随着铺放温度的升高、铺放压力的增加和铺放速度的减小,预浸带变形量增加,带间隙减小,符合以预浸带黏性流动公式为基础的理论分析。     

热塑性复合材料自动铺放成型工艺

利用自制的热塑性复合材料自动铺放设备制备了自动铺放成型制品,结合响应曲面法,进行了连续玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯预浸带的自动铺放成型工艺研究,分析了铺放成型过程中的3个主要工艺参数,加工温度、铺放压力、铺放速度及其交互作用对铺放制品性能的影响。建立了加工温度、铺放压力、铺放速度3个主要工艺参数对铺放制品性能影响的数学模型,分析了铺放制品性能随各个工艺参数的变化趋势,并进行了加工工艺参数的优化,得到最优参数组合。     

基于OpenGL的圆筒段自动铺带仿真研究

根据自动铺带机工作原理,分析自动铺带机仿真模型的构建、预浸带的绘制、开口圆筒芯模上轨迹规划算法及铺放过程的动态显示等。在MFC环境下,编制基于OpenGL技术的自动铺带仿真软件,实现对筒形体构件铺放过程的三维动态加工模拟,结果对研究铺放路径及实际的铺带工艺等具有重要参考价值。     

预浸料的铺放适宜性评价(一)——粘性篇

在自动铺带成型过程中,粘性和铺覆性是用于描述预浸料是否适合铺贴的两个重要因素,将粘性和铺覆性分别独立地研究能更好地理解预浸料的铺放适宜性。本文主要是针对预浸料的粘性进行探索,论述了预浸料粘性的物理意义,总结了当前国内外预浸料粘性的测量及表征方法,提出了以"平均剥离力"定量表征预浸料的粘性,并在自主搭建的试验平台上,研究了自动铺带成型过程中的主要工艺参数(取出时间、铺放压力、铺放速率、热风温度等)对预浸料粘性的影响。实验结果表明,在一定范围内,预浸料的粘性随取出时间先增大后减小,而随铺放压力的增加、铺放速率的减小、热风温度的升高而增大,为自动铺带工艺参数的控制提供了参考。     

自动铺放温度场模拟及黏合点温度影响因素研究

通过建立热塑性玻纤增强聚丙烯预浸带铺放过程的二维温度场模型,考虑了热气温度、铺放速度以及有效加热长度协同作用对预浸带铺放黏合点的影响,并提出了热气温度、铺放速度以及有效加热长度相对黏合点温度的回归方程。其中,重点研究了有效加热长度对铺带黏合点温度的影响。结果表明,随着有效加热长度的增加,铺带黏合点温度增加,且变化趋势逐渐趋于平缓。不同的铺放速度下,有效加热长度对铺带黏合点温度的影响不同。铺放速度越快,有效加热长度对铺带黏合点温度的影响越大。当有效加热长度增加到一定值之后,黏合点温度不再受有效加热长度的影响。     

连续纤维增强聚苯硫醚预浸料自动铺丝工艺与热塑性复合材料性能研究

针对连续纤维增强的聚苯硫醚(PPS)预浸料的结晶行为、基本工艺性能等进行了测试和研究,并系统开展了基于该预浸料的自动铺丝工艺研究。文章总结了不同工艺条件对材料的结晶的影响和控制方法。通过考察不同自动铺丝参数对铺放质量的影响,建立了可靠的工艺方法。并开展了双曲率结构典型制件的铺放实验,指出了自动铺丝技术的关键技术和发展方向。     

自动铺丝成型工艺参数优化

为提高自动铺丝成型技术的质量,分析了影响铺放质量的工艺参数主要有铺放温度、铺放压力以及铺放速率。综合考虑预浸丝与模具表面及其层间贴合情况,提出更为完善的铺放质量评价方法。利用该评价方法分别研究了以上工艺参数对于铺放质量的影响,发现随着铺放温度、压力的增加铺放质量先提升后降低;随着铺放速率的增加铺放质量呈下降趋势。最后利用响应曲面法得出,在本试验条件下的最优铺放工艺参数:铺放温度T为29.38℃、铺放压力F为11.65 N/mm、铺放速率v为84.34 mm/s。     

预浸料的铺放适宜性评价(二)——铺覆性篇

在自动铺带成型过程中,粘性和铺覆性是用于描述预浸料是否适合铺贴的两个重要因素,将粘性和铺覆性分别独立地研究能更好地理解预浸料的铺放适宜性。本文主要针对预浸料的铺覆性进行了探索,论述了铺覆性的含义并总结了现有的预浸料铺覆性的定量表征方法,提出了以"最大弯曲力"定量表征预浸料的铺覆性,并通过三点弯曲试验研究了预浸料的粘弹性特征及自动铺带成型过程中的主要工艺参数(铺放速率、湿度、热风温度、老化时间等)对预浸料铺覆性的影响。实验结果表明,预浸料的铺覆性会随热风温度和湿度的升高而提高,随着老化时间和铺放速率的增加而减小。最后总结了铺覆性实验的工程意义,为自动铺带工艺参数的控制提供了参考。     

多因素作用下自动铺丝预浸料黏性变化规律

自动铺丝工艺是一种先进复合材料低成本、自动化成型制造工艺,其通常应用于制造飞机机身、S型进气道等大曲率复合材料构件。铺丝过程中,预浸料丝束黏性对铺丝产品最终质量有较大影响。一方面,丝束黏性不能过低,以保证预浸料之间顺利贴合。另一方面,丝束黏性也不能过高,以便于铺层失败时进行修改。目前,预浸料黏性评价方法以90°剥离试验与180°剥离试验为主,其主要针对自动铺带工艺中较宽的预浸带。前期初步试验表明,采用单丝束剥离试验法检测自动铺丝工艺中预浸料黏性时,数据会产生较大波动,无法满足相关检测要求。有鉴于此,本文首先建立自动铺丝预浸料黏性的检测准则,提出采用两丝束180°剥离试验检测预浸料黏性,然后基于该准则研究铺放压力、铺放速度、铺放温度、老化时间影响下丝束黏性的变化规律。     

热塑性复合材料点阵铺放工艺对层间剪切强度的影响研究

为实现基于自动铺放原位成型工艺的热塑性复合材料点阵结构制备,本文将细观尺度热塑性复合材料层合板作为代表,以提高其力学性能为目标,基于试验对细观尺度自动铺放原位成型工艺开展研究,具体包括结合单因素法与响应曲面法设计试验方案,以层间剪切强度(ILSS)与微观形貌为表征方法,分析自动铺放原位成型工艺参数对层合板力学性能的影响规律并建立预测模型,结果表明,试验范围内铺放速度对ILSS的影响最大,铺放压力其次,铺放温度最小,且因素间存在交互作用,试件ILSS随铺放压力与温度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,随铺放速度增加而下降,试验范围内最优工艺参数组合为铺放压力为14 N,铺放温度为408℃,铺放速度为60 mm·min~(-1)。     

Quantification of Phospholipids Classes in Human Milk

Phospholipids are integral constituents of the milk fat globule membranes and they play a central role in infants’ immune and inflammatory responses. A methodology employing liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector has been optimized and validated to quantify the major phospholipids classes in human milk. Phospholipids were extracted using chloroform and methanol and separated on C18 column. Repeatability, intermediate reproducibility, and recovery values were calculated and a large sample set of human milk analyzed. In human milk, phospholipid classes were quantified at concentrations of 0.6 mg/100 g for phosphatidylinositol; 4.2 mg/100 g for phosphatidylethanolamine, 0.4 mg/100 g for phosphatidylserine, 2.8 mg/100 g for phosphatidylcholine, and 4.6 mg/100 g for sphingomyelin. Their relative standard deviation of repeatability and intermediate reproducibility values ranging between 0.8 and 13.4 % and between 2.4 and 25.7 %, respectively. The recovery values ranged between 67 and 112 %. Finally, the validated method was used to quantify phospholipid classes in human milk collected from 50 volunteers 4 weeks postpartum providing absolute content of these lipids in a relatively large cohort. The average content of total phospholipids was 23.8 mg/100 g that corresponds to an estimated mean intake of 140 mg phospholipids/day in a 4-week old infant when exclusively breast-fed.     

The hydration of reactive cement-in-polymer dispersions studied by nuclear magnetic resonance

The behaviour of two novel cement-in-polymer (c/p) dispersions, namely cement-in-poly(vinyl acetate) and cement-in-poly(vinyl alcohol) upon exposure to water at room temperature was investigated by a combination of various NMR methods. The swelling, cracking, and the water ingress were monitored non-destructively using ¹H single point imaging. The hydration of the cement matrix was investigated using ²⁹Si NMR whilst ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra allowed the quantification of the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction of poly(vinyl acetate) into poly(vinyl alcohol). The polymer controls the rate of water ingress and swelling which in turn determines the behaviour of the c/p dispersions upon exposure to water. For the cement-in-poly(vinyl alcohol), the rates of water ingress and swelling are much faster than the hydration of the clinker whilst for the cement-in-poly(vinyl acetate) the slow rates of the two processes allow the formation of a cementious matrix which assures the stability of the sample.     

The influence of water removal techniques on the composition and microstructure of hardened cement pastes

The removal of water from hardened cement paste for analysis or to arrest ongoing hydration has been reported to affect the composition of hydrated phases and microstructure. The effect that arresting the hydration of hardened cement paste by replacing the pore water with acetone before drying, and by removing the water by freeze, vacuum and oven drying has on the hardened cement paste has been investigated. Two pastes were studied, a cemented iron hydroxide floc where a high proportion of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) had been replaced by pulverised fuel ash, and a pure hydrated OPC. The results showed that none of the water removal techniques caused any major deterioration in the composition and microstructure of the hardened cement pastes studied, but the pores appeared better preserved after arresting hydration using acetone quenching. Freeze drying appeared to cause more cracking of the microstructure than the other water removal techniques.     

Design and function of novel superplasticizers for more durable high performance concrete (superplast project)

In this article we shall describe our quest and ultimate success in furthering our understanding of the action of superplasticizers on the rheology of cement and concrete. By specifically producing superplasticizers with varied architectures, we have been able to show the important structural features of the macromolecules that lead to a successful superplasticizer or water reducing agent. Both polycarboxylate and lignosulfonate polymers have been investigated. Using both non-reactive model MgO powders, three different types of cement blends, the adsorption behaviour and the effect on the rheological properties of these two important superplasticizer families have been used to further develop a conceptual model for superplasticizer — cement behaviour. This paper will deal mainly with the conceptual model, the materials and methods used to asses the polymer adsorption behaviour and rheological properties of the systems studied. We shall briefly describe the adsorption of the polymers onto the different surfaces and their influence on surface charge and rheology and the influence of the various ionic species found in cement pore solutions that may influence polymer-cement affinity. The key factors are shown to be the effective adsorbed polymer thickness and the induced surface charge which can be influenced by the polymer architecture, the pore solution composition and the initial particle surface charge.     

Interactions between shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and cement paste's pore solution

Shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) have been developed to combat shrinkage cracking in concrete elements. While SRA has been shown to have significant benefits in reducing the magnitude of drying and autogenous shrinkage, it has been reported that SRA may cause a negative side effect as it reduces the rate of cement hydration and strength development in concrete. To examine the influence of SRA on cement hydration, this study explores the interactions between SRA and cement paste's pore solution. It is described that SRA is mainly composed of amphiphilic (i.e., surfactant) molecules that when added to an aqueous solution, accumulate at the solution-air interface and can significantly reduce the interfacial tension. However, these surfactants can also self-aggregate in the bulk solution (i.e., micellation) and this may limit the surface tension reduction capacity of SRA. In synthetic pore solutions, SRA is observed to form an oil-water-surfactant emulsion that may or may not be stable. Specifically, at concentrations above a critical threshold, the mixture of SRA and pore fluid is unstable and can separate into two distinct phases (an SRA-rich phase and an SRA-dilute phase). Further, chemical analysis of extracted pore solutions shows that addition of SRA to the mixing water depresses the dissolution of alkalis in the pore fluid. This results in a pore fluid with lower alkalinity which causes a reduction in the rate of cement hydration. This may explain why concrete containing SRA shows a delayed setting and a slower strength development.     

Study of the hydration of CaO powder by gas–solid reaction

Hydration of CaO powders by reaction with water vapor has been studied in isothermal and isobaric conditions. Experimental tests were performed within the temperature range of 70 °C–420 °C and with a water vapor pressure from 5 to 160 hPa by means of a thermogravimetric device. Two powders, exhibiting slight differences in their physical properties, were studied. However, for one of the powders and under some temperature and pressure conditions, the reaction is not complete. The difference of behavior between both CaO powders was interpreted by considering the effect of the morphological properties on the mechanism of growth of Ca(OH)₂.     

2-(2'-咪唑偶氮)萘酚-4-磺酸的合成及其分析性质的研究

合成了新显色剂咪唑偶氮－２－萘酚－４－磺酸（ＩＡＮ－４Ｓ）,研究了试剂的离解常数及其与金属离子的显色反应。     

Influence of bleed water reabsorption on cement paste autogenous deformation

The effects of bleed water reabsorption and subsequent early age expansion on observed autogenous deformation are investigated in this research. Bleeding was induced by varying superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixture dosages and by increasing the water-to-cement ratio. This research revealed that significant early age expansion occurs with increasing chemical admixture dosages and higher water-to-cement ratios, as expected, due to increasing bleeding of those samples. When samples were rotated, negligible early age expansion was observed. Thus, bleed water reabsorption is shown to be the primary mechanism causing initial expansion in sealed autogenous deformation samples. Thermal dilation and ettringite growth appear to have a minimal influence on the observed expansion. Rotating the samples during setting eliminates the potential for bleed water reabsorption and is recommended for all autogenous deformation testing.     

Comparison between surface and bulk hydrophobic treatment against corrosion of galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete

The effectiveness of bulk hydrophobic treatment against corrosion of galvanized steel reinforcement in concrete specimens with w/c = 0.45 and w/c = 0.75 was compared with that of surface treatment, even in the presence of cracks 0.5 and 1 mm wide in the concrete cover. In this case surface hydrophobic treatments were applied both before and after cracking as a preventive and a restorative method against reinforced concrete deterioration, respectively. The obtained results in terms of water absorption, electrochemical measurements, chlorides penetration, and visual observations carried out on reinforced concrete specimens during the exposure to wet–dry cycles in 10% NaCl solution showed that bulk hydrophobization is the most effective treatment in improving the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel reinforcements in concrete also in the presence of cracks. Surface hydrophobization is very effective just in the first few exposure cycles to the aggressive environment and when used as a restorative method which is able to cancel the deleterious effect of cracks only 0.5 mm wide.     

Effect of plasma treatment of polymeric tape carriers on wetting behaviour of aqueous ceramic tape casting slurry

Due to environmental and health aspects, aqueous ceramic slurries are preferred to traditional organic solvent systems in tape casting. An important obstacle associated with the high surface energy of water is poor wetting of aqueous ceramic slurries on polymeric tape carriers. Therefore, we measured the contact angles of an aqueous epoxy-based ceramic slurry on polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and aluminium-coated polyethylene terephtalate (PET-Al) films and investigated approaches to improving their wetting. We evaluated the effect of plasma treatment of the tape carrier surface on the wetting behaviour and compared it with the effect of adding non-ionic amphiphilic surfactants to the ceramic slurry. The treatment of the tape carrier surface by low-temperature plasma substantially improved the wetting behaviour of aqueous ceramic slurry. The lowest contact angle of 31° was obtained on the PET film. Although the addition of non-ionic surfactants improved both the wetting behaviour of the slurry and the detachment of the polymeric carrier from the ceramic tape even better than the plasma treatment of the carrier surface did, the plasma-treated carriers still present a useful alternative to the surfactants. In the case of the plasma-treated PET carrier the surfactants could be fully eliminated and potential drawbacks related to the use of surfactants could be prevented.