中链甘油三酯及其在食品工业中的应用

作为一种新型的功能性配料，中链甘油三酯具有广泛的工业用途。本文综述了国内外中链甘油三酯的研究进展，包括中链甘油三酯的理化性质、代谢特征和生理功能。最后还简要介绍了中链甘油三酯在食品工业中的应用。     

中链甘油三酯微胶囊的体外释放及对小鼠脂质代谢的影响

采用喷雾干燥技术制备中链甘油三酯微胶囊,将中链甘油三酯固态化,方便食品添加和储运;以人工胃液模拟体外释放,初步研究了中链甘油三酯微胶囊的缓释特性;并以基础合成饲料、长链甘油三酯微胶囊高脂饲料(长链甘油三酯供能占总能量30%左右)和中链甘油三酯微胶囊高脂饲料(中链甘油三酯供能占总能量30%左右)分别饲喂小鼠,并观察5周内小鼠健康状况和体质量、血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量、饲料消耗量的变化,研究中链甘油三酯对小鼠脂质代谢的影响。结果表明,中链甘油三酯微胶囊在人工胃液中可缓慢释放6h,能够缓解中链甘油三酯一次性摄入量超标引起的腹痛腹泻问题,膳食中添加中链甘油三酯微胶囊后,能降低体内TC和LDL-C的含量,中链甘油三酯微胶囊的高脂膳食具有预防肥胖、减少体质量增长和体脂累积、减轻肝脏脂肪沉积的作用,且其抑制体质量增长的机制与减少能量摄入量无关。     

中链甘油三酯的研究进展

中链甘油三酯独特的理化性质和代谢特点使其具有预防肥胖、改善机体糖脂代谢等多种功能,在食品、医药、化妆品、饲料等多种行业得到广泛应用。本文对中链甘油三酯的理化性质、代谢特点、功能性质及安全性进行综述。     

中链甘油三酯

对中链甘油三酯进行了初探，并对它的物理化学性质和生理功能特性进行讨论，提出了其在医药、饲料等各方面的应用，亦对它的制备及应用前景进行了论述。     

中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯的研究进展

中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯作为一种高效消化吸收的结构脂质和控制脂肪吸收的低能油脂,不仅能够控制肥胖和降低血清胆固醇,还能够抑制或限制组织中的胆固醇沉积物。与普通植物油脂相比,中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯独特的理化性质和代谢途径使其具有特殊的营养价值、药用价值和生理功能。本文对中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯的理化性质、制备、代谢特征和生理功能等方面进行简要的概述,以期为中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯在食品、医药和日用化工等领域的应用提供有益参考。      

中链甘油三酯的制备、分析及应用研究进展

中链甘油三酯是指含有长度为C₈～C₁₂的脂肪酸的甘油三酯,同普通的植物油脂相比,其具有黏度小、表面张力小、氧化稳定性好等独特的理化性质和在人体中代谢速度快等特性。它既可作为治疗脂肪吸收不良、高血脂、肥胖等疾病的功能食品,又可作为食品添加剂和化妆品辅料,在食品工业、医药品及日用化工等领域具有广阔的应用前景。该文简述了中链甘油三酯的合成制备途径、分析检测技术以及其在食品、医药、化妆品领域的应用,以期为中链甘油三酯的开发与应用提供进一步研究参考。     

中链甘油三酯抗疲劳作用及其机制研究

研究中链甘油三酯(MCT)的抗疲劳作用及其相关的机制。将KM雄性小鼠100只随机分为5组,每组20只,每组再随机分成2个小组,每小组10只,分别为安静对照组(CC_1和CC_2)、游泳对照组(SC_1和SC_2)、低剂量组(SL_1和SL_2)、中剂量组(SM_1和SM_2)、高剂量组(SH_1和SH_2)。1小组SC_1、SL_1、SM_1和SH_1在灌胃给药30 d后用于无负重游泳60 min实验,测定各生化指标;2小组SC_2、SL_2、SM_2和SH_2小鼠在灌胃给药30 d后用于负重游泳力竭实验,测定负重游泳力竭时间。结果表明:与游泳对照组相比,MCT可以显著延长小鼠负重游泳力竭时间,降低运动后血清尿素氮含量和血清乳酸含量,减少血糖和肝糖原消耗,提高肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽含量和游离脂肪酸含量,降低肝脏丙二醛含量,提高血清乳酸脱氢酶活性。因此,MCT具有抗疲劳的作用,且以低剂量组效果最明显。     

中链脂肪酸在烹饪油中的应用研究进展

中链脂肪酸具有独特的营养功能,易消化吸收,能快速转化为能量。由于其低烟点、易起泡的局限性使其作为烹饪油使用存在一定的缺陷,而通过酯交换技术开发的中长链脂肪酸食用油,能很好提高烟点和减少起泡,可以作为普通烹饪油应用。同时综述了中长链脂肪酸食用油在动物和临床研究中能减少体脂肪的积累和保持健康体重的保健功能。     

中长链甘油三酯对大鼠肝脏脂质代谢的调节作用

为研究中长链甘油三酯(MLCT)在短期内对大鼠肝脏脂质组成及脂代谢的影响,选取雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、中长链甘油三酯组(MLCT组)、中链甘油三酯组(MCT组)、高油酸菜籽油组(HORO组),每日以1g/100g体重的剂量灌胃相应脂质2周。结果显示:与HORO组相比,MLCT显著降低大鼠血浆中甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)的含量,且降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量;MLCT显著抑制大鼠肝脏质量的增加,降低肝脏中TC、TG含量,使载脂蛋白A1/载脂蛋白B比值显著性升高。各组大鼠肝脏中甘油三酯、磷脂(PL)的脂肪酸组成变化显著,说明摄入不同脂质可导致肝脏脂肪酸组成的改变。MCT组大鼠肝脏中激素敏感性脂肪酶(HSL)、环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)和蛋白激酶A(PKA)水平最高,脂肪甘油三酯脂酶(ATGL)水平最低。相反,HORO组的HSL、cAMP和PKA水平最低,而ATGL水平最高。MLCT组上述脂质代谢相关酶水平均介于MCT、HORO组之间,且均高于对照组。本研究表明,MLCT在2周内可有效改善大鼠体内脂质代谢,提高肝脏中脂质代谢的效率,从而降低脂代谢以及相关疾病的发生风险。     

中碳链甘三酯的合成研究

以樟树籽仁油为原料,通过正交实验法研究了用醇解法合成和纯化中碳链甘三酯的生产工艺,得到了中碳链甘三酯生产工艺的最佳条件及产品的物性参数.结果表明,该法工艺简单、能耗小、副产物易于分离且环境污染小.通过对所得产品的物化参数与国外中碳链甘三酯产品标准对比,表明用醇解法合成和纯化中碳链甘三酯的生产工艺是切实可行.     

The effects of feeding medium-chain triglycerides on the growth, insulin responsiveness, and body composition of Holstein calves from birth to 85 kg of body weight

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding calves isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets that varied in the amount and type of fatty acids on growth, response to an insulin challenge, and body composition. Thirty-six calves were assigned to a randomized block design with 3 dietary treatments, 10 calves per treatment, and a baseline group of 6 calves. Three different milk-replacer-based diets were designed to deliver less than 2% of the lipid as medium-chain triglycerides (control; diet contained no added medium-chain triglycerides), 32% medium-chain triglycerides primarily as caprylate (CAP oil), and 32% of fatty acids primarily as laurate from coconut oil (CCO). Calves were offered 0.28 Mcal of intake energy/kg of body weight (BW)^0.75 from d 1 to 7 and 0.32 Mcal of intake energy/kg of BW^0.75 adjusted weekly for BW from d 8 to harvest. Dry matter, intake energy, crude protein, and fat intakes were 53.7 kg, 281.8 Mcal, 14.6 kg, and 13.0 kg; 56.6 kg, 297.2 Mcal, 15.8 kg, and 14.2 kg; and 53.8 kg, 280.4 Mcal, 15.4 kg, and 13.3 kg for the control, CAP oil, and CCO treatments, respectively. Dry matter, energy, protein, and fat intakes did not differ among treatments. At approximately 65 kg of BW, 5 calves per treatment were given an insulin challenge. After the challenge the decrease in plasma glucose concentration was greater for the calves fed the CAP oil diet compared with those fed the control and CCO diets. Calves were harvested at approximately 88 kg of BW. Empty body gains were 0.92, 0.79, and 0.87 kg/d for control-, CAP oil-, and CCO-fed calves, respectively, and the gains of the CAP oil-fed calves were less than those of the control-fed calves. Empty body crude protein, ash, and water were not different among treatments. Empty body retained energy and fat tended to be 5.6 and 8.7% greater for calves consuming the CCO diet than for those fed the control diet. The livers of calves consuming the CCO diet were 330 g heavier and contained 15% more fat than the livers of the control and CAP oil calves. The results of this study demonstrate that the energy demand of the calf to maintain body temperature resulted in increased oxidation of intake energy; thus, overall body composition differences could not be detected. However, the intake of CCO increased the accumulation of lipid in the liver and carcass despite the apparent cold stress conditions.     

Novel quaternary ammonium salts derived from triglycerides and their application in skin and hair products

An investigation has been carried out into the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts of triglycerides. The aim of this work was to produce such compounds without breaking the triglyceride skeleton. The reaction of chloracetyl chloride with the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid which is the major constituent (88–90%) of castor oil gave an intermediate derivative with pendant chloro groups. Quaternization with stearyl dimethylamine gave a 98% yield of a quaternary ammonium salt containing three quaternary groups per molecule. This reaction sequence overcame the steric hindrance problems encountered in unsuccessful attempts to quaternize halogen groups attached directly to the main chain. Using the same procedure, a quaternary salt was prepared from castor oil.
In skin care studies this quaternary was used at a low level in a moisturizing lotion. Subjective assessment of the ease of application of the test lotion versus control was significantly in favour of the test. Viscoelastic measurements of the skin were made using two techniques before and after application of the lotion. Both showed an advantage to the test lotion. No difference between the test and control lotions was found when sebum levels and transepidermal water loss measurements were measured. A C-12 quaternary synthesized from dimethyl-dodecylamine exhibited antimicrobial activity. An aqueous dispersion of the C-18 quaternary when applied to bleached hair in order to improve combing, gave excellent results showing superiority to four other commercially available quaternary ammonium salts.     

Crystallization kinetics of emulsified triglycerides

Nucleation and crystal growth process of triglycerides in water emulsions composed of trimyristin (c l4:0) admixed with 0, 40, and 80 ml litre^?1 trilaurin (c 12:0) (expressed v per total v emulsion) were followed with NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). Mathematical analysis of the time dependence of the phase changes and thermal data distinguished two distinct ‘apparent’ kinetic phases. These phases were tentatively referred to as nucleation and crystal growth. With 40 and 80 ml litre^?1 trilaurin (NMR data at 293 K) nucleation and crystal growth phases of trimyristin were simulated with zero order and second order rate expressions, respectively. Relative to these mixtures, pure trimyristin nucleation was delayed in the initial phase, but crystal growth occurred with fast homogeneous nucleation and slower growth in the second phase. Statistical analyses indicated that homogeneous nucleation similarly occurred when 40 or 80 ml litre^?1 trilaurin was admixed with trimyristin. NMR resolution made it possible to follow the crystallization phenomena in different locations of the crystallization vessel effectively in situ and undisturbed. Statistical analyses in this case revealed a significant trilaurin-location interaction confirming that the rate of nucleation processes was affected both by the concentration of trilaurin and the heat transfer properties of the sample and vessel. The time-location interactions were not significant, confirming the hypothesis that in the absence of tilaurin, zero order nucleation did not occur in the first phase.     

Milk fatty acid composition and plasma energy metabolite concentrations in lactating cows fed medium-chain triglycerides

Six lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of medium-chain triglyceride supplementation on milk fatty acid composition and plasma energy metabolites. Treatments were no supplemental triglyceride, 500 ml of odd-carbon, medium-chain triglyceride (fatty acid composition: 100% pelargonic acid), or 500 ml of even-carbon, medium-chain triglyceride (fatty acid composition: 65% caproic acid, 35% capric acid) added daily to a total mixed ration. Medium-chain triglyceride supplementation did not affect ruminal molar proportions of acetate or propionate but slightly increased the molar proportion of butyrate. Even-carbon and odd-carbon, medium-chain triglycerides reduced DM intake by 1.7 and 1.3 kg/d, respectively, but did not affect milk yield or milk protein percentage. Cows that did not receive supplemental triglyceride produced milk with 3.29% fat. Milk fat concentration was increased by even-carbon, medium-chain triglyceride supplementation relative to odd-carbon, medium-chain triglyceride supplementation (3.44 vs. 2.99%). Although changes in milk fatty acid composition were observed, they were minor and mostly unexplained. Feeding even-carbon, medium-chain triglycerides caused slight increases in plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations, but plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration was not affected by treatments. Odd-carbon, medium-chain triglyceride supplementation (500 ml/d) does not appear to be antiketogenic.     

MCT重构脂质及其在临床营养中的应用

MCT重构脂质是一种改性的甘油三酯,其甘油结构骨架特定位置上包含中碳链脂肪酸、长碳链脂肪酸和特殊脂肪酸,有独特的生理功能和营养价值.MCT重构脂质可以通过生物技术、化学工程和酶工程进行生产.MCT重构脂质在临床营养品中有广泛的应用前景.     

胰脂肪酶催化樟树籽仁油和甘油合成中碳链单甘油酯

采用胰脂肪酶催化樟树籽仁油与甘油反应合成中碳链单甘油酯,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了反应时间、加酶量、醇油摩尔比、反应初始加水量、反应温度对产物中中碳链单甘油酯含量的影响。结果表明,胰脂肪酶催化樟树籽仁油(10 mL)与甘油反应合成中碳链单甘油酯的适宜条件为:反应温度47℃,加酶量220 mg,醇油摩尔比4.3∶1,反应初始加水量35μL,反应时间30 h。在此反应条件下,产物中中碳链单甘油酯的含量为53.42%±0.05%。     

液质联用分析常见植物油甘油三酯

采用高效液相色谱-串联飞行时间质谱法分析了常见植物油如大豆油、芝麻油、花生油、特级初榨橄榄油、葵花籽油、玉米油、油茶籽油、棉籽油和菜籽油的甘油三酯。结果显示每种植物油甘油三酯的种类和含量均不相同。该方法测定甘油三酯有效可行,可为甘油三酯结构信息研究及油脂掺伪鉴别提供基础支持。