Planar interface between a chiral medium and a metal: Surface wave excitation

Abstract

The feasibility of excitation of surface waves at a single planar interface is demonstrated numerically. The interface separates a chiral medium from an isotropic and achiral medium; this latter could be a metal. Both media are characterized by their dielectric permittivity and their magnetic permeability. The chiral is also specified by its chiral parameter. As a result it is found that surface wave excitation is theoretically possible. The range of values of the chiral parameter in which surface waves can be excited is very narrow and depends on the constants of both media. The condition that at least one of the media must be dissipative seems to be necessary to have excitation. To obtain these results, the dispersion relation of the interface is deduced. Chiral media are described by the Drude–Born–Fedorov constitutive equations. The exact dependence of the fields on the chiral parameter is kept in the computation.     

Reflection and refraction properties of plane waves on the interface of uniaxially anisotropic chiral media

We have investigated the reflection and refraction properties of plane waves incident from free space into a uniaxially anisotropic chiral medium, where the chirality appears only in one direction and the host medium can be either an isotropic dielectric or an anisotropic electric plasma. We show that the reflection and refraction properties are closely related to the dispersion relation of the chiral medium and that negative phase refractions and/or negative group refractions may occur. We further demonstrate that the two eigenwaves within the uniaxially anisotropic chiral medium behave differently with respect to the incident angle, and in some cases only one of them can be supported and transmitted. We have studied the critical angle and Brewster's angle with some special properties. We have also discussed the potential application of the uniaxially anisotropic chiral medium for the polarization beam splitter. Numerical results are given to validate our analysis.     

Chiral nihility effects on energy flow in chiral materials

The propagation of electromagnetic plane waves in an isotropic chiral medium is characterized, and a special interest is shown in chiral nihility and the effects of chirality on energy transmission. In particular, the wave impedance is matched to that of free space. Moreover, the refractive index n is also matched in impedance to that of free space when an appropriate value of the chirality is chosen. A "chiral nihility" medium is explored in which both the permittivity and the permeability tend to zero. Some specific case studies of chiral nihility are presented, and Brewster angles are found to cover an extremely wide range. The E-field distributions in these different cases where the chiral slab is placed in free space are analyzed by using the appropriate constitutive relations. It is shown from numerical calculations that one can obtain some critical characteristics of the effects of chirality on energy transmission and reflection, such as transparency and power tunneling.     

Interference of counterpropagating waves in a nonreciprocal chiral medium

It is established that the partial fluxes of counterpropagating waves in a layer of a nonreciprocal chiral medium exhibit exponential decay, while the interference flux is sustained and exhibits oscillations in depth of the layer. The condition of existence of the interference flux in a nonabsorbing medium is formulated.     

可调谐手征超表面电磁特性研究进展

手征超表面是由具有特定电磁响应的平面手征单元结构构成的超薄超材料,由于其具有自由控制电磁波的奇异能力而引起了极大的关注.通过在超表面设计中加入可调谐材料,可以实现其功能受外部激发控制的可调谐或可重构的超器件,为动态调谐电磁波开辟了新的道路.本文介绍了可调/可重构手征超表面电磁特性的一些理论基础,当线偏振光进入可调谐手征...     

Two-frequency radiative transfer: Maxwell equations in random dielectrics

The paper addresses the space-frequency correlations of electromagnetic waves in general random, bianisotropic media whose constitutive tensors are complex Hermitian matrices. The two-frequency Wigner distribution (2f-WD) for polarized waves is introduced to describe the space-frequency correlations, and the closed form Wigner-Moyal equation is derived from the Maxwell equations. Two-frequency radiative transfer (2f-RT) equations are then derived from the Wigner-Moyal equation by using the multiple-scale expansion. For the simplest isotropic medium, the result coincides with Chandrasekhar's transfer equation. In birefringent media, the 2f-RT equations take the scalar form due to the absence of depolarization. A number of birefringent media such as chiral, uniaxial, and gyrotropic media are examined. For the unpolarized wave in an isotropic medium the 2f-RT equations reduces to the 2f-RT equation previously derived in part I of this research [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A24, 2248 (2007)]. A similar Fokker-Planck-type equation is derived from the scalar 2f-RT equation for the birefringent media.     

Spin-Selective Full-Dimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Chiral Mirror

Realizing arbitrary manipulation of optical waves, which still remains a challenge, plays a key role in the implementation of optical devices with on-demand functionalities. However, it is hard to independently manipulate multiple dimensions of optical waves because the optical dimensions are basically associated with each other when adjusting the optical response of the devices. Here, the concise design principle of a chiral mirror is utilized to realize the full-dimensional independent manipulation of circular-polarized waves. By simply changing three structural variables of the chiral mirror, the proposed design principle can arbitrarily and independently empower the spin-selective manipulation of amplitude, phase, and operation wavelength of circular-polarized waves with a large modulation depth. This approach provides a simple solution for the realization of spin-selective full-dimensional manipulation of optical waves and shows ample application possibilities in the areas of optical encryption, imaging, and detection.     

Penetration of electromagnetic waves through composite screens containing ideally conducting helices

A complex procedure of numerical analytical modeling of the interaction of elecromagnetic fields with the plane layer of a composite material containing conducting helices has been presented. The procedure involves determination of the effective electromagnetic parameters of composite materials containing stochastically distributed thin-wire elements with the use of Pocklington’s equation. As a result the medium with helical inclusions has been replaced by the equivalent homogeneous chiral medium characterized by the effective parameters. The coefficients of reflection and transmission of waves by a screen have numerically been investigated.     

基于甲壳素的手性分离材料

甲壳素是一种丰富的可再生资源,将甲壳素在碱性条件下脱去乙酰基得到壳聚糖,甲壳素和壳聚糖分子骨架有大量的手性碳原子存在,且含有较多的羟基、乙酰氨基或氨基活性官能团,容易进行化学改性得到有较好手性识别能力的衍生物,且它们能以膜、纤维、凝胶及微球等不同形式出现,可作为各种手性分离介质。概述了近年来甲壳素衍生物作为手性分离介质的重要研究进展,主要包括甲壳素及其衍生物的色谱手性固定相、手性分离膜、分子印迹聚合物。重点介绍了这些手性分离介质的结构、制备及性能,并展望了甲壳素衍生物手性分离介质的研究前景。     

Propagation and decay of acceleration waves in thermoconsolidating media

Summary The propagation of acceleration waves in a fluid-saturated porous medium is considered. The two-phase medium is the system consisting of a porous elastic solid skeleton, filled with a viscous compressible fluid. Two types of the media are taken into account: the medium composed of definite conductors and the medium composed of non-conductors. The method of singular surfaces has been used in these considerations. The acceleration waves in the medium consisting of non-conductors are not homentropic, in general. In this paper the conditions are determined which must be fulfilled to satisfy the acceleration waves to be homentropic.The propagation conditions of the waves are formulated and analysed. As usual in such a two-phase medium two longitudinal waves and one transverse wave are propagated. The growth equations of homothermal and homentropic waves are derived, and their solutions are analysed.     

Propagation of inhomogeneous plane waves in anisotropic viscoelastic media

A new technique is explained to study the propagation of inhomogeneous waves in a general anisotropic medium. The harmonic plane waves are considered in a viscoelastic anisotropic medium. The complex slowness vector is decomposed into propagation vector and attenuation vector for the given directions of propagation and attenuation of waves in an unbounded medium. The attenuation is further separated into the contributions from homogeneous and inhomogeneous waves. A non-dimensional inhomogeneity parameter is defined to represent the deviation of an inhomogeneous wave from its homogeneous version. Such a partition of slowness vector of a plane wave is obtained with the help of an algebraic method for solving a cubic equation and a numerical method for solving a real transcendental equation. Derived specifications enable to study the 3D propagation of inhomogeneous plane waves in a viscoelastic medium of arbitrary anisotropy. The whole procedure is wave-specific and obtains the propagation characteristics for each of the three inhomogeneous waves in the anisotropic medium. Numerical examples analyze the variations in propagation characteristics of each of the three waves with propagation direction and inhomogeneity strength.     

Study of linear wave motions using FFT and its potential application to non-destructive testing

The dispersive characteristics of longitudinal, flexural and surface waves in beams, plates and thick blocks are constructed by applying the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to the measured transient waves. The so-constructed dispersion curves of various types of waves are in good agreement with the analytical predictions. An iterative method for estimating the material properties of the medium using the dispersive characteristics of the waves is also developed. The method provides a reasonable estimation on the properties of the medium.     

Formulation and validation of Berenger's PML absorbing boundary forthe FDTD simulation of acoustic scattering

Berenger's perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition for electromagnetic (EM) waves is derived to absorb 2-D and 3-D acoustic waves in finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation of acoustic wave propagation and scattering. A PML medium suitable for acoustic waves is constructed. Plane wave propagation in the PML medium is solved for both 2-D and 3-D cases and explicit FDTD boundary conditions are derived. The equations show that a matched PML medium is a perfect simulation of free space in that a plane wave does not change its direction of propagation or its speed when it propagates from free space into a matched PML medium. FDTD simulation of a pulsed point source propagating in two dimensions is carried out to test the performance of the PML boundary for acoustic waves. Results show that an eight layer PML boundary condition reduces the reflected error 40 dB over Mur's second order boundary condition     

爆破地震波在岩石介质中传播特性与数值计算研究

通过从不同角度对大量的深孔爆破地震动测试数据的分析 ,得到了岩石中爆破地震波传播的频率、幅值和持续时间等主要参数的变化规律以及它们的影响因素 ,并通过二元回归法 ,拟合出计算爆破地震波加速度幅值的经验公式。在此基础上 ,建立了爆破地震波传播过程的计算模型 ,编制了有限元计算程序。数值模拟仅考虑弹性区域 ,爆炸波对岩石介质的作用经粉碎区、破裂区衰减后成为输入荷载。计算结果与实测结果基本相符 ,证明该模型与方法可用于一般岩石介质中爆破地震波传播的数值模拟。研究结果为深孔爆破地震控制措施的制订提供了依据 ,对其它类似问题的研究也有一定的参考作用     

Scattering of Beltrami fields by an orthorhombic dielectric-magnetic sphere immersed in a chiral medium

The T matrix method can be formulated to study Beltrami planewave scattering by a sphere composed of an orthorhombic dielectric magnetic material immersed in a chiral medium. Whereas an orthorhombic dielectric-magnetic material whose permeability dyadic is a scalar multiple of its permittivity dyadic is pathologically unirefringent and anisotropic. A chiral medium characterized by either a left-handedness or a right-handedness in its microstructure is birefringent and not anisotropic. The backscattering efficiency has an undulating behaviour with increase in electrical size and is highly affected by constitutive anisotropy of the sphere. Multiple lobes appear in theplots of the differential scattering efficiency when the incident ?eld is left-circularly polarized wave. Peaks of curves of the backscattering effciency appear at lower frequencies for an incident left-circularly polarized wave and at higher frequencies for a right-circularly polarized wave incidence, if the sphere is impedance-matched to the ambient chiral medium.     

Supersonic shear imaging: a new technique for soft tissue elasticity mapping

Supersonic shear imaging (SSI) is a new ultrasound-based technique for real-time visualization of soft tissue viscoelastic properties. Using ultrasonic focused beams, it is possible to remotely generate mechanical vibration sources radiating low-frequency, shear waves inside tissues. Relying on this concept, SSI proposes to create such a source and make it move at a supersonic speed. In analogy with the "sonic boom" created by a supersonic aircraft, the resulting shear waves will interfere constructively along a Mach cone, creating two intense plane shear waves. These waves propagate through the medium and are progressively distorted by tissue heterogeneities. An ultrafast scanner prototype is able to both generate this supersonic source and image (5000 frames/s) the propagation of the resulting shear waves. Using inversion algorithms, the shear elasticity of medium can be mapped quantitatively from this propagation movie. The SSI enables tissue elasticity mapping in less than 20 ms, even in strongly viscous medium like breast. Modalities such as shear compounding are implementable by tilting shear waves in different directions and improving the elasticity estimation. Results validating SSI in heterogeneous phantoms are presented. The first in vivo investigations made on healthy volunteers emphasize the potential clinical applicability of SSI for breast cancer detection.     

Existence of longitudinal waves in anisotropic poroelastic solids

In anisotropic fluid-saturated porous solids, four waves can propagate along a general phase direction. However, solid particles in different waves may not vibrate in mutually orthogonal directions. In the propagation of each of these waves, the displacement of pore–fluid particles may not be parallel to that of solid particles. The polarization for a wave is the direction of aggregate displacement of the particles of the two constituents of a porous aggregate. These polarizations, for different waves, are not mutually orthogonal. Out of the four waves in anisotropic poroelastic medium, two are termed as quasi-longitudinal waves. The prefix ‘quasi’ refers to their polarization being nearly, but not exactly, parallel to the direction of propagation. The existence of purely longitudinal waves in an anisotropic poroelastic medium is ensured by the stationary characters of two expressions. These expressions involve the elastic (stiffness and coupling) coefficients of a porous aggregate and the components of phase direction. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of longitudinal waves are discussed for different anisotropic symmetries. Conditions are also discussed for the existence of the apparent longitudinal waves, i.e., the propagation of wave motion with the particle displacement parallel to the ray direction instead of the phase direction. A graphical solution of a numerical example is shown to check the existence of these apparent longitudinal waves for general directions of phase propagation.     

Electric line source illumination of a chiral cylinder placed in another chiral background medium

An electric line source illumination of a chiral cylinder embedded in a chiral background medium is considered. The field expressions inside and outside of a chiral cylinder have been derived using the wave field decomposition approach. The effects of various chiral cylinders, chiral background media and source locations upon the scattering gain pattern have been investigated. It is observed that the chiral background reduces the backward scattering gain as compared to the free space background for a dielectric cylinder. It is also studied that by moving a line source away from a cylinder reduces the backward scattering gain for a chiral cylinder placed in a chiral background under some specific conditions. A unique phenomenon of reduced scattering gain has been observed at a specific observation angle for a chiral cylinder placed in a chiral background having an electric line source location of unity free space wavelength. An isotropic scattering gain pattern is observed for a chiral nihility background provided that if cylinder is chiral or chiral nihility type. It is also observed that this isotropic behaviour is independent of background and cylinder chirality.     

Dirac cones induced by accidental degeneracy in photonic crystals and zero-refractive-index materials

A zero-refractive-index metamaterial is one in which waves do not experience any spatial phase change, and such a peculiar material has many interesting wave-manipulating properties. These materials can in principle be realized using man-made composites comprising metallic resonators or chiral inclusions, but metallic components have losses that compromise functionality at high frequencies. It would be highly desirable if we could achieve a zero refractive index using dielectrics alone. Here, we show that by employing accidental degeneracy, dielectric photonic crystals can be designed and fabricated that exhibit Dirac cone dispersion at the centre of the Brillouin zone at a finite frequency. In addition to many interesting properties intrinsic to a Dirac cone dispersion, we can use effective medium theory to relate the photonic crystal to a material with effectively zero permittivity and permeability. We then numerically and experimentally demonstrate in the microwave regime that such dielectric photonic crystals with reasonable dielectric constants manipulate waves as if they had near-zero refractive indices at and near the Dirac point frequency.     

Singular behavior of the superfluid3He-A atT=0 and quantum field theory

The interaction of the fermionic quasiparticles with bosonic collective modes in³He-A recalls the interaction of massless chiral fermions with photons, W-bosons, and gravitational waves in high-energy physics. The chiral anomaly and vacuum polarization are responsible for singular dynamics of³He-A atT=0.This paper was prepared for the Banff Conference on Quantum Fluids and Solids, October 13–17, 1986.