端羟基叠氮呋咱醚氧杂丁烷-HTPE嵌段共聚物合成及内增塑性能

针对增塑剂易迁移、渗出进而严重影响聚合物基复合材料物化性能和机械性能的问题,研究通过3-硝基-4-羟基呋咱与3,3-二溴甲基氧杂丁环（BBMO）偶联合成2种新单体3-（4-硝基呋咱-3-氧甲基）-3-溴甲基氧杂环丁烷（BrNFMO）、3,3-二（4-硝基呋咱-3-氧甲基）氧杂环丁烷（BNFMO）,以端羟基聚醚（HTPE）为大分子引发剂,在三氟化硼乙醚催化下分别与BrNFMO、BNFMO以及对照组BBMO共聚后叠氮化,制备得到三种内增塑嵌段共聚物,对其进行结构、热分解行为、内增塑性能测试,并对所设计目标共聚单元进行量化计算以评估其爆轰性能。最后对共聚工艺进行了优化,通过“假活性”聚合策略对引入嵌段的程度进行控制。结果表明,该系列新型含能共聚单元具有优于现有叠氮基氧杂环丁烷单体的能量水平。与直接将叠氮基团引入聚合物相比,通过呋咱醚桥联结构将叠氮基团进行引入能够通过内增塑策略获得具有更低玻璃化转变温度T_g与黏度的含能共聚物（T_g可降低5.27 ℃,黏度可降低4.90 Pa·s）,其热稳定性也得到了提高（T_d可提高7.3 ℃）。     

7-羟基三呋咱并［3，4-b：3′，4′-f：3″，4″-d］氮杂环庚三烯的合成与性能

以3,4-双（4′-硝基呋咱-3′-基）呋咱为原料,与羟胺溶液一步法合成了一种新型七元环化合物7-羟基三呋咱并［3,4-b： 3′,4′-f：3″,4″-d］氮杂环庚三烯（HYTF）,并利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对产物进行了表征。通过规范不变原子轨道方法完成了HYTF的¹³C NMR和¹⁵N NMR理论模拟,结合实验数据实现了HYTF的¹³C NMR和¹⁵N NMR的准确归属。发现3,4-双（4′-硝基呋咱-3′-基）呋咱与羟胺在不同反应温度条件下可分别生成HYTF和7H-三呋咱并［3,4-b：3′,4′-f：3″,4″-d］氮杂环庚三烯（HATF）,提出了HYTF与羟胺作用生成HATF的反应机理。基于实测密度（ρ=1.86 g·cm^-3）和预估生成焓（Δ_fH（s）=573.8 kJ·mol^-1）,利用Explo5（V6.04）软件预估HYTF的爆速和爆压分别为8181 m·s^-1和28.0 GPa。采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）研究了HYTF的热分解过程,其热分解峰温为161.8 ℃。     

3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱合成、晶体结构及热性能（英）

以二氨基呋咱为原料,经氧化、水解、中和和取代反应合成了3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析、X射线单晶衍射等进行了结构表征。晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/c ,a=15.256(3), b=11.579(3), c=14.981(3), β=117.624(4)°, M_r=328.14, V=2344.7(9) ³, Z=8, D_c=1.859 g·cm-3, F(000)=1312, μ=0.177 mm-1, S=1.012, R₁=0.0433, wR₂=0.0987。晶体结构分析结果表明,在不对称单元中存在两种构象不同的分子,分子中含有大量的弱键,能够提高化合物的密度和热稳定性。采用差示扫描量热法和热重分析研究了3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱的热分解过程,在10 ℃·min-1的升温条件下,其熔点为72.9 ℃,在245～346 ℃ 之间存在明显放热过程。     

高热稳定和低感度多环类含能材料的设计与合成（英）

发展具有高能、低感、高热稳定性的新型含能材料是人们一直追求的目标。本研究设计、合成了一系列基于四唑连4,8-双呋咱并[3,4-b,e]吡嗪（DFP）的含能离子盐。含能离子盐具有优异的综合性能,如热分解温度较高（T_d：> 260 ℃）,感度较低（IS≥ 20 J,FS≥360 N）和爆速较高等（D > 8800 m·s^-1）。值得特别指出的是,化合物4e的热分解温度高达314 ℃,并且其爆速及撞击感度分别为9005 m·s^-1和25 J,是一种极具潜力的钝感高能量密度材料。     

全氘代NQ和FOX-7的合成

以非氘代硝基胍（NQ）和1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7）为原料,采用氢氘（H/D）交换法,合成得到全氘代硝基胍（NQ-d₄）和全氘代1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7-d₄）。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）、核磁共振碳谱（¹³C NMR）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）、热重-微分热重（TG-DTG）、差示扫描量热（DSC）和中子衍射等对目标产物进行了分析表征。DSC/TG数据表明,NQ-d₄和FOX-7-d₄的分解温度较非氘代NQ和FOX-7分别高出2.5 ℃和2.6 ℃。采用中子衍射法,测得所合成NQ-d₄的氘代率为95.27%,FOX-7-d₄的氘代率为98.87%。采用面积归一法,HPLC测定所合成NQ-d₄的纯度为99.51%,FOX-7-d₄的纯度为99.28%。     

4，7-二氨基哒嗪并［4，5-c］氧化呋咱含能盐的合成和性能

以多氨基稠环化合物4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱（4）为原料,分别与3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮（NTO）及其它高氮类硝胺化合物构筑的富氮阴离子结合制备了一系列含能离子盐（5~11）。运用核磁共振、元素分析和红外光谱等分析方法对化合物（5~11）进行了结构表征,结合量子计算对3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（6）进行¹⁵N NMR谱分析,并通过X-射线单晶衍射技术对5,5′-二硝氨基-3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4-噁二唑的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（9）进行晶体结构解析。通过Explo5软件计算得到化合物的爆轰性能;采用BAM法测得化合物的撞击和摩擦感度。结果发现,5硝氨基四唑的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（5）具有优异的爆轰性能和较低的感度,其爆速爆压分别为8816 m·s^-1和32.1 GPa,撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为15 J和200 N。     

解耦合法研究1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐（TKX-50）热分解（英）

为了研究1,1′-二羟基-5,5"-联四唑二羟胺盐（TKX-50）的热分解，分别采用热重和差示扫描量热法进行热分解试验研究，并采用MATLAB软件对重合部分进行解耦合，用Málek方法对TKX-50热分解过程进行动力学研究。结果表明，TKX-50的热分解过程分为两个阶段，用MATLAB 软件获得两个阶段完整的热分解曲线，并分别获得不同升温速率下各个阶段的T_onset、T_p、ΔH等基础参数。TKX-50的热分解遵循自催化反应模型，并分别获得动力学参数包括活化能、指前因子和动力学模型等，第一阶段：E_a=174.99 kJ?mol^-1，lnA=40.75，f(α)=α^0.917(1-α)^0.509；第二阶段：E_a=149.60 kJ?mol^-1，lnA=31.84，f(α)=α^0.357(1-α)^0.117。     

从不同升温速率下的DSC曲线数据计算/确定含能材料放热分解反应Arrhenius/非Arrhenius动力学参数的方法

提出了从不同恒速升温速率(β)条件下的DSC曲线起始温度(T₀)、onset温度(T_e)、峰温(T_p)、T_e和T_p处的反应转化率α_e和α_p及相应各等转化率α_i的β_i、Tα,i (i=1,2,…,L)数据计算/确定含能材料放热分解反应Arrhenius/非Arrhenius动力学参数的方法。用该法得到了四水双(3-(5-硝基-1,2,4-三唑))钠［Na₂(BNT)(H₂O)₄］放热分解反应的Arrhenius/非Arrhenius动力学参数。用所得非Arrhenius动力学参数计算了［Na₂(BNT)(H₂O)₄］的热爆炸临界温度(T_b),并与用Arrhenius动力学参数所得的T_b值作了比较。验证了本工作所得［Na₂(BNT)(H₂O)₄］非Arrhenius动力学参数的有效性和可靠性。      

异伍兹烷衍生物高温热分解规律分子动力学模拟

异伍兹烷衍生物是当前最具潜力的笼形含能化合物之一,为了系统研究异伍兹烷衍生物的高温热分解规律,明确其爆轰机理,研究采用ReaxFF-lg反应性力场和分子动力学方法,对3种典型异伍兹烷衍生物ε-六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（ε-CL-20）、4,10-二硝基-2,6,8,12-四氧杂-4,10-二氮杂四环十二烷（TEX）和4,10-二叠氮甲基-2,6,8,12-四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（BATNIW）进行高温（1500~3500 K）热分解研究。结果表明,脱硝基和开环是3种衍生物的主要初始反应,其中开环反应集中在五元环C—N键或C—O键。不同温度下热分解终产物中CO₂和H₂含量差异较大,3000 K以上N₂含量接近。3种衍生物中,BATNIW热分解生成N₂速度最快、产量最高;TEX热分解易生成团簇,生成特征产物乙二醛。3种衍生物热分解活化能排序为TEX>BATNIW>ε-CL-20,说明TEX稳定性最好。研究初步揭示了3种异伍兹烷衍生物分子结构与热分解规律的内在联系。     

DNTF原位红外热分解动力学及机理

为了深入研究3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)特征基团的热分解特性,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、快速扫描傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)分析了DNTF的凝聚相热分解特性;利用变温红外原位池技术在2.5,5.0,10.0℃·min^-1等三种升温速率下研究了DNTF的特征基团随时间(温度)的变化;采用Coats-Redfern法计算得到了DNTF的硝基、呋咱环、氧化呋咱环的热分解动力学参数;基于DNTF的特征基团热分解特性,推测了DNTF的热分解机理。结果表明：DNTF特征基团的热分解受三维扩散机理控制,DNTF分子内的基团反应活性为硝基>氧化呋咱环>呋咱环,随着加热速率提高,各基团的反应活性表现出增大的趋势。推测DNTF热分解过程为C─NO2先断裂,然后连接呋咱环和氧化呋咱环的C─C键断裂,最后氧化呋咱环和呋咱环中N─O键断裂,且氧化呋咱环比呋咱环更快发生分解。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.