高预紧力后张法全长锚固支护力学分析

针对深部巷道采用加长或全长锚固锚杆支护时,锚杆的锚固段整体受力不均、抗剪切承载能力低以及无法适应其大变形等问题,提出了高预紧力后张法全长锚固支护方法,通过建立高预紧力后张法全长锚固支护力学模型,对高预紧力后张法全长锚固支护的受力特征和支护围岩承载能力进行了理论计算和现场应用分析,并与传统加长、全长锚固支护方法进行了对比。研究结果表明:高预紧力后张法全长锚固支护方法具有高预应力支护与全长锚固支护的优点,在全长锚固的基础上使预高于金立紧力向围岩内传递,与传统加长、全长锚固支护方法相比,高预紧力后张法全长锚固支护方法锚固段的剪应力分布更加平缓;有利于锚杆预紧力在围压中扩散,增大围岩压应力区范围,改善锚固围岩特性;配套采用研发的高预紧力减摩托盘提高锚杆预紧力,可形成更有效的锚固围岩承载结构。     

公路隧道应力释放率对软弱围岩稳定性影响

近年来,由于新奥法广泛地运用于地下工程的施工过程中,围岩与支护结构之间的相互作用以及支护时机受到越来越多的关注。中条山隧道洞口段软弱围岩开挖步序多、工序及应力变化复杂,尤其是核心土解除后和二衬施工前安全风险大。本文采用有限差分软件对该隧道洞口段施工过程进行三维数值模拟,研究了洞周位移及支护结构在不同应力释放率下的力学响应,重点分析了典型断面处洞周围岩及支护结构的位移和受力情况,以及洞周位移随施工过程的动态变化规律。研究结果表明：对于软弱围岩公路隧道,应力释放率越大,围岩的塑性区发展范围越大,洞周位移越大;开挖过程中,拱顶沉降受到的持续性扰动较大;待二次衬砌施作后,仰拱隆起和收敛位移趋于稳定。     

浅埋偏压小净距隧道管棚支护参数优化研究

为研究浅埋偏压小净距隧道管棚+超前小导管联合超前支护参数对隧道支护效果的影响,依托彝良隧道洞口段工程,通过FLAC^3D建立不同管棚注浆加固区厚度、长度、直径、环向间距和外插角度等参数下的三维模型工况,分析各管棚参数对围岩位移的控制效果。结果表明：增大管棚注浆加固区厚度、直径和长度可降低围岩位移,注浆加固区厚度为3 m、管棚直径为100 mm和长度为40 m较佳;随管棚外插角度和环向间距的增加,围岩位移逐渐增大,管棚外插角度为2°和环向间距为0.3 m较为合适。在管棚合理支护参数选择的基础上,将模拟值与现场监控量测值对比,验证所选支护参数的合理性和可靠性。     

滑坡防治格构梁锚杆地震动力响应分析

针对锚杆格构支护的均质土坡在地震作用下的动力响应,通过振动台模型试验,研究锚固边坡在地震作用下的动力响应差别、不同坡高锚杆在地震作用下的受力机制,揭示了均质土坡及其支护结构在地震作用下的变形破坏机理。结果表明:地震激励作用下,锚杆的动应变对低频、高量级加速度的地震波反应较为敏感;加速度量级由低→中→高变化时,锚固边坡中承担较大荷载作用的锚杆位置也发生着变化,对应的调整顺序为：中层→顶层→中层;地震强度足够大时,中层锚杆首先破坏,其次是底层锚杆。所以地震荷载作用下锚固边坡的设计不仅要遵循传统的设计思想“强腰固脚”,而且要对上部锚杆的锚头及坡面进行加强处理,防止受到地震浅表效应的影响;并应充分考虑大、小震作用下边坡动力响应的差异。研究结果为更加合理地进行锚杆抗震设计提供了良好的基础。     

冲击地压巷道锚杆-围岩系统复刚度特性

为探讨冲击载荷作用下锚固围岩体动力失稳机理与能量耗散机制,基于振动力学理论,建立锚杆-围岩在冲击载荷作用下的三维轴对称力学模型,获得了冲击载荷作用下锚杆-围岩系统复刚度的解析表达.从抵抗变形与能量耗散两个方面,分析了冲击地压发生时锚杆-围岩系统的动力响应特征.结果表明:在相同频率的冲击载荷作用下,随着围岩黏性阻尼、围岩强度以及锚固长的增加,锚杆-围岩系统复刚度越大,抵抗纵向变形能力越强,应力波能量耗散越快,系统吸能特性越好;随着冲击载荷频率的增加,围岩强度与黏性材料阻尼对锚杆-围岩系统复刚度影响更为明显;全长锚固条件下,锚杆-围岩系统抵抗纵向变形能力几乎不受冲击载荷频率控制.采用数值分析验证了理论分析的正确性.建议采用围岩注浆改性与锚杆全长锚固方式,提高冲击载荷作用下锚杆-围岩系统抵抗冲击变形能力与增强系统阻尼耗能性能.     

巷道锚杆锚固力学特性现场试验研究

为了检测煤矿巷道原位锚杆锚固力学性能,采用锚杆拉拔系统,在大同矿区不同岩性巷道开展锚杆破坏性拉拔试验,研究了锚固长度、岩体强度和锚杆直径等对锚杆锚固力学特性的影响规律.结果表明:当锚固长度小于极限锚固长度时,锚杆极限锚固力与锚固长度呈线性正相关关系,围岩及杆体强度越高,锚固力-锚固长度关系曲线的线性斜率越大,煤层及含砂质岩层中锚固力-锚固长度的线性斜率分别为1.63和2.96,玻璃钢锚杆在煤层中对应的斜率仅为0.41;在钻孔孔径和锚杆材质等均相同的条件下,锚杆极限拉拔力的端头位移在15～20 mm之间;锚杆的锚固性能与围岩破裂程度以及围岩原位黏聚力具有正相关性.     

承压拱在隧道喷锚支护参数优化设计中的应用

国内隧道施工中对于Ⅲ类围岩喷锚支护的参数设计多数是根据围岩位移监测结果,经工程类比确定,没有考虑围岩主体对支护参数的影响。根据锚杆加固机理,从理论上阐述了系统布置锚杆时,由于锚杆和喷射混凝土与围岩的共同作用,在锚杆互相作用影响范围之内将形成一个加固后的承压拱。承压拱的厚度与锚杆的长度、间距、围岩的力学性质等因素有关。给出了锚杆加固影响范围系数K_l的计算方法,并根据围岩稳定所必须形成的承压拱最小厚度、锚杆加固影响范围系数K_l和锚杆的间距来确定锚杆长度的方法。优化后喷锚支护成本可降低30％。     

黄土隧道围岩特性曲线及其数值计算方法

隧道围岩体系与支护体系的相互作用是隧道工程研究的核心问题。对于黄土隧道而言,基于约束收敛法分析围岩变形规律,进而对围岩稳定性进行评价是一种黄土隧道研究的新方向新思路。本文基于FLAC3D大型通用有限差分软件,采用双线性应变软化遍布节理模型模拟黄土垂直节理特性,对三种不同弹性模量下大断面黄土隧道进行模拟并详细给出围岩特性曲线的数值求解方法。结果表明,在求解复杂边界条件下围岩特性曲线推荐采用数值计算的方法,本文采用的反向荷载计算法能有效地求解复杂围岩条件下黄土隧道的围岩特性曲线。随着位移的增加,也就是支护时机的推后,所需要的支护力在逐渐减小,围岩自承的荷载比重在增大。随着黄土隧道围岩弹性模量的增大,隧道拱顶在达到相同位移所需要的支护力在减小,说明围岩条件较好的时候可以适当减小支护强度。     

树脂锚杆轴力分布与围岩强度的影响分析

树脂锚杆在我国煤矿巷道支护以及各类工程中都有广泛的应用,主要用于岩石岩土中的锚固支护。为研究不同围岩环境对树脂锚杆锚固性能的影响,利用非线性有限差分数值模拟软件Flac3D建立锚杆拉拔实验模型,分析不同围岩强度下树脂锚杆轴向位移和轴向应力分布的变化,结果表明:高围岩强度下的锚杆锚固段轴向应力相对增大,整体轴向位移降低,孔口处轴向位移相对较小,而低围岩强度下的轴向应力基本呈线性分布。不同围岩强度条件下的锚固剂剪应力变化趋势基本相同,距孔口约200mm处的锚固剂剪应力分布曲线发生交汇,距孔口0～200mm的坚硬强度围岩最大锚固剂剪应力较大,大于200mm则软岩强度较大,根据结果提出了增强树脂锚杆拉拔性能的意见。     

承压拱在隧道喷锚支护参数优化设计中的应用

国内隧道施工中对于Ⅲ类围岩喷锚支护的参数设计多数是根据围岩位移监测结果，经工程类比确定，没有考虑围岩主体对支护参数的影响．根据锚杆加固机理，从理论上阐述了系统布置锚杆时，由于锚杆和喷射混凝土与围岩的共同作用，在锚杆互相作用影响范围之内将形成一个加固后的承压拱．承压拱的厚度与锚杆的长度、间距、围岩的力学性质等因素有关．给出了锚杆加固影响范围系数Kl计算方法，并根据围岩稳定所必须形成的承压拱最小厚度、锚杆加固影响范围系数Kl和锚杆的间距来确定锚杆长度的方法．优化后喷锚支护成本可降低30％．     

爆破振动激励下的隧道洞口动力响应

对隧道洞口在爆破振动激励下的动力响应进行讨论.分析了隧道在爆破开挖下洞口边坡危险滑面的确定方法,建立了具有结构面的隧道洞口边坡在爆破振动激励下的动力响应计算模型;并在实际工程背景基础上针对爆破振动作用下的洞口边坡和支护结构的动力响应进行了分析计算.结果表明,爆破振动的强度、振动持续时间、隧道开挖距离、洞口边坡特征以及支护结构强度等因素均会影响到隧道洞口边坡的安全稳定性;在爆破振动持续时域内,洞口边坡安全稳定性系数会在一定范围内产生振荡,隧道支护结构上会产生附加爆破振动压力.     

A local homogenization approach for simulating the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt in deep underground openings

Fully grouted bolts are a key component of the support system for underground openings. Although considerable effort has been made in the simulation of the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolts on the rock masses surrounding underground openings, most of the work has limited significance since the structural element approach is used. This study proposes a local homogenization approach (L-H approach) that integrates elastoplastic mechanics, composite mechanics, and analytical approaches with numerical simulation to effectively simulate the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on deep surrounding rock masses. In the L-H approach, the representative volume of bolted rock mass (RVBRM) with a fully grouted bolt is established based on the original mesh model utilized in the rockbolt element approach. The RVBRM is a regular quadrangular prism with a cross-sectional size equal to the bolt spacing and a length equal to the bolt length. The RVBRM is homogenized by the L-H approach from a unidirectional bolt-reinforced composite into a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium whose mechanical properties are described by a new transversely isotropic elastoplastic model. The L-H parameters for the RVBRM are obtained using analytical approaches, composite mechanics, and known parameters of the rock mass and bolt. Using the L-H approach, the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on the bolted rock specimen and the surrounding rock mass in Jinping II Diversion Tunnel #2 with a depth greater than 2000 m is simulated. The results show that the predictions of the L-H approach are more in agreement with the physical model results of bolted rock specimen and provide a more realistic response of the bolted surrounding rock mass. The L-H approach demonstrates that fully grouted bolts with common bolt spacings and diameters substantially enhance the elastic modulus, shear strength, and tensile strength of the rock mass in the direction of the bolt axis.     

Numerical simulation and analysis of drill rods vibration during roof bolt hole drilling in underground mines

Structural deterioration in the roof in an underground mine can easily cause roof fall, and deterioration is difficult to detect. When drilling holes for roof bolts, there is a relationship between the vibration of the drill rod and the properties of the rock being drilled. This paper analyzes transverse, longitudinal, and torsional vibrations in the drill rod by using vibration theory. Characteristic indexes for three kinds of vibration are determined. Using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS, a model for drill rod vibration during the drilling of roof bolt holes was established based on the geological and mining conditions in the Guyuan Coal Mine, northern China. Results from the model determined that the transverse and the longitudinal vibration decrease as the rock hardness decreases. In descending order, sandstone,sandy mudstone, mudstone, and weak interbeds cause progressively less vibration when being drilled.The ranking for strata that cause decreasing torsional vibration is slightly different, being, in descending order, mudstone, sandstone, sandy mudstone, and weak interbeds. These results provide a theoretical basis for predicting dangerous roof conditions and the presence of weak interbeds to allow for adjusting bolt support schemes.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation on mechanisms performance of the rock-coal-bolt (RCB) composite system

For coal mines, rock, coal, and rock bolt are the critical constituent materials for surrounding rock in the underground engineering. The stability of the “rock-coal-bolt” (RCB) composite system is affected by the structure and fracture of the coal-rock mass. More rock bolts installed on the rock, more complex condition of the engineering stress environment will be (tensile-shear composite stress is principal). In this paper, experimental analysis and theoretical verification were performed on the RCB composite system with different angles. The results revealed that the failure of the rock-coal (RC) composite specimen was caused by tensile and shear cracks. After anchoring, the reinforcement body formed inside the composite system limits the area where the crack could occur in the specimen. Specifically, shearing damage occurred only around the bolt, and the stress-strain curve presented a better post-peak mechanical property. The mechanical mechanism of the bolt under the combined action of tension and shear stress was analyzed. Additionally, a rock-coal-bolt tensile-shear mechanical (RCBTSM) model was established. The relationship (similar to the exponential function) between the bolt tensile-shear stress and the angle was obtained. Moreover, the influences of the dilatancy angle and bolt diameter of the RCB composite system were also considered and analyzed. Most of the bolts are subjected to the tensile-shearing action in the post-peak stage. The implications of these results for engineering practice indicated that the bolts of the RCB composite system should be prevented from entering the limit shearing state early.     

五道水库泄洪洞工作闸门流激振动研究

工作闸门是水利枢纽的咽喉,保证其安全可靠运行至关重要。针对五道水库泄洪洞工作闸门的流激振动问题,进行了泄洪洞1∶20水工模型试验,获取工作闸门的动水压力特性;通过1∶10工作闸门动特性试验,应用实验模态分析方法识别结构动特性;建立工作闸门三维有限元模型,进行结构振动响应计算分析。结果表明,工作闸门的低阶模态频率没有完全脱离动水激励的高能区域,可能产生较大流激振动;闸门振动响应在0.5相对开度时达到最大,应避免在此开度长时间运行。     

钢轨底部动力吸振器对钢轨振动与噪声的影响

为分析钢轨底部动力吸振器对钢轨振动特性和声辐射特性的影响,建立钢轨振动-声辐射模型.首先,根据铁路板式轨道实际拓扑结构建立三维实体有限元模型,采用直接法求解钢轨结构的特征值问题;其次,计算分析了钢轨在垂向单位力激励下的导纳特性与振动衰减率;再次,利用轮轨滚动噪声预测模型计算分析了动力吸振器对钢轨声辐射功率的影响;最后,对轨底动力吸振器的参数影响进行了分析.结果表明:轨底动力吸振器的减振频段为750～1 650 Hz,降噪频段为800 Hz以上;吸振器的质量比越大其减振降噪水平越高,但减振降噪水平的提高效率越低;在一定范围内适当增大吸振器刚度可略微提高降噪水平,但是刚度过大会加剧钢轨的振动及其纵向传播;阻尼系数影响减振降噪作用频率的带宽,需要保证足够大且与吸振器质量、刚度相匹配.对钢轨底部动力吸振器减振降噪作用和参数影响的计算分析可以为钢轨轨底动力吸振器的参数设计以及低噪声钢轨的选型提供一定的参考.     

Parameter analysis of anchor bolt support for large-span and jointed rock mass

1INTRODUCTION Anchorboltsupportiswidelyusedintunne ling[1],mining[2]andundergroundopeningsupports[3]asaneconomical,reliable,simpleandconvenient method.Thismethodisevenwell knownforitseffec tivenessinthesupportofjointcontainingrockmass[4,5].Becauseoftheindeterminationandrandom nessofgeologicconfiguration,anchorboltsaremainlyusedexperientially,althoughlotsoffieldtests[69],la boratorytests[9,10]andnumericalstudy[1115]havebeencarriedoutathomeandabroad,andanumberofem piricalformulastorevealthew…     

弹性支承块式无砟轨道减振性能研究

运用ANSYS有限元软件,模拟弹性支承块式轨道结构模型.模型中采用DTIII2扣件,弹性支承块整体道床,荷载为实测的弹性支承块下的DTIII2扣件的轮轨力.结合穿越上海市某小区的地下轨道振动实测情况,选取不同测点进行振动响应计算.结果表明,模型中,地面测点的振动响应值同实测数据基本吻合,道床及隧道测点处的振动响应值略高于实测数据.     

Parametric study on the axial performance of a fully grouted cable bolt with a new pull-out test

Modified cable bolts are commonly used in underground mines due to their superior performance in preventing bed separation when compared with plain strands. To better test the axial performance of a wide range of cable bolts,a new laboratory short encapsulation pull test(LSEPT) facility was developed. The facility simulates the interaction between cable bolts and surrounding rock mass,using artificial rock cylinders with a diameter of 300 mm in which the cable bolt is grouted. Furthermore,the joint where the load is applied is left unconstrained to allow shear slippage at the cable/grout or grout/rock interface.Based on this apparatus,a series of pull tests were undertaken using the MW9 modified bulb cable bolt.Various parameters including embedment length,test material strength and borehole size were evaluated. It was found that within a limited range of 360 mm,there is a linear relationship between the maximum bearing capacity of the cable bolt and embedment length. Beyond 360 mm,the peak capacity continues to rise but with a much lower slope. When the MW9 cable bolt was grouted in a weak test material,failure always took place along the grout/rock interface. Interestingly,increasing the borehole diameter from 42 to 52 m in weak test material altered the failure mode from grout/rock interface to cable/grout interface and improved the performance in terms of both peak and residual capacity.     

大型水电站地下厂房结构自振特性研究

结合某大型水电站地下厂房工程实际,采用三维有限元法从边界条件、模型范围、材料特性、垫层范围和垫层失效5个方面对其自振特性进行全面、系统的研究.结果表明:采取一定的措施加强围岩与厂房上下游边界的粘结强度,能够有效提高机组支撑结构的自振频率,抑制楼板、风罩薄弱部位的低频振动;模拟范围越小,结构各阶自振频率越大;提高混凝土的强度等级对整体混凝土结构的自振特性影响较小;垫层失效后,结构的自振频率显著减小,老化后的垫层平面范围越大,高阶频率降低越多,而低阶频率变化不大.