Compaction and characterization of mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline titanium aluminides

Blended elemental (BE) Ti-24 at. pct Al-11 at. pct Nb (Ti-24-11) and Ti-55 at. pct Al (Ti-55) powders and prealloyed (PA) Ti-24-11 powders were mechanically alloyed in a SPEX mill or an attritor. After SPEX milling for 10 hours, the BE Ti-24-11 powder contained the B2/bcc phase, while the BE Ti-55 powder showed the presence of an amorphous phase. The PA Ti-24-11 powder containing the B2 phase showed a decrease of crystal size on milling. These powders were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (“hipping”), Ceracon process, and dynamic methods. On compaction, the B2/bcc phase in the Ti-24-11 sample transformed to a mixture of the B2 and orthorhombic (“O”) phases, while the amorphous phase in the Ti-55 powder crystallized to a mixture of the γ-TiAl and α ₂-Ti₃Al phases. The finest grain size in compacted material was obtained in the dynamically consolidated powder, and the grain size in the hot isostatic pressed (“hipped”) powder became larger with the increasing hipping temperature.     

机械合金化纳米晶Cu-5% Cr粉末的热静液挤压研究

采用机械合金化制备了纳米晶Cu-5%(质量分数,下同)Cr粉末,然后对其进行了热压制坯和热静液挤压致密化研究。结果表明,经10h高能球磨,Cu-5%Cr粉末中Cu的晶粒尺寸细化到约50nm,成为纳米晶粉末。采用热压制坯和热静液挤压工艺可以使纳米晶Cu-5%Cr粉末接近完全致密化。球磨10h的Cu-5%Cr合金粉末经400℃热压制坯和600℃、挤压比为4的热静液挤压后相对密度达到99.3%。热静液挤压致密化后的Cu-5%Cr合金的晶粒有所长大,Cu基体的平均晶粒尺寸达到了500nm左右,变成了亚微米晶材料。该亚微米晶Cu-5%Cr合金具有较好的性能。     

Mechanical behavior and properties of mechanically alloyed aluminum alloys

The fracture and deformation behaviors of several product forms produced from mechanically alloyed (MA) aluminum alloys 9052 and 905XL were studied. The main operative strengthening mechanism is strengthening due to the submicron grain size. Ductility and toughness were found to be controlled by the morphology of the prior particle boundaries. We propose that the work-hardening behavior of these MA alloys is similar to the behavior exhibited by a deformed fcc alloy that (a) contains rigid barriers to dislocation motion, (b) deforms by wavy slip, and (c) forms a cell substructure upon deformation.     

Structure-phase composition and properties of mechanically alloyed high-nitrogen powder steels

The structure and properties of the Fe-21% Cr-N and Fe-18% Cr-7% Ni-0.8% Mn-0.5% C-N powder systems mechanically alloyed in nitrogen atmosphere and steels sintered from the powders in dissociated ammonia at t = 1170°C have been investigated. The thermodynamic calculations of the phase compositions of the steels are carried on the basis of searching the Gibbs integral energy minimum for the system. In comparing the obtained experimental data with the results of thermodynamic calculations for the Fe-Cr-C-N and Fe-Cr-N systems, it is found that the equilibrium phase composition is not reached. The resulted steels contain increased nitrogen quantity (1.6 to 2.1%) distributed in austenite and/or nitrides. The steels have high strength, wear and corrosion resistance.     

Tensile properties of mechanically alloyed/milled Ods-Ni-Based alloys

Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) NiCr20 alloys were produced by ball milling blends of either prealloyed NiCr20 and yttria powders or elemental Ni and Cr powders and yttria powder. After milling, the powders were degassed in a vacuum furnace, sealed in steel cans, and consolidated by hot extrusion. The mechanical alloying process, which occurs during ball milling of elemental Ni and Cr powders, as well as the changes of microstructure, which occur during milling and extrusion, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Measurements of microhardness, tensile strength, and elongation of extruded bars were done to gain information about the dispersoid parti-tioning and about the relation between milling parameters, microstructure, and tensile properties. These investigations showed that the attainable quality of ODS NiCr20 alloys is higher if they are produced by milling elemental Ni and Cr powders and yttria powders. Besides the dispersoid par-titioning, the homogeneity of the mechanically alloyed powder strongly affects the quality. High-quality materials are only produced if the ball milling process yields a homogeneous dispersoid partitioning and a completely mechanically alloyed NiCr20 solid solution.     

Phase composition, structure, and properties of aluminum materials mechanically alloyed with boron

The paper focuses on the formation of phase composition, structure, and properties of high-strength aluminum materials that are mechanically alloyed with boron and have a large effective thermal-neutron capture cross-section. A technology based on reactive mechanical alloying is proposed. It is intended to produce dispersion-hardened nanostructured materials in the Al-B system. Structural high-temperature materials with a low density and a great effective thermal-neutron capture cross-section can be obtained by complex alloying of aluminum with elemental boron (up to 40%) and B₂O₃ (1.5%). When the boron content reaches its maximum (40%), the strength of the material is σ_t = 380 MPa and σ ₁₀₀ ⁵⁰⁰ = 101 MPa; when the boron content decreases to 10%, the strength increases to σ_t = 560 MPa and σ ₁₀₀ ⁵⁰⁰ = 150 MPa.     

Structure and properties of mechanically alloyed steel PK50N2M

The possibility of improving the properties of powder metallurgy nickel—molybdenum steel PK50N2M by dispersing and homogenizing the initial powders via grinding in a high-energy planetary mill, followed by single pressing and sintering, and subsequent quenching and tempering, was investigated. It was established that structural heredity provided small pore size, high homogeneity, a favorable defect density and distribution, an optimal phase composition in the heat-treated steel, and a transformation under load. These features permitted the attainment of a high level of mechanical properties, even at relatively high porosities. Republican Engineering-Technical Center for Powder Metallurgy with the Scientific Research Institute for Powder Technology and Coatings and Experimental Production, Perm', Russia. Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 3–4(400), pp. 30–35, March–April, 1998.     

Structure of mechanically alloyed Ti-Al-Nb powders

Ti-Al-Nb ternary powder mixtures containing 24Al-11Nb, 25Al-25Nb, 37.5Al-12.5Nb, and 28.5Al-23.9Nb (at. pct) were mechanically alloyed in a SPEX 8000 mixer mill using a ball-to-powder weight ratio of 10:1. The structural evolution in these alloys was investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. A solid solution of Al and Nb in Ti was formed at an early stage of milling, followed by the B2/body-centered cubic (bec) and amorphous phases at longer milling times. The stability of these phases and their transformation to other phases have been investigated by heat treating these powders at different temperatures. The B2/bcc phase transformed into an orthorhombic (O-Ti₂AlNb) or a mixture of the orthorhombic (O) and hexagonal close-packed (α₂-Ti₃Al) phases, the proportion of phases being dependent on the powder composition. Milling beyond the amorphous phase formation resulted in the formation of an fee phase in all the powders, which appears to be TiN, formed as a result of contamination of the powder. Formerly Graduate Student, University of Idaho     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of copper alloyed austempered grey cast iron

Austempered grey cast iron (AGI) has emerged as a major engineering material in recent years because of its attractive mechanical properties. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the mechanical properties of copper alloyed AGI. Alloyed grey cast iron specimens are subjected to austempering heat treatment at six different temperatures for four different time periods. The resulting microstructures have been evaluated and characterised by means of light microscope and scanning electron microscope and X-Ray diffraction analysis. The microstructural features of AGI such as austenite content and its carbon content have been also found to influence the hardness, tensile properties and elongation. Both duration of the austempering time and the austempering temperature affect the mechanical properties of AGI. The hardness, tensile strength and ductility initially increase, and thereafter it decreases on longer periods of austempering. On the other hand hardness, tensile strength decreases as increasing austempering temperature, while ductility increases. The best combination of hardness 380BHN and strength 332?MPa; observed at 927°C of austenitising and 260°C of austempering temperature for 60?min.     

应变速率对电沉积纳米晶铜拉伸性能的影响

采用直流电沉积工艺,制备了平均晶粒尺寸为56nm的致密纳米晶铜.室温下进行单向拉伸实验,发现纳米晶铜的强度和韧性均随应变速率的升高而增大,特别是韧性的速率敏感十分显著.应变速率由1.04×10^-5s^-1升至1.04s^-1时,断裂应变由23.2%增至39.4%,同时抗拉强度由309MPa增至451MPa.这一现象可归因于两个方面:首先,纳米晶铜的应变硬化行为随应变速率的升高而增大,从而使其均匀变形阶段的应变增加;其次,高应变速率下纳米晶铜颈缩时发生晶粒转动,这有助于其失稳阶段的应变增加.     

Ductile fracture of mechanically alloyed iron-yttria alloys

The influence of Y₂0₃ particle content on the tensile fracture of mechanically alloyed iron has been studied for a series of dispersion-strengthened alloys containing up to 10 vol pct particles. When compared to the behavior of spheroidized steels, the present results indicate that at comparable volume fractions of particles, the Fe-Y₂0₃ alloys exhibit a much decreased tensile ductility. Observations of microscopic damage indicate that this is a consequence of rapid void nucleation at small strains, limited void growth, and enhanced void linking, especially at high particle contents. Analysis of these observations suggests (a) a surprisingly high oxide particle-matrix interfacial bond strength, (b) an influence of rapid strain hardening at small strains in creating high flow stresses, which assist void initiation, (c) enhanced void nucleation at high volume fractions of particles due to neighboring particles and voids, and (d) an accelerated void-linking process at high volume fractions of particles when interparticle spacing approaches particle/ void size. J.B. KOSCO, formerly Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University.     

Elevated-temperature stability of mechanically alloyed Cu-Nb powders

When two-phase mixtures of ductile metals are mechanically alloyed, they often assume a convoluted lamellar structure. Since these powders are consolidated at elevated temperatures, their structures (and, therefore, properties) are likely to be altered by consolidation processing. We have investigated microstructural changes that take place on heat-treating mechanically alloyed Cu −20 vol pct Nb alloys. The transition from a “platelike” to a spherical microstructure is described, and the kinetics of this process appear controlled by a type of boundary diffusion, even though the coarsening temperature was high in terms of the homologous temperature of Cu. Reasons for this behavior are suggested. Finally, during heat treatment (carried out in H), a Nb layer forms around the particles. The thickness of this layer (and the corresponding zone denuded of Nb within the particle) increases with continued elevated-temperature exposure, and at a rate consistent with the process being driven by curvature forces. Formerly Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA     

Microstructure effects on tensile properties of tungsten-Nickel-Iron composites

Controlled processing of heavy alloys containing 88 to 97 pct W resulted in high sintered densities and excellent bonding between the tungsten grains and matrix. For these alloys, deformation and fracture behavior were studiedvia slow strain rate tensile testing at room temperature. The flow stress increased and the fracture strain decreased with increasing tungsten content. The tradeoff between strength and ductility resulted in a maximum in the ultimate tensile strength at 93 pct W. Microstructure variations, notably grain size, explain sintering temperature and time effects on the properties. During tensile testing, cracks formed on the surface of the specimens at tungsten-tungsten grain boundaries. The crack density increased with plastic strain and tungsten content. The surface cracks, though initially blunted by the matrix, eventually increased in density until catastrophic failure occurred. An empirical failure criterion was developed relating fracture to a critical value of the surface crack tip separation distance. Application of the model explains the effects of microstructural variables on tensile properties. Formerly Graduate Research Assistant at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.     

Ni-Co合金粉末的热压显微组织与力学性能研究

研究了Co含量(质量分数)分别为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的Ni-Co合金粉末在不同热压温度下的显微组织与力学性能.研究结果表明:采用共沉淀-还原法制备的Ni-Co合金粉末烧结活性高,在700℃下就能热压致密化;在700℃至800℃之间热压时,晶粒长大较明显,热压温度超过800℃后,晶粒长大趋势减缓;随热压温度升高,Ni-Co合金综合力学性能下降,在700℃的热压温度下能获得最佳的综合力学性能;随Co含量增加,合金综合力学性能增强,Co含量增加到30%后,力学性能增强趋势减缓.700℃热压时含30%Co、40%Co、50% Co的Ni-Co合金的抗弯强度分别为1188.7 MPa、1220.5 MPa、1227.1 MPa.