Groundwater recharge in an endoreic basin with reclaimed municipal wastewater.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the groundwater pollution in an endoreic basin in southern Italy. The aquifer circulation was carried out on two different levels: a shallow groundwater, with a water table of about 10 m, and a deep groundwater in a karst aquifer, with a water table of 140-190 m. Reclaimed municipal wastewater and superficial water collected in the catchment area were both drained in a swallow hole linked with the deep groundwater. The agricultural practice conducted in the endoreic basin produced an excess of nitrate in the soil. Nitrate was subsequently washed out and displaced in the groundwater. With regard to the EU Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC), the research activity conducted during 2003 showed the absence of pollution in the deep groundwater used for drinking water supply. The shallow groundwater, instead, was strongly influenced by agricultural and pasture activities, with detectable levels of nitrates and bacteria. In order to reduce the load of pollution entering the swallow hole and then in the deep groundwater, the realisation of a constructed wetland plant was proposed to improve the quality of reclaimed wastewater, as well as to pursue the wastewater reuse in agriculture.     

Bioassays and biomarkers for ecotoxicological assessment of reclaimed municipal wastewater.

The aim of this work was to examine the ecotoxicity of reclaimed wastewater by the use of bioassays and the determination of immunological parameters. Secondary and tertiary mucicipal wastewater samples were examined for their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics as well as for their endotoxin concentrations. The ecotoxicological characteristics were assessed by a battery of bioassays, using Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Tetrahymena thermophilla as test species and phytotoxicity. The mitogenic responses of mouse splenocytes were as well used as bioassay. The cytokines of IL-1, IL-2, IL-10, IFNgamma and TNFalpha, were also determined in the supernatant of splenocyte cultures and served as molecular biomarkers. All bioassays exhibited decrease of the ecotoxicological responses after tertiary treatment. However, mitogenic responses were proved to be more sensitive. IL-1 increased, while IL-2 production was unaffected. The fact that IL-10 production increased in response to secondary treated effluents in conjunction with the increased endotoxin levels, suggest Th2 type immune responses. Although results obtained from the toxicity bioassays after the tertiary treatment showed comparable results to those of controls, cytokine levels indicated the induction of immune response even after tertiary treatment. Consequently, cytokine production could be used as a sensitive biomarker for the evaluation of treatment efficiency of the reclaimed wastewaters intended for reuse.     

浅谈再生污水地下回灌的健康危害风险

针对目前污水再生利用越来越广泛的现状,探讨了再生污水的健康危害风险评价方法,分析了非饮用回用及饮用回用时要注意的问题和对策。并对北京高碑店污水处理厂二级生化出水经深度处理地下回灌后用作饮用回用的健康危害风险进行了实例分析评价。     

The effect of reclaimed wastewater on the quality and growth of grapevines

The effect of the use of treated wastewater on the growth of cabernet sauvignon and merlot grapes from the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico was evaluated. Secondary advanced effluent was used to irrigate the grapevines at a rate of 66 L/vine/week. Wastewater quality results confirmed that all parameters complied with Mexican legislation for crop irrigation as well as reuse in activities in which the public would be in direct or indirect contact with the reclaimed water. Results showed that the number of leaves per shoot and the overall biomass increased in plants irrigated with wastewater and grape production per plant was 20% higher. The concentration of carbohydrates, organic acids and pH were similar in grapes from vines irrigated with wastewater to those irrigated with groundwater. Throughout the experiment, no fecal coliform bacteria were detected in the cultivated grapes. The wastewater caused an increase in the biomass of the grapevines and there was no presence of microbial indicators in the final product so a higher wine production could be achieved without an increase in health risk related problems. If 200 L/s of reclaimed wastewater would be returned to be used for grapevine irrigation in Valle de Guadalupe (the same amount that is currently being sent as drinking water to Ensenada), assuming an irrigation application of 6,000-7.500 m3/ha/year, approximately 837-1046 hectares (ha) of grapevines could be irrigated. Part of ongoing research includes an economical analysis of the best options for Ensenada and the Valle de Guadalupe in order to establish the optimum volume of water to be returned, the cost of its transportation, as well as the cost of irrigation.     

我国再生水利用管理的建议

从与再生水利用相关的法律法规和标准规范、利用规划、组织管理、激励机制、投融资机制、思想认识方面介绍了我国再生水开发利用管理的现状,分析了当前再生水利用管理中存在的突出问题,并从法律法规、管理协调、公众参与监督管理、风险评价、突发事件应急管理、水价调整、投融资机制、思想认识等方面提出了我国再生水利用管理的建议。     

A participatory modelling approach to define farm-scale effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in the Lockyer Valley,Australia

The Lockyer Valley is an important agricultural area experiencing water insecurity, which causes a decrease in agricultural production. Regional authorities are initiating a wastewater reclamation project conveying treated municipal wastewater to water users, including potentially the Lockyer Valley. This additional (and essentially reliable) water source will change farming options and practices. A participatory modelling approach was used to analyse the consequences of changed water availability at the farm scale. This approach incorporates both farmer and scientist knowledge and gives due attention to non-technical issues like perception and acceptance. Two cropping patterns were worked out to forecast the effects on water deficit and crop yield in the projected situation.     

Occurrence of levofloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin in wastewater treatment plant in Japan.

Residual pharmaceutical products in sewage and other water environments have recently become a serious social problem in advanced countries. Among these pharmaceutical products, antibiotics have attracted special attention due to their serious impact on the ecosystem and connections to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Our research intended to develop a new method to analyse the three antibiotics estimated to be released out of the body in large amounts in Japan; levofloxacin (LVFX), clarithromycin (CAM) and azithromycin (AZM), and survey the state of pollution in the sewerage. The concentrations of the water-phase antibiotics LVFX, CAM and AZM were measured in each process of activated sludge process in six wastewater treatment plants. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to analyse solutions of the antibiotics after pretreatment with a solid phase extraction. The limits of quantification and the average recoveries for these antibiotics in the influent were 1.2 to 29 ng/L and 46 to 93%, respectively. In the influent, LVFX, CAM and AZM were detected at concentrations of 552, 647 and 260 ng/L, respectively, while their removal efficiencies were 42, 43 and 49%, respectively. Although the CAM and AZM concentrations decreased as the treatment progressed, it was shown that the LVFX concentration increased in activated sludge reactors in some cases. Despite differences in octanol-water partition coefficients among LVFX, CAM and AZM, their removal efficiency showed no major difference. This indicates that this removal phenomenon cannot be explained by simple adsorption by the activated sludge.     

Analysis and occurrence of estrogen in wastewater in Japan.

This paper describes an analytical procedure for free estrogens and their conjugates in domestic wastewater. The procedure demonstrated in this study is innovative in terms of levels of detection and quantification of the following substances: estrone (E1); 17beta-estradiol (E2); 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2); estriol (E3); estrone-3-sulfate (E1-S); beta-estradiol 3-sulfate (E2-S); estriol 3-sulfate (E3-S); estrone beta-D-glucuronide (E1-G); beta-estradiol 17-(beta-D)-glucuronide (E2-G); estriol 3-(beta-D)-glucuronide (E3-G); beta-estradiol 3-sulfate 17-glucuronide (E2-SandG); and estradiol 3,17-disulfate (E2-diS). The detection limits of this method ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 ng/l. The recovery efficiencies of the estrogens in the analysis from influent and effluent of the secondary settling tank in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were higher than 94% for the free estrogens, but were less than 50% for the conjugated estrogens. The field study using this method was conducted at twenty WWTPs in Japan. The median concentrations of the estrogens ranged from ND to as high as >100 ng/l. In the influent and secondary effluent samples, the concentrations of E1, E2 and E3 were the same levels as those previously reported. We found that the conjugated estrogens exist at higher concentrations in the influent and the secondary effluent than in the other studies, and that the concentrations of the conjugated estrogens were higher than those of the free estrogens.     

Mathematical model for describing reactions of residual chlorine with organic matter in reclaimed wastewater.

Among several applications of urban wastewater reuse, use of reclaimed wastewater to sustain stream flows has become attractive in the urban area. Since these rivers are used for recreational purposes and for restoring aquatic eco-system, the adequate control of residual chlorine is essential. Mathematical model for describing reactions between residual chlorine and organic matter in reclaimed wastewater has been developed. The model considers the effect of molecular weight distribution of organic matter on the reaction rate. Lab-scale experiments were performed to estimate reaction rates constants and to examine their temperature dependency. The experiments showed that 1) the smaller organic matter gave the larger reaction rate; 2) temperature effect on reaction rate was described by the Arrhenius formula; 3) decline of free chlorine had more temperature dependency than combined chlorine. The comparison of computed results with data from lab-scale experiments confirmed the validity of the model. We used the one-dimensional dispersion model with proposed reaction model and examined the seasonal variation of residual chlorine profile along the river sustained by reclaimed wastewater in Sapporo. Simulation showed that seasonal variation of nitrification performance in secondary treatment as well as change in temperature caused seasonal variation in residual chlorine profile along the river.     

深圳市西丽再生水厂设计与运行

西丽再生水厂是目前深圳特区内唯一一座位于城市河流上游的污水处理厂,担负着向大沙河补充生态景观用水的任务。再生水厂建设规模5万m3/d,主体工艺采用BIOSTYR生物滤池+ACTIFLO高密度沉淀池,在设计中需要解决用地紧张、尾水排放标准高以及臭气对居民区影响等问题。介绍了西丽再生水厂的设计特点、主要工艺设计参数,并对实际运行情况进行分析。     

Simulation of hydrothermal vents in the Izena Cauldron,Mid Okinawa trough,Japan and other Pacific locations

Simulation results of Jade hydrothermal vent in Okinawa trough, Japan and Dante hydrothermal vent in Endeavour ridge in the north east Pacific are presented using an improved version of MOHTV model. The results are presented along with some limited field comparisons. A limited study on the sensitivity of model results to key model parameters is also presented. The model used is capable of simulating the hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and mineral formations in underwater hydrothermal vents. The transport and spread of the plume fluid and minerals formed are simulated in three stages: plume dynamics stage that is momentum and buoyancy driven; transition to far field conditions as a gravity current; and far field conditions where the mineral particles move according to advection diffusion governed by the ambient currents and mineral particle settling velocities that eventually lead to their bed deposition. Thermodynamics include the changes in plume temperature and its related properties such as the vent fluid density. Physico-chemical processes are the chemical reactions that occur in the plume due to the hot vent fluid mixing with cold ambient water. Chemical reactions form new compounds (mostly minerals), which change the plume properties and therefore its behavior. Model simulates the formation of minerals namely FeS, FeS₂, ZnS, CuFeS₂, CuS, PbS, CaSO₄, BaSO₄, and Particulate Manganese – PMn. This improved version of MOHTV considers a user defined particles size distribution, the bathymetry of the ocean bottom, and can be used to run long-term simulations. The model results compare reasonably well with the field data. The parametric analyses show, which input and/or ambient conditions most affect the distribution of particles.     

Occurrence of nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants and nonylphenol carboxylic acids in wastewater in Japan.

Nonylphenol (NP) is known to be a byproduct of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) which are used as detergents in industry. It is important that not only NP but also NPnEO and their related substances are analysed when behaviour of NP in the wastewater treatment process is surveyed. NPnEO are biodegraded to shorter ethoxylate (EO) chain NPnEO or nonylphenol carboxylates (NPnEC) under aerobic conditions, and then biodegraded to NP under anaerobic conditions. NP is one of the suspected endocrine disruptors (ED). Moreover, shorter EO chain NPnEO has greater toxicity than longer EO chain NPnEO. We conducted a field survey of NP and its related substances in 20 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The concentrations (median) of NP and its related substances in the WWTPs' influent ranged from 0.1 to 8.3 microg/L, showing NP concentration as the same level as those previously reported. The reduction of the long EO chain NPnEO in the WWTPs was almost complete, while the removal efficiency for the short EO chain NPnEO was less significant than the long EO chain NPnEO, suggesting that the degradation rate of the short EO chain NPnEO was lower than that of the long EO chain NPnEO in the wastewater treatment     

微滤-反渗透工艺在高品质再生水回用工程中的应用

北京经济技术开发区再生水工程一期规模为2万m3/d,采用微滤-反渗透双膜法工艺。介绍了工程的设计运行情况,包括前期的需水量与水质要求调查、再生水生产工艺的比选与确定、工程设计参数以及工艺的技术经济分析。分析结果表明,开发区再生水回用重点应考虑工业企业生产用水,双膜法工艺应用于高品质再生水的回用工程,技术可靠,经济可行。     

Removal efficiency of 66 pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment process in Japan.

Both biological treatment processes including conventional activated sludge (CAS) and biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes, and physico-chemical treatment processes including ozonation process and Title 22 process consisting of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration followed by UV or chlorination disinfection after the above biological processes, were compared from the viewpoint of removal efficiency. 66 pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, analgesics, psychoneurotic agents were measured with SPE-LC/MS/MS. 26 compounds out of 66 were detected in the influent ranging ng/L to microg/L order. Particularly, disopyramide, sulpiride, and dipyridamole that have been rarely detected before in the WWTP, occurred at concentration levels of more than 100 ng/L. The total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the influent was efficiently removed by 80% during the biological treatment. But removal efficiencies of carbamazepine and crotamiton were less than 30%. The total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the effluent from CAS process was 1.5 times higher than that from BNR process. Further, the total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the discharge from WWTPs applying ozonation following activated sludge process was reduced to less than 20%. Physico-chemical treatment train called Title 22 treatment after CAS could not efficiently remove the pharmaceuticals. However, ozonation process followed by biological activated carbon process could efficiently reduce all the residual pharmaceuticals below their quantification limits.     

生物滤池—石灰软化法组合工艺在某再生水厂中的应用

华北某再生水厂设计规模为3万m3/d,采用生物滤池—石灰软化法组合工艺进行深度处理,出水用作热电厂锅炉的循环冷却补给水以及部分城市景观用水。介绍了工艺的选择及设计过程,并根据实际运行情况对工艺性能进行分析。     

Seasonal profiles of human noroviruses and indicator bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant in Tokyo, Japan.

The seasonal profiles of microorganisms in raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent at a wastewater treatment plant in Tokyo, Japan, were quantitatively determined each month for one year, from July 2003 to June 2004. Human noroviruses, which were determined by real-time PCR, in raw sewage varied from 0.17-260 copies/mL for genotype 1 and from 2.4-1900 copies/mL for genotype 2, showing much higher values in winter, the epidemic season. The concentration of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, or F-specific phages in raw sewage was almost constant throughout the year. Human noroviruses of genotype 2 were removed most effectively (3.69 log10 on average) at the wastewater treatment plant, followed by E. coli (3.37 log10), total coliforms (3.05 loglo), F-specific phages (2.81 log10), and human noroviruses of genotype 1 (2.27 log10). The removal ratio of human noroviruses was almost constant, independent of the initial concentration of the viruses in raw sewage, which led to the increasing concentration of human noroviruses in final effluent in winter. None of the tested bacteria was judged to be a reliable indicator of human noroviruses in final effluent.     

日本污水处理厂设计运行及多因素影响分析

日本的污水处理起步较早,经过多年发展已经建设完善,并在其精细管理下编撰为《下水道統計》.对日本污水处理和污泥处置情况进行全面统计和深入分析,期望对我国污水处理厂的建设和运行具有借鉴意义.污水处理环节分析包括水质水量、处理要求、工艺和处理规模分布、深度处理方法、运行和设计参数、出水回用等;污泥处理环节分析包括污泥产量、处...     

Surface and subsurface water coupled ecological model in a mangrove swamp,Ishigaki Island,Japan

A surface and subsurface water coupled ecological model is presented to describe material cycling in a mangrove area, to which an ecosystem model is applied in order to account for chemical and biological reactions as well as physical processes. In this model, the nutrient transport from the groundwater to the river is estimated by the combined use of field measurements and numerical simulation of subsurface flow. The water movement and temporal variations in nutrient concentration obtained from the numerical simulation show a good agreement with the field observations, indicating that this model is valid for simulating material cycling in a mangrove area. The numerical simulation reveals that the supply of dissolved nutrients from the mangrove to the coastal area during spring tides is about 1.6 to 5.5 times larger than that during neap tides.     

棉针织染整行业再生水回用关键水质指标值的确定

基于典型棉针织染整企业生产用水的水质要求,确定铁、锰、电导率和硬度是再生水利用的关键水质指标。通过试验研究,分析了水质指标对染整产品质量的影响,并提出了具体的关键水质指标值。     

日本的水资源管理与水权制度概略

近100多年来，随着社会经济发展和治水理念的变化，日本在水资源管理和水权制度建设等方面有许多新的发展。日本主要根据《河川法》来进行水资源管理和流域管理，其中水资源管理包括“水权”，制度。而流域管理则包括“治水和水环境”。日本水权管理的做法和经验可以为我国水权制度建设提供一定的借鉴。