不同加工工序对鸡腿品质特性及杂环胺形成的影响

为探究不同加工工序对鸡腿品质及杂环胺形成的影响,文章选取酱卤肉制品的3种工序(卤煮、油炸-卤煮、卤煮-油炸)加工鸡腿,测定鸡腿中蛋白质、水分、肌酸、肌酸酐、杂环胺的含量及蒸煮损失率、色泽的变化,研究不同工序下酱卤鸡腿品质与杂环胺形成的相关性。结果表明:卤煮-油炸工艺中鸡腿的蒸煮损失率、色差值和肌酸酐含量最高,水分含量最低,生成杂环胺的总量最高,鸡腿表皮中达到7.969 ng/g,鸡腿肉中达到4.701 ng/g;由相关性分析得到,鸡腿皮和鸡腿肉中杂环胺都与肌酸含量呈显著负相关性,与肌酸酐含量呈显著正相关性;3种加工工序下鸡腿表皮中杂环胺含量与ΔΕ呈显著正相关(P0.05),而鸡腿肉中杂环胺含量与水分含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。因此,建议制作酱卤鸡肉制品以卤煮工艺为主,从而降低产品的损失率;另外,减少使用油炸工序,降低杂环胺生成量。     

高效液相色谱-质谱串联法检测中餐常见肉类中杂环胺含量

本文通过优化液液萃取和固相萃取,结合高效液相色谱-质谱串联法对肉制品中的杂环胺进行分析测定。该方法对肉制品中六种杂环胺的检出限和定量限分别低至0.0006 ng/g和0.0021 ng/g。应用该方法研究了常见烹饪方式(烘烤和油炸)对大众餐桌上最常见肉品(鸡肉、猪肉、牛肉、草鱼)中杂环胺形成的影响。结果表明,相同烹饪方式处理的肉制品中杂环胺的生成量随烹饪温度的升高而增加;在相近加工温度下,油炸烹制的肉和鱼会产生较烘烤处理更多的杂环胺。烘烤和油炸烹制的肉制品中含量最高的杂环胺分别是2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(Ph IP)和2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(Me IQx)。相同烘烤烹制条件下(275℃),烤鸡肉中产生的杂环胺总含量最高,其次是烤猪肉,草鱼和牛肉。275℃下烘烤烹制的鸡肉中检出最高含量的Ph IP(341.15ng/g)。在相同的实验用油炸烹制条件下,油炸肉类和鱼类中杂环胺含量处于相对较低的水平,相互之间略有差异;于200℃的油炸牛肉中检测出最高含量Me IQx (7.44 ng/g)。     

传统肉制品中杂环胺研究进展

我国传统肉制品深受广大人民群众的喜爱,但其复杂的加工工艺通常伴随着多种烹饪诱导有害物的形成.杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HAs)作为一类热诱导形成的有害物,具有较强的致癌致突变性,广泛存在于富含蛋白质的加工食品中.相较于西式肉制品较为简单的加工工艺,我国传统肉制品的加工过程更易形成HAs并残留于产品...     

酱卤肉制品中杂环胺的生成及分离检测技术研究进展

酱卤肉制品是我国典型的传统肉制品,在生产加工过程中会产生一类致癌致突变的芳香烃类化合物杂环胺。虽然酱卤肉制品的加工温度较温和,但由于其加工方式的特殊性,也导致了大量杂环胺的产生。本文针对酱卤肉制品加工过程中杂环胺的形成机理、影响因素进行综述,以期为今后酱卤肉制品中杂环胺的研究及相应抑制措施提供进一步的科学依据。同时总结现阶段肉制品中杂环胺的分离检测技术,对现存检测技术的优点及局限性进行分析及评估,为今后杂环胺的分析处理技术提供科学参考和指导方向。     

烧鸡加工过程中杂环胺的影响因素及抑制措施研究进展

鸡肉中蛋白质含量丰富,蛋白质在高温加工过程中会产生一类致癌、致突变化合物杂环胺,危害人体健康,有效抑制杂环胺的产生已是食品安全领域关注热点.本文依照烧鸡加工的工艺流程主要阐述了原料、预处理、涂糖水、油炸、煮制等工序中影响杂环胺含量的因素,总结了近年来国内外关于杂环胺抑制措施的研究进展.增加原料肉的体积和水分含量、对原料...     

烤鸭红外蒸汽烤制工艺参数优化及对杂环胺含量作用研究

研究了烤鸭红外蒸汽烤制新方法。以北京填鸭为原料,研究烤制温度、蒸汽烤制时间和蒸汽喷射时间等因素对烤鸭品质的影响。根据烤鸭品质快速评价方法,结合单因素试验和正交试验,对红外蒸汽烤制工艺参数进行优化,并研究其对杂环胺含量的作用。结果表明:正交试验确定的最佳烤制工艺参数为烤制温度210℃,烤制时间42min,蒸汽喷射时间3s,此条件下烤鸭鸭肉b*为19. 06,鸭皮L*为34. 68,鸭肉弹性为0. 75,鸭皮弹性为0. 71,烤鸭综合品质得分平均值为58.15,杂环胺总含量2 576. 02ng·kg~(-1),低于市售烤鸭杂环胺含量5 757. 02～6 859. 31ng·g~(-1)。研究结论为红外蒸汽烤制保持传统烤鸭的诱人色泽和良好质构,而且有效控制了杂环胺的生成,使得烤鸭品质得到显著提升。     

酱卤猪肉中杂环胺的影响因素研究

酱卤肉制品为中国传统肉制品,深受消费者喜爱。为了对酱卤猪肉中影响杂环胺生成因素进行研究,以猪肉为原料,建立正交试验来探讨酱卤加工中卤煮时间、卤煮次数和脂肪含量对于猪肉中杂环胺含量的影响,并进一步分析了卤煮体系中不同调味料对杂环胺形成的影响。结果表明:3个因素对极性杂环胺总量的影响作用从大到小依次为脂肪含量、卤煮次数、卤煮时间;而对非极性杂环胺总量的影响作用从大到小依次为卤煮时间、卤煮次数、脂肪含量。对于杂环胺总量来说,脂肪含量越高,卤煮时间增加,卤煮次数越多,生成杂环胺含量越高,且差异显著(p0.05)。另外,糖、盐以及香辛料对杂环胺生成均有抑制作用,而酱油和料酒对杂环胺生成有促进作用。     

烧烤肉制品加工中多环芳烃和杂环胺形成途径及其防控方法研究进展

烧烤肉制品因具有独特的色泽、香气和口感受到消费者的喜爱,但传统烤制通常是在高温条件下进行,肉制品在高温下会发生脂肪裂解、美拉德反应等生成多环芳烃、杂环胺等有害物质。该文综述了烧烤肉制品中多环芳烃、杂环胺等有害物质形成途径、影响因素、抑制方法的研究进展,主要阐述了烧烤肉制品通过HAVA机理和Diels-Alder机理形成多环芳烃,通过自由基途径及美拉德反应形成杂环胺,并为此提出合理控制烤制温度和烤制时间,合理选择烤制技术,添加外源物质抑制有害物质的生成等防控方法,为优化烧烤肉制品加工工艺,促进肉制品行业的绿色安全发展提供理论基础。     

风味兔肉制品的研制与开发

本文研制与开发了几种风味兔肉制品.通过正交实验确定了烤制上色的溶液比例,优化了酱卤制品的调料配方,采用烘烤、酱卤、熏制三种不同的加工方法,研制与开发出了蚝香烤兔、奶香烤兔、原味酱卤兔、麻辣酱卤兔和熏卤兔五种各具特色的风味兔肉制品.结果表明:确定的烤制上色溶液比例为饴糖:蜂蜜:黄酒:水的比例为4:2:1:3,优选出的酱卤制品主要配料为食盐4.0%、白砂糖1.5%、复合香辛料6.0%、酱油3.0%,所制作的兔肉制品口感好、嫩度佳、综合品质良好.这五种免肉制品能够满足消费者对特殊风味的需求,丰富了市场上兔肉产品的种类.     

外源成分对肉制品中杂环胺抑制效果的研究进展

杂环胺是一类由高蛋白类食品在高温烹调加工时产生的具有致癌和致突变性的有机物。肉制品加工过程中烧烤、卤煮、煎炸和油炸等多种热加工方式均可导致杂环胺的生成,通过添加外源成分抑制肉制品加工过程中杂环胺的形成是当前研究热点。本文重点对外源添加成分对不同加工方式肉制品杂环胺形成的抑制研究进行综述,并对其研究现状进行简要总结。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the