污水源冷热水机组的热力学分析

阐述了污水源冷热水机组在制冷和热泵工况下的各个设备的火用损失及整个机组的的火用效率计算公式,计算分析了机组在夏季制冷和冬季制热工况下各个设备在不同污水温度下的火用损失系数及整个机组的火用效率。     

基于太阳能利用的天然气冷热电联供系统热力性能研究

提出了一种基于太阳能利用的天然气冷热电联供系统,利用平板式真空管太阳能集热器制取87.5℃的太阳能热水,在与天然气内燃机发电产生的缸套水混合后协同烟气共同驱动多源吸收式制冷机组制冷,其末端烟气通入余热换热器制热。采用"以电定热"的方式集成配置系统,研究模拟了系统设计工况及变工况下的热力学性能及太阳能与天然气的互补特性。结果表明:将100 kW的内燃机与集热效率59%的太阳能集热器阵列匹配时,系统一次能源效率、火用效率可达71.17%、33.33%;天然气子系统较太阳能子系统对于总系统一次能源效率、火用效率有更大的贡献率。     

低温热源喷射式发电制冷复合系统的(火用)分析

根据热力学第二定律,对一种新型低温热源喷射式发电制冷复合系统进行了(火用)分析,并以R600a作为工质对系统进行了仿真计算.结果表明:在热源入口温度为420 K、热源热水流量为0.2kg/s、热源蒸发温度为370 K的标准工况下,系统净发电量为2.74 kW,系统制冷量为11.99 kw,系统的(火用)效率达到25.83%,系统能量利用率为45.34%;系统(火用)损失主要发生在蒸汽发生器和喷射器中.在热源蒸发温度提高过程中,系统内部工质流量发生改变,导致系统净发电量和(火用)效率小幅下降,制冷量和能量利用率先增后降.当热源蒸发温度为370 K时,系统能量利用率达到最大值.     

采用不同工质的高温复合热泵开水器特性研究

热泵开水器具有较高的能源利用效率,是公共场所电加热开水装置的理想替代品。从提高能源效率和一机两用的角度,构建了一种高温复合热泵开水器系统。建立了系统热力学模型,选R236fa、R245fa、R365mfc、R245ca、RC318和R236ea等6种较高临界温度的制冷工质,通过能量分析和[火用]分析的方法,探讨了不同制冷工质对高温复合热泵开水器系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:R245fa作为工质的高温复合热泵开水器系统具有最佳的性能,而以RC318作为工质的系统性能最差。在给定工况下,R245fa作为工质系统制热性能系数(COP_h)为2.47,而其制冷性能系数(COP_c)为3.37,[火用]损失和[火用]效率分别为9.47 kW和49.07%;与R245fa相比,RC318作为工质系统的总能耗增加了39.53%。     

热泵的现状与展望

一、热泵发展的现状近几年来,我国热泵发展很快,主要表现在如下几方面：１．据统计１９９６年我国空调设备（指电动冷热水机组、吸收式冷热水机组、房间空调器以及单元空调机组,但不包括进口机组）的总制冷能力约为２０００万ｋＷ,其中热泵型机组的制冷能力约占６０％...     

小型风冷热泵机组工况特性实验研究

以R22为工质,通过对风冷热泵冷热水机组变工况特性实验测试,全面分析测试机组工况特性。提出了机组性能改进措施及方法,实现风冷热泵节能优化,同时给出机组制冷量工况函数和COP工况函数及相应性能曲线,这对机组的设计、匹配和选型有重要的指导意义。     

热泵废热再生转轮除湿空调系统的性能研究

建立空气源热泵与小型固体除湿转轮相结合的复合机组,利用压缩机的高温排气和冷凝热作为转轮除湿剂的再生能源,并应用于新风量较小、湿负荷较低的居住建筑。对热泵的排气温度与能量利用特性进行分析并对热泵废热利用情况下的除湿转轮进行模拟与实验研究,结果表明在夏季冷却除湿工况下,热泵系统的废热足够实现除湿转轮的再生并满足室内湿负荷的要求。将复合机组的一次能源利用率与传统系统进行对比,在冬季工况下,复合机组的一次能源利用率相较于空气源热泵高25%;在夏季工况下,复合机组的一次能源利用率相较于空气源热泵高36%。     

LPG替代R22的理论分析

本文对液化石油气LPG作为R22替代制冷工质进行了理论研究.通过对LPG热力学性能和理论循环的分析,得到了LPG替代R22后的系统性能参数.LPG和R22的热力学性能是在试验工况、空调工况和热泵工况下采用美国NIST的REFPROP软件分析的,其中包括压缩性能（压比和绝热压缩温度）、热力学特性（循环效率）和制冷量.分析结果证实LPG是一种很好的替代工质.     

利用ORC-VCR回收压缩热的预冷式CAES系统性能分析

常规非绝热压缩空气储能（D-CAES）系统的储能过程通常采用四级以上的压缩机组以减少空气压缩功的消耗,导致产生大量的低品位压缩热直接排放到环境中,能源浪费严重。针对这一问题,本工作提出了一种采用有机朗肯循环-蒸汽压缩制冷（ORC-VCR）回收压缩热的预冷式CAES系统（ORC-VCR-CAES）,通过回收空气压缩阶段压缩机产生的压缩热来对压缩机入口空气进行预冷,可以进一步降低空气压缩功的消耗,提高系统的循环效率。对ORC-VCR-CAES耦合系统进行了热力学分析和经济性分析。结果表明,不同ORC-VCR循环工质对系统性能的影响较大,采用R152a作为循环工质的ORC-VCR-CAES系统综合性能最佳。其系统循环效率可达64.15%,比常规D-CAES系统提高了5.94%;在考虑外部废热能量输入时,ORC-VCR-CAES系统(火用)效率为51.90%,比常规D-CAES系统提高了4.81%。通过压缩热的回收有效减少了冷却器的(火用)损失,但压缩机组的(火用)损失仍然较大,是系统进一步优化的关键部件;经济性分析表明,当峰谷电价为1.26元和0.30元时,ORC-VCR-CAES系统的项目...     

吸收式热泵辅助的太阳能-地热多联产系统4E研究

为实现在有限地热资源条件下,通过改变运行策略调整冷热电比例以满足用户需求,提出了一种多热泵辅助低温地热能的冷、热、电三联供系统(CCHP).从热效率、(火用)效率、(火用)经济性成本和二氧化碳减排量4个角度对系统进行了性能分析.结果 表明:该系统在有限地热供给条件下,通过调整热泵组的运行方式,可以灵活调配用户的冷、热、电需求;在设计制冷工况下,系统热效率和(火用)效率分别为37.7％和12.15％;在设计供热工况下,系统热效率和(火用)效率分别为53.44％和40.68％,(火用)经济性分析表明制冷水成本为1.98元/(kW·h),供热水成本为0.81元/(kW·h);与传统燃气锅炉相比,在环境友好程度上,设计制冷与供热工况每吨地热水可减排二氧化碳量分别为7.5 kg/h和11.6 kg/h.     

Experiments on a solar-assisted heat pump and an exergy analysis of the system

In this work a experimental study of a solar assisted heat pump with direct expansion of the refrigerant within the solar collector, is presented. The maximum exergy efficiency, defined as the ratio of the outlet to the inlet exergy flow in every component of the heat pump cycle, is determined taking into account the typical parameters and performance coefficients. The results of this exergy analysis point out that the main source of irreversibility can be found in the evaporator of the heat pump (that is, the solar collector) emphasizing that incoming solar radiation is not used to full advantage in this piece of equipment.     

压缩式热泵系统火用效率定义方法初探

对压缩式热泵系统(火用)效率的定义式进行了分析,指出了该定义式在实际应用过程中存在的一些不足.即当低温热源为环境时,此定义式合理,否则即使热泵系统内部可逆,系统火用效率仍不为1,文中对产生这一问题的原因进行了分析.以热泵系统的火用平衡方程为依据,参照火用效率定义方法及火用效率的基本特征,对压缩式热泵的系统(火用)效率进行了重新定义.通过对两个不违背火用效率定义特征的表达式的对比分析,确定了热泵系统合理的(火用)效率表达式.最后说明,在压缩式制冷系统中当高温热源不为环境时,(火用)效率定义也存在同样缺陷,改进方法与本文类似.     

Energy–exergy analysis and modernization suggestions for a combined‐cycle power plant

Energy and exergy analysis were carried out for a combined‐cycle power plant by using the data taken from its units in operation to analyse a complex energy system more thoroughly and to identify the potential for improving efficiency of the system. In this context, energy and exergy fluxes at the inlet and the exit of the devices in one of the power plant main units as well as the energy and exergy losses were determined. The results show that combustion chambers, gas turbines and heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) are the main sources of irreversibilities representing more than 85% of the overall exergy losses. Some constructive and thermal suggestions for these devices have been made to improve the efficiency of the system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of energy and exergy analysis of fossil plant,ground and air source heat pump building heating system

The energy and exergy flow for a space heating systems of a typical residential building of natural ventilation system with different heat generation plants have been modeled and compared. The aim of this comparison is to demonstrate which system leads to an efficient conversion and supply of energy/exergy within a building system.The analysis of a fossil plant heating system has been done with a typical building simulation software IDA–ICE. A zone model of a building with natural ventilation is considered and heat is being supplied by condensing boiler. The same zone model is applied for other cases of building heating systems where power generation plants are considered as ground and air source heat pumps at different operating conditions. Since there is no inbuilt simulation model for heat pumps in IDA–ICE, different COP curves of the earlier studies of heat pumps are taken into account for the evaluation of the heat pump input and output energy.The outcome of the energy and exergy flow analysis revealed that the ground source heat pump heating system is better than air source heat pump or conventional heating system. The realistic and efficient system in this study “ground source heat pump with condenser inlet temperature 30 °C and varying evaporator inlet temperature” has roughly 25% less demand of absolute primary energy and exergy whereas about 50% high overall primary coefficient of performance and overall primary exergy efficiency than base case (conventional system). The consequence of low absolute energy and exergy demands and high efficiencies lead to a sustainable building heating system.     

Exergetic performance evaluation of heat pump systems having various heat sources

In this study heat pump systems having different heat sources were investigated experimentally. Solar‐assisted heat pump (SAHP), ground source heat pump (GSHP) and air source heat pump (ASHP) systems for domestic heating were tested. Additionally, their combination systems, such as solar‐assisted‐ground source heat pump (SAGSHP), solar‐assisted‐air source heat pump (SAASHP) and ground–air source heat pump (GSASHP) were tested. All the heat pump systems were designed and constructed in a test room with 60 m² floor area in Firat University, Elazig (38.41°N, 39.14°E), Turkey. In evaluating the efficiency of heat pump systems, the most commonly used measure is the energy or the first law efficiency, which is modified to a coefficient of performance for heat pump systems. However, for indicating the possibilities for thermodynamic improvement, inadequate energy analysis and exergy analysis are needed. This study presents an exergetic evaluation of SAHP, GSHP and ASHP and their combination systems. The exergy losses in each of the components of the heat pump systems are determined for average values of experimentally measured parameters. Exergy efficiency in each of the components of the heat pump systems is also determined to assess their performances. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the SAHP, GSHP and ASHP were obtained as 2.95, 2.44 and 2.33, whereas the exergy losses of the refrigerant subsystems were found to be 1.342, 1.705 and 1.942 kW, respectively. The COP of SAGSHP, SAASHP and GSASHP as multiple source heat pump systems were also determined to be 3.36, 2.90 and 2.14, whereas the exergy losses of the refrigerant subsystems were approximately 2.13, 2.996 and 3.113 kW, respectively. In addition, multiple source heat pump systems were compared with single source heat pump systems on the basis of the COP. Exergetic performance coefficient (EPC) is introduced and is applied to the heat pump systems having various heat sources. The results imply that the functional forms of the EPC and first law efficiency are different. Results show that Ex_loss,total becomes a minimum value when EPC has a maximum value. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy and exergy analysis of fossil plant and heat pump building heating system at two different dead-state temperatures

In this paper, we deal with the energy and exergy analysis of a fossil plant and ground and air source heat pump building heating system at two different dead-state temperatures. A zone model of a building with natural ventilation is considered and heat is being supplied by condensing boiler. The same zone model is applied for heat pump building heating system. Since energy and exergy demand are key parameters to see which system is efficient at what reference temperature, we did a study on the influence of energy and exergy efficiencies. In this regard, a commercial software package IDA-ICE program is used for calculation of fossil plant heating system, however, there is no inbuilt simulation model for heat pumps in IDA-ICE, different COP (coefficient of performance) curves of the earlier studies of heat pumps are taken into account for the evaluation of the heat pump input and output energy. The outcome of the energy and exergy flow analysis at two different dead-state temperatures revealed that the ground source heat pumps with ambient reference have better performance against all ground reference systems as well as fossil plant (conventional system) and air source heat pumps with ambient reference.     

Performance investigation in modified and improved augmented power generation Kalina cycle using Python

In the generation of electricity and cogeneration, Kalina cycle is considered as one of the competitors to organic Rankine cycle. With the simplicity and identical components of the binary mixture, Kalina system makes it more prominent to get developed and implemented as well with its environmental friendly associate. This work proposes a new improved Kalina cycle system to convert the natural source from sun to useful work. The proposed system utilizes heat source suitable to medium temperature heat applications. The proposed cycle have 2 units of solar collector, favoring an additional heat recovery and higher performance. Solar hot source temperature and pressure are 190°C and 45 bar with additional flow to the turbine of 1.15 kg/s. Energy and second law analysis have considered in evaluating the performance of the proposed plant. The energy analysis shows minimum value of net power, energy efficiency and plant efficiency as 241 kW, 15.5% and 5.7. The exergy analysis defines that, to the proposed cycle, the exergy efficiency initializes at 77% with more exergy destruction at turbine with 31%. With the parametric analysis, the system is amended to have the maximum values of energy and exergy performances as 18.5%, 7.1% and 85%. The parametric study identifies the optimum value of the inlet temperature and pressure of the pump and turbine.     

空气源热泵空调系统节能分析

节能的分析及优化已不仅仅是能的量的问题，而是能的质与量的综合评价的问题。采用yong分析方法得出空气源热泵空调系统的能耗分布，明确系统yong损失较大的环节。从yong分析得知：压缩机的yong损失占机组能耗的20．5％，冷凝器的yong损失接近总能耗的30％。由此提出了空气源热泵空调系统的节能措施，即应该选用高效率的压缩机，采用强化传热措施，提高传热系数，减小传热温差，同时还应注意改善热泵机组的周围环境，使系统yong损失最小，yong效率最大，实现空气源热泵空调系统的节能优化.     

直接膨胀式太阳能热泵系统的理论分析

简述了直接膨胀式太阳能热泵的基本工作原理,从热力学理论出发,对直接膨胀式太阳能热泵的循环进行了理论热力分析,提出了系统各主要部件的能量平衡和火用平衡方程,分析了系统的性能系数COP和火用效率Eη。