油页岩循环流化床燃烧室密相区物料颗粒与燃烧特性

在 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上进行了燃烧室密相区物料特性与燃烧特性的工业试验。得到了极具片状结构特点的油页岩颗粒特性 ,经燃烧破碎磨损后的密相区床料和循环物料的颗粒特性与燃烧特性及相应的锅炉运行参数。试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值。同时为进一步建立油页岩循环流化床燃烧室密相区的流动、燃烧、传热、磨损、扬析与夹带模型奠定了基础。     

CFB密相区内颗粒横向扩散对燃烧的影响

循环流化床(CFB)床内燃料颗粒的扩散、混和，特别是复杂的密相区内的混和特性在很大程度上影响了燃烧状况，密相区颗粒横向扩散的规律，对于循环流化床的设计具有重要意义，在循环流化床密相区颗粒横向扩散实验研究的基础上，总结了密相区内颗粒横向扩散系数的经验公式，以此为基础，研究了密相区内碳的分布规律，并建立了相应的燃烧模型，模型包括两个子模型，即密相区二维流动及燃烧子模型、稀相区一维流动及燃烧子模型。通过模型定性模拟了流化风速、给料点布置对床内燃烧的影响，有效地反映了实际情况，并确认了将密相区颗粒横向扩散规律引入现有循环流化床燃烧模型的重要意义。     

CFB锅炉结焦分析与预防

分析了循环流化床锅炉结焦的影响因素，认为主要是床料对结焦的影响、燃料特性对结焦的影响、密相区的燃烧份额对结焦的影响，从而提出结焦事故预防措施，保证了循环流化床锅炉的正常稳定运行。     

循环流化床燃烧数学模型及试验研究

利用循环流化床内气－固两相流动基础方面的研究成果, 提出床内气固浓－淡流动模型, 建立适用不同结构参数的循环流化床燃烧模型, 考虑了床内气体、固体颗粒的返混、循环过程以及煤燃烧、污染气体的生成和分解、颗粒磨损等过程． 在循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行实验研究, 模型仿真结果和实验数据吻合良好, 表明气固两相浓－淡流动模型所建立的循环流动床燃烧系统模型可以正确地模拟循环流化床的燃烧过程．     

基于Aspen Plus的超超临界循环流化床锅炉的性能计算及分析

循环流化床发电技术以其特有的优势,得到了迅速发展和广泛应用。近年来,为了实现超低排放和超低能耗,大型化与高参数化的超超临界循环流化床锅炉(CFB)的设计研究成为我国洁净煤发电技术的主要发展方向。目前超超临界发电机组的基础理论与设计计算还不完善,因此对于其运行模拟以及在运行条件变化时锅炉主要参数的预测尤为重要。Aspen Plus能够对复杂的化工过程进行精细的稳态模拟和流程设计,基于Aspen Plus软件提供的内置模块和FORTRAN编译器的外部子程序,建立了660 MW超超临界CFB锅炉燃烧室煤解耦燃烧过程模拟模型,主要包括煤的等效热解模型、简约解耦燃烧模型、分离器、外置床及尾部烟道低温过热器、低温再热器模型。依据所建立的稳态模型,可模拟计算660 MW超超临界循环流化床锅炉在满负荷工况(B-MCR)下锅炉性能,得到其各处主要温度的计算结果,分析燃烧室中密相区和疏相区的气体组分浓度,并且预测了循环流化床燃烧室运行参数一次风配比对密相区组分CO2、CO和SO2浓度的影响以及过量空气系数对排烟气体组分SO2、SO3、NO和N2O浓度的影响。同时,利用该模型计算了过量空气系数和改变一次返料比例对中温过热器、低温过热器出口汽温和低温再热器、省煤器出口烟温的影响。在660 MW超超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计研究上,为降低污染物排放、减少锅炉热损失和提高锅炉效率提供了参考依据。     

生物质流化床腐蚀特性及抑制方法综述

生物质燃料具有水分、挥发分、碱金属含量较高、热值偏低的特点,适合流化床燃烧应用,但在燃烧过程中挥发出的碱金属和Cl元素在一定温度下会对流化床锅炉安全经济运行造成威胁,如Cl元素的挥发容易导致受热面腐蚀。其腐蚀类型可分为气相腐蚀、液相腐蚀和固相腐蚀,腐蚀程度主要受到燃料成分、温度的影响。本文针对生物质循环流化床锅炉受热面发生腐蚀的关键因素Cl成分,阐述了生物质循环流化床锅炉发生腐蚀现象的机理,根据工程实践,指出了实际锅炉发生腐蚀的现象及工程应对方法,并提出防止腐蚀可以在生物质燃料预处理、炉膛密相区附近增加二次风管、改变过热器受热面布置方式、加入特定成分添加剂以及受热面材质选择等方面进行突破,以期为生物质循环流化床锅炉的高可靠性运行提供指导。     

65t/h高低差速循环流化床锅炉燃烧特性模拟

基于商业计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用非预混燃烧模型对一台65t/h高低差速循环流化床锅炉炉内燃烧特性进行三维稳态模拟,并对高、低速床内温度和组分分布进行分析。通过温度场和差速循环流化床特有的内循环特性验证所选模型的有效性,根据炉内温度、CO_2浓度和O_2浓度的分布分析差速循环流化床的燃烧特性。结果表明:高低差速循环流化床实现了不同粒径颗粒的分床燃烧,大粒径颗粒在高速床燃烧,小粒径颗粒进入低速床燃烧。燃料燃烧放出的热量一部分由烟气带走,大部分由颗粒的内循环过程被带入左右低速床,使燃料继续燃烧并传递给埋管受热面,换热后的物料通过回流孔回到高速床。     

稻壳的流态化燃烧实验

在高为6m,内径为φ0.3 m的冷态流化床装置上,以0～0.6 mm的河砂为床料,进行了高速循环流化床(CFB)和低速鼓泡床流化床(BFB)不同工况的冷态流态化实验研究,当流化风速达到2.8m/s时,流化床就能实现循环;鼓泡流化床压力分布主要集中在底部的密相区,循环流化床压力分布更趋均匀。以稻壳为原料,在相同尺寸的流化床热态装置上进行了流态化燃烧实验,稳定燃烧阶段,循环流化床和鼓泡流化床沿炉膛的温度分布情况较为类似,循环流化床燃烧效率达到93.36%,鼓泡流化床达到93.01%,循环流化床和鼓泡床燃烧排放烟气中烟尘、SO2、NOx的含量都能满足国家排放标准。     

循环流化床锅炉浅床运行技术及大型化分析研究

对小容量循环流化床（CFB）锅炉浅床运行技术进行了分析总结,浅床运行方式适合于燃用褐煤及高挥发分烟煤的CFB锅炉,可降低一次风机压头和风机电耗。对于中等容量CFB锅炉,浅床运行可能会导致密相区结焦及燃烧效率降低等问题,为降低飞灰及底渣可燃物含量,需要维持足够的床层高度或风室压力。对浅床运行模式的大型化问题进行了技术分析。     

循环流化床锅炉结焦问题分析与处理

作者就热电厂循环硫化床锅炉出现的结焦问题,进行了原因分析,一是床料对结焦的影响,二是灰熔点对结焦的影响,三是燃料特性对结焦的影响,四是密相区的燃烧份额对结焦的影响,从而对结焦提出了十一种处理方法和预防措施,在实践应用中取得了良好的效果,为热电厂带来了经营效益,在同类型循环流化床锅炉运行中有很好的借鉴作用。     

Effects of operational parameters on emission performance and combustion efficiency in small-scale CFBCs

A well-designed CFBC can burn coal with high efficiency and within acceptable levels of gaseous emissions. In this theoretical study effects of operational parameters on combustion efficiency and the pollutants emitted have been estimated using a developed dynamic 2D (two-dimensional) model for CFBCs. Model simulations have been carried out to examine the effect of different operational parameters such as excess air and gas inlet pressure and coal particle size on bed temperature, the overall CO, NO_x and SO₂ emissions and combustion efficiency from a small-scale CFBC. It has been observed that increasing excess air ratio causes fluidized bed temperature decrease and CO emission increase. Coal particle size has more significant effect on CO emissions than the gas inlet pressure at the entrance to fluidized bed. Increasing excess air ratio leads to decreasing SO₂ and NO_x emissions. The gas inlet pressure at the entrance to fluidized bed has a more significant effect on NO_x emission than the coal particle size. Increasing excess air causes decreasing combustion efficiency. The gas inlet pressure has more pronounced effect on combustion efficiency than the coal particle size, particularly at higher excess air ratios. The developed model is also validated in terms of combustion efficiency with experimental literature data obtained from 300 kW laboratory scale test unit. The present theoretical study also confirms that CFB combustion allows clean and efficient combustion of coal.     

NO emission on pulverized coal combustion in high temperature air from circulating fluidized bed – An experimental study

High temperature air was adopted by combustion in high excess air ratio in a circulating fluidized bed. Experiments on pulverized coal combustion in high temperature air from the circulating fluidized bed were carried out in a down-fired combustor with the diameter of 220 mm and the height of 3000 mm. The NO emission decreases with increasing the residence time of pulverized coal in the reducing zone, and the NO emission increases with excess air ratio, furnace temperature, coal mean size and oxygen concentration in high temperature air. The results also revealed that the co-existing of air-staging combustion with high temperature air is very effective to reduce nitrogen oxide emission for pulverized coal combustion in the down-fired combustor.     

Analysis of combustion efficiency in CFB coal combustors

Fluidized bed technology is well known for its high combustion efficiency and is widely used in coal combustion. In this study, the combustor efficiency has been defined and investigated for CFB coal combustor based on the losses using a dynamic 2D model. The model is shown to agree well with the published data. The effect of operating parameters such as excess air ratio, bed operational velocity, coal particle diameter and combustor load and the effect of design variables such as bed height and bed diameter on the mean bed temperature, the overall CO emission and the combustion efficiency are analyzed for the small-scale of CFBC in the presently developed model. As a result of this analysis, it is observed that the combustion efficiency decreases with increasing excess air value. The combustion efficiency increases with the bed operational velocity. Increasing coal particle size results in higher combustion efficiency values. The coal feed rate has negative effect on the combustion efficiency. The combustor efficiency considerably increases with increasing combustor height and diameter if other parameters are kept unchanged.     

低阶煤低温热解半焦在模拟高炉喷吹条件下的燃烧性能

采用自制固定床热解装置在隔绝空气的条件下制备神木长焰煤热解终温分别为400℃、450℃、500℃及550℃的热解半焦,利用管式沉降炉模拟高炉喷吹条件研究神木长焰煤低温热解半焦的燃烧性能,并考察了热解终温、半焦喷吹粒径以及燃烧反应温度对半焦燃烧性能的影响。研究表明：低温热解半焦的燃烧性能优于实验所选用无烟煤的燃烧性能,半焦的燃烧性能与其燃料比之间存在负相关关系,即燃料比越高,燃烧性能越差;降低热解终温、减小半焦喷吹粒径以及提高燃烧反应温度均能改善半焦的燃烧性能,当热解终温为400℃、喷吹粒径100～200目、燃烧反应温度为1100℃时半焦的燃尽度最佳为96%。本实验半焦制备及燃烧条件与现有低温热解和高炉喷吹工艺相符,且热解半焦各项性能均符合喷吹用煤指标。     

Combustion of poultry-derived fuel in a coal-fired pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed combustor

Poultry farming generates large quantities of waste. The current practice is to spread this waste onto farmland as fertilizer. However, as the factory farms for poultry grow both in numbers and size, the amount of waste generated has increased significantly in recent years. In consequence, excessive application of poultry wastes on farmland is resulting in more and more nutrients entering the surface water. One of the options being considered is the use of poultry waste as power plant fuel. Since poultry-derived fuel (PDF) is biomass, its co-firing will have the added advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from power generation. To evaluate the combustion characteristics of co-firing PDF with coal, combustion tests were conducted in CanmetENERGY's pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC). The goal of this program was to verify that PDF can be co-fired with coal and, more importantly, that emissions from the combustion process are not adversely affected by the presence of PDF in the feed. The test results were very promising and support the idea that co-firing in an existing CFBC boiler firing coal is a good way to utilize PDF, resolving a potential waste disposal problem while reducing the amount of CO₂ released from the boiler.     

石化污泥与煤流化床混烧污染物排放特性

在一座热态循环流化床燃烧试验装置上对石化污泥与煤进行混烧试验,通过对焚烧过程中烟气成分进行分析,着重考察了质量掺混比、二次风率、过剩空气系数和床温对SO₂、NO_x和多环芳烃排放浓度的影响。试验结果表明,随着质量掺混比的增大,SO₂和NO_x的排放浓度下降,而多环芳烃排放浓度呈上升趋势。随着二次风率的增加,SO₂的排放浓度上升,而NO_x的排放浓度呈下降趋势。随着过剩空气系数的增加,SO₂的排放浓度下降,NO_x的排放浓度呈上升态势。随着床温或者过剩空气系数的增加,烟气中多环芳烃排放浓度均呈先下降后上升趋势。综合考虑稳定燃烧和降低污染物排放等因素,得出一系列最佳燃烧参数。燃烧温度应该控制在850～860℃,过剩空气系数应该控制在1.35左右,二次风率应该控制在40%左右,质量掺混比应该控制在30%左右。在本次试验范围内,各工况SO₂、NO_x和多环芳烃的排放浓度均满足国家排放标准。     

Circulating fluidized bed combustion of a high-sulphur eastern canadian coal

Combustion tests were carried out with Minto coal in combination with three different limestones in the University of British Columbia (UBC) pilot scale (152 mm square x 7.3 m tall) circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) unit. Operating conditions were chosen to be typical of those employed in large-scale CFBC power boilers. Recycling of fine particles captured by the secondary cyclone was found to be of considerable importance in increasing sulphur capture, enhancing combustion efficiency and reducing the amount of calcium sulphide in the solids residues. NO_x emissions increased as the Ca:S ratio increased. Local gas concentrations inside the reactor were strongly influenced by the core-annulus solids distribution patterns which characterize circulating fluidized beds.     

化工有机废液循环流化床焚烧NOx排放特性

在一座热态循环流化床燃烧试验装置上对化工有毒废液红水进行焚烧试验,对焚烧过程烟气成分进行了在线检测,重点考察红水焚烧量、二次风率、红水密相区喷入比例、过剩空气系数等因素对NOx排放浓度的影响。试验结果表明,NOx排放浓度随着红水焚烧量或过剩空气系数的增加而增大,随着红水在密相区喷入比例或二次风率的增加而减小。由于循环流化床低温和分级燃烧对NOx生成的抑制作用,各试验工况NOx排放浓度均满足国家排放标准。     

两段式滴管内烟煤富氧空气分级燃烧NOx排放特性研究

随着我国对大气污染物排放监管力度的日益严格,NOx控制技术已广泛应用于工业生产的各个领域。作为一种直接、简便的NOx排放控制技术,富氧空气燃烧技术已经出现在燃气锅炉和内燃发动机等行业,然而在燃煤锅炉行业中却鲜有应用。为了验证富氧空气燃烧技术在煤粉工业锅炉中的NOx减排效果,笔者以神府烟煤作为燃料,利用两段式滴管炉试验系统模拟煤粉在锅炉内燃烧的实际情况,采用热态试验方法,研究了烟煤富氧空气分级燃烧的NOx排放特性,并与单级供风、空气分级燃烧2种燃烧方式下的NOx排放情况进行对比。考察了主燃区温度、二次风配比(以主燃区过量氧气系数表示)、二次风氧浓度等关键因素对NOx排放的影响。结果表明:富氧空气分级燃烧的NOx排放显著低于单级供风燃烧,同时也低于空气分级燃烧的NOx排放。主燃区温度为1 300~1 500℃时,富氧空气分级燃烧的NOx排放减少比例比分级配风燃烧提高了6~12个百分点;富氧空气分级燃烧条件下,随主燃区温度升高,煤粉燃烧更加充分,燃料中N元素分解成NHi、HCN等大量中间产物,使主燃区气氛的还原性增强,被还原的NOx比例增加。因此,NOx排放降低且NOx排放减少比例呈现上升趋势;富氧空气分级燃烧的二次风配比对NOx排放具有显著影响,随着主燃区过量氧气系数的升高,NOx排放均呈现先降低后升高的趋势。因此存在最佳二次风配比,使NOx排放浓度最低。主燃区温度为1 300℃时,最佳主燃区过量氧气系数约为0.58;主燃区温度为1 500℃时,最佳主燃区过量氧气系数约为0.55;在主燃区过量空气系数给定的条件下,提高二次风氧浓度可以延长煤粉颗粒在主燃区的停留时间,并在煤粉颗粒表面形成局部富氧环境,促进煤粉充分燃烧,从而增强主燃区气氛的还原性,降低NOx的生成。因此,当二次风氧浓度为21%~31%时,NOx排放随二次风氧含量的升高而降低。随着二次风氧浓度的逐渐升高,NOx排放的降低趋势逐渐放缓。