Effect of some ethoxylated fatty acids on the corrosion behaviour of mild steel in sulphuric acid solution

The inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M sulphuric acid solution by some ethoxylated fatty acids OL[EO]₂₀, OL[EO]₄₀ and OL[EO]₈₀ has been studied in relation to the concentration of the inhibitors as well as the temperature using chemical (weight loss) and electrochemical (potentiodynamic polarization) techniques. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration and the chain length of the inhibitor but decreases with temperature. The inhibition was assumed to occur via adsorption of the fatty acid molecules on the metal surface. The thermodynamic functions of dissolution and adsorption processes were calculated.     

Influence of NaCl Deposition on Atmospheric Corrosion of A3 Steel

Regularity of the initial atmospheric corrosion of A3 steel in the presence of NaCI was investigated. The results showed that NaCI can accelerate the corrosion of A3 steel. Dry mass gain of A3 steel in the presence of NaCI deposition increases with the exposure time, which can be correlated by using exponential decay function. The relationship between dry mass gain and amount of NaCI deposition at a certain exposure time follows a quadratic function. More amount of NaCI deposition will slow down the corrosion rate to some extent after exposure for a certain time. SEM/EDAX was used to characterize the corrosion surface and products. The surfaces of the NaCI treated A3 steel were obviously uneven, and some tiny crevices appear in the corrosion products that could help O2 transmit to the inner layer. The amount of oxygen in atomic percentage in the corrosion products increases with the amount of NaCI deposition.     

Influence of NaCl Depostition on Atmospheric Corrosion of A3 Steel

Regularity of the initial atmospheric corrosion of A3 steel in the presence of NaCl was investigated.The results showed that NaCl can accelerate the corrosion of A3 steel.Dry mass gain of A3 steel in the presence of NaCl deposition increases with the exposure time,which can be correlated by using exponential decay function.The relationship between dry mass gain and amount of NaCl deposition at a certain exposure time follows a quadratic function.More amount of NaCl deposition will slow down the corrosion rate to some extent after exposure for a certain time .SEM/EDAX was used to characterize the corrosion surface and products.The surfaces of the NaCl treated A3 steel were obviously uneven, and some tiny crevices appear in the corrosion products that could help O2 transmit to the inner layer.The amount of oxygen in atomic percentage in the corrosion products increases with the amount of NaCl deposition.     

Insight into atmospheric corrosion evolution of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere environment has been investigated by the indoor accelerated wet/dry cyclic corrosion acceleration test(CCT),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements.During the CCT test of 60 cycles,the evolution of logarithmic(corrosion rate)vs.logarithmic(CCT cycles)presents a turning point at the 5th cycle,presenting a tendency to increase first and then decrease to gradually stabilize as the CCT cycle prolonged.Before the 5th cycle,γ-FeOOH and β-FeOOH and Fe3O4 were detected,respectively.And then,α-FeOOH as a new chemical composition was detected in the subsequent corrosion cycles.It is found that,after long term corrosion,the rust separated into a relatively dense inner layer rich with α-FeOOH and a loose outer layer rich with γ-FeOOH,both of which have poor electrical conductivity.The rapid increase of corrosion rate in the early stage since reducible corrosion products are involved in the reduction process of the cathode which promotes the dissolution of the anodic metal substrate.Afterward,as the rust layer thickens,the resistance of the rust increases,and the aggressive ions diffusion is blocked,gradually suppressing the electrochemical corrosion process.At last,when the composition and distribution of the rust layer remain stable,the corrosion presents a fluctuating speed around a certain value during the cracking and self-repairing process of the rust layer.     

Effect of pulsed electric current treatment on corrosion of structural metals

Results of corrosion tests of structural metals previously treated using pulsed electric current of high density are presented. According to the data obtained, the treatment substantially affects corrosion of metals. In cases of HSLA steel and 5182 aluminum alloy, an increase of corrosion resistance occurs, whereas the same treatment causes a dramatic reduction of corrosion resistance of 5754 aluminum alloy. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 62–68, July–August, 2009.     

Simulating study of atmospheric corrosion of Zn-Al alloy coating in industrial zone: Structure and properties of zinc hydroxysulfate rust particles prepared in the presence of Al(III)

In order to simulate the atmospheric corrosion of Zn-Al alloy coating on the steels in industrial zone, zinc hydroxysulfate (Zn₄(OH)₆(SO₄)·nH₂O: ZHS) rust was artificially synthesized by hydrolyzing the ZnO particles in a mixture of aqueous ZnSO₄ and Al₂(SO₄)₃ solutions and the structure and properties of the products were examined by various means. Then, the atomic ratio X_Al?=?Al(III)/(Zn(II)?+?Al(III)) in the solution was ranged from 0 to 1.0. Adding Al(III) decreased the solution pH before aging to inhibit rust formation. Added Al(III) was easily incorporated in the particles than Zn(II). Increasing X_Al turned the major rust following as hexagonal plate-like ZHS particles?→?hexagonal plate-like Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) particles?→?cubic Al₆O₅(SO₄)₄·H₂O particles. These rust particles possessed a high adsorption affinity to corrosive CO₂ gas. From these results, it can be supposed that atmospheric corrosion of Zn-Al alloy coating on the steels in industrial district produces the dense and compact rust layer composed of plate-like ZHS and/or Zn-Al-LDH particles owing to their preferred orientation to suppress further corrosion of steels.     

Introduction to atmospheric corrosion research in China

In this paper, we introduce the research on atmospheric corrosion in China. We describe the climate characteristics and the classification of atmospheric corrosivity across the whole country. We also describe the rusting evolution under simulated wet/dry cyclic conditions.     

高压架空钢绞Al导线的腐蚀与防护

钢绞Al导线（Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced,ACSR）是我国高压输电线路主要的导体材料。在工业污染或沿海区,ACSR导线发生较严重腐蚀,导致强度降低,甚至断线,影响输电安全,提高运行成本。本文基于Al及Zn的溶液及大气腐蚀腐蚀机理,综述了国内外有关ACSR导线的腐蚀机理、影响腐蚀的因素、腐蚀对ACSR导线性能的影响及ACSR导线的防护的研究成果,并就今后如何在实验室内开展工业污染环境下的ACSR导线腐蚀研究提出自己的观点。     

Stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue of metals in high temperature aqueous environments

The dissolved oxygen content of water influences the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels and reactor pressure vessel steels to environment assisted cracking by raising the electrochemical potential. The relevance of this fact to the integrity of welded stainless steel constructions, deaerator vessels and reactor pressure vessels steels is discussed. In particulal, the use of slow strain rate test procedures involving applied electrochemical potential control is discussed as a means of assessing the susceptibility to cracking of materials in a range of aqueous environments.     

Bonding between aluminium and copper in cold spraying: story of asymmetry

Abstract

The bonding mechanism in cold spraying is still a matter of some debate, which requires further investigation. In the present work, aluminium powder was cold sprayed onto a copper substrate and copper powder was cold sprayed onto an aluminium substrate using the same process gas and spray parameters. Separate experiments were performed to produce thick (～400 μm) coatings and isolated particle impacts. Deposits were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. The coating–substrate interfacial bonding was assessed via a method in which, following a short heat treatment at 400°C, intermetallics grow at the interface where metal to metal contact has been established. In addition, the bond strength values of deposits were determined using a standard pull-off test. It was found that the copper particles deposited onto an aluminium substrate resulted in significant substrate deformation, whereas aluminium particles caused minimal deformation of the copper substrate. Furthermore, the former displayed a higher degree of metallurgical bonding at the coating/substrate interface in comparison with the latter. These results suggest that the removal of oxide films from the surfaces was greater when copper was the material being sprayed rather than aluminium. The impact behaviour of the two materials and the removal of oxide due to deformation at high strain rate are discussed with the aid of the Johnson–Cook plasticity model.     

Enhancing stress corrosion cracking resistance in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy through inhibiting recrystallization

The aim of the work was to inhibit recrystallization in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy and to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of the alloy in the peak aged condition. For this purpose, scandium addition was made to an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy as the former inhibits recrystallization. The scandium-containing alloy was heat-treated to peak aged condition and compared with the base peak aged alloy which contained recrystallized grains. The SCC susceptibilities of the alloys were evaluated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) and U-bend techniques. While, the base alloy having recrystallized grains showed drastic loss in ductility in the corrosive environment (3.5 wt.% NaCl solution), the scandium-containing alloy having un-recrystallized and fine grains showed no significant loss in ductility in the similar environment. The fracture surface analysis revealed typical intergranular cracking of recrystallized grains in the base alloy, whereas in the scandium-containing alloy predominant ductile failure was observed. Thus, the study clearly indicated that inhibiting recrystallization in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy through scandium addition, the SCC resistance of the alloy can be substantially improved even in the peak aged condition.     

Review on modelling of corrosion under droplet electrolyte for predicting atmospheric corrosion rate

Atmospheric corrosion of metals is the most common type of corrosion which has a significant impact on the environment and operational safety in various situations of everyday life.Some of the common examples can be observed in land,water and air transportation systems,electronic circuit boards,urban and offshore infrastructures.The dew drops formed on metal surface due to condensation of atmospheric moisture facilitates corrosion as an electrolyte.The corrosion mechanisms under these droplets are different from classically known bulk electrolyte corrosion.Due to thin and non-uniform geometric thickness of the droplet electrolyte,the atmospheric oxygen requires a shorter diffusion path to reach the metal surface.The corrosion under a droplet is driven by the depletion of oxygen in the center of the droplet compared to the edge,known as differential aeration.In case of a larger droplet,differential aeration leads to preferential cathodic activity at the edge and is controlled by the droplet geometry.Whereas,for a smaller droplet,the oxygen concentration remains uniform and hence cathodic activity is not controlled by droplet geometry.The geometry of condensed droplets varies dynamically with changing environmental parameters,influencing corrosion mechanisms as the droplets evolve in size.In this review,various modelling approaches used to simulate the corrosion under droplet electrolytes are presented.In the efforts of developing a comprehensive model to estimate corrosion rates,it has been noted from this review that the influence of geometric evolution of the droplet due to condensation/evaporation processes on corrosion mechanisms are yet to be modelled.Dynamically varying external factors like environmental temperature,relative humidity,presence of hygroscopic salts and pollutants influence the evolution of droplet electrolyte,making it a complex phenomenon to investigate.Therefore,an overview of available dropwise condensation and evaporation models which describes the formation and the evolution of droplet geometry are also presented from an atmo s pheric corrosion viewpoint.     

Influence of A1 Content on the Atmospheric Corrosion Behaviour of Magnesium-Aluminum Alloys

The influence of Al content on the Mg-Al alloys corrosion performance during sodium chloride induced atmospheric corrosion has been studied. It was found that the corrosion rate of three Mg-Al alloys was accelerated with increasing Al content. The poor corrosion resistance was attributed to the galvanic coupling between the β phase and eutectic phase or α phase and the formation of porous corrosion products.     

Recent advances in protective technologies against copper corrosion

Copper,one of the most frequently utilized non-ferrous metals,finds extensive applications in the elec-trical industry,mechanical engineering,construction industry,and arm production.Long-term exposure to corrosive environments including moisture,sulfur,chlorine,and microbes induces corrosion,a signifi-cant factor contributing to material deterioration.Consequently,numerous scientific endeavors have been directed towards the prevention of copper corrosion.Notably,coating copper with innovative materials like graphene,boron nitride,and various conductive polymers has proven effective in thwarting corro-sion.Additionally,the introduction of new organic compounds,including azole derivatives,amino acids,and N-heterocyclic carbenes,has bolstered the eco-friendliness and efficiency of corrosion inhibitors and molecular passivation techniques.Furthermore,these approaches have been extensively investigated for their efficacy in antioxidation of copper nanomaterials.This study provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in protective technologies,such as anti-corrosion coatings,corrosion inhibitors,and molecular passivation layers,aimed at countering copper corrosion under aggressive conditions.     

Study of Al alloy corrosion in neutral NaCl by the pitting scan technique

The corrosion behavior of commercial Al alloys was studied in neutral 0.6 mol L⁻¹ NaCl by using single-cycle polarization. Qualitative interpretation of pitting scans in both deaerated and naturally aerated NaCl solution, with the aid of corrosion morphology characterization, allowed for inference of the features of localized corrosion as a function of Al substrate nature. Electrochemical characteristic parameters such as pitting (E_pit), repassivation or protection (E_prot) potentials and pit transition potential (E_ptp) were determined. The validity of the difference ΔE = |E_pit − E_prot| as criterion for susceptibility to localized corrosion of aluminium alloys is discussed.     

Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion

There remains growing interest in magnesium (Mg) and its alloys, as they are the lightest structural metallic materials. Mg alloys have the potential to enable design of lighter engineered systems, including positive implications for reduced energy consumption. Furthermore, Mg alloys are also emerging as viable biodegradable materials and battery electrodes. In spite of the greatest historical Mg usage at present, the wider use of Mg alloys remains restricted by a number of inherent limitations, including vulnerability to corrosion, poor formability and low creep resistance. This review covers recent research that has led to advances in Mg-alloy corrosion; including the application of contemporary methods for understanding Mg corrosion, the establishment of an electrochemical framework for Mg corrosion, illumination of alloying effects, and attempts at corrosion resistant Mg alloys. A discussion drawing from many sources provides an unbiased focus on new achievements, as well as some contentious issues in the field. The electrochemistry of Mg is reviewed in detail, including so-called anodic hydrogen evolution and cathodic activation. This review also covers atmospheric corrosion, and biodegradable Mg alloys. Finally, past and present trends in the field of Mg corrosion are reviewed, identifying knowledge gaps, whilst attempting to also identify future developments and directions.     

Influence of constitutional liquation on corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy 2017A

The purpose of this work was to investigate microstructural aspects of constitutional liquation in the aluminium alloy 2017A and to determine its effect on corrosion behaviour of this alloy. Non-equilibrium melting of the alloy in the naturally aged condition was provoked by rapid heating above the eutectic temperature and immediate cooling in air. Corrosion testing was performed by exposure to a marine onshore atmosphere. The microstructure examinations were carried out using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersion and X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that, due to rapid heating rate, coarse θ (Al₂Cu) particles were melted by constitutional liquation and this way introduced strong susceptibility of 2017A alloy to intergranular corrosion.     

Study on steel corrosion in different seabed sediments

A series of simulation experiments on carbon steel (A₃ steel) and low alloy steel (16 Mn steel) in marine atmosphere (MA), seawater (SW) and seabed sediment (SBS) including rough sea sand, fine sea sand and seabed mud were carried out indoors for a year or so by means of individually hanging plates (IHP) and electrically connected hanging plates (ECHP). The corrosion of steels in SBS was mainly due to the macrogalvanic cell effect. The steel plates at the bottom of SBS, as the anode of a macrogalvanic cell, showed the heaviest corrosion with a corrosion rate of up to 0·12 mm/a, approximately equal to that of steel plates in marine atmosphere. The test results showed that the corrosion rates of A₃ and 16 Mn steel in marine environment were in the order: MA>SW>SBS by the IHP method; and MA>SBS>SW by the ECHP method. The corrosion rates of steels in the water/sediment interface were directly proportional to the grain size of the SBS by the ECHP method, but those of steels in the water/sediment interface did not vary with the grain size of SBS by the IHP method. The corrosion rate of low-alloy steel was a little higher than that of carbon steel. The results of this study have important applications for design of offshore steel structures such as oil platform, pier, and port.     

Metallurgical aspects of corrosion

Metallurgical properties have strong effects on corrosion. The paper discusses and reviews the work done at CECRI on the metallurgical aspects of corrosion of some industrially important alloys like steel and aluminium alloy weldments, stainless maraging steel and prestressing steel. The corrosion control methods for the above materials are also reviewed.