Behavior of phenol adsorption on thermal modified activated carbon

Adsorption process is acknowledged as an effective option for phenolic wastewater treatment. In this work, the activated carbon(AC) samples after thermal modification were prepared by using muffle furnace. The phenol adsorption kinetics and equilibrium measurements were carried out under static conditions at temperature ranging from 25 to 55 °C. The test results show that the thermal modification can enhance phenol adsorption on AC samples. The porous structure and surface chemistry analyses indicate that the decay in pore morphology and decrease of total oxygen-containing functional groups are found for the thermal modified AC samples. Thus, it can be further inferred that the decrease of total oxygen-containing functional groups on the modified AC samples is the main reason for the enhanced phenol adsorption capacity. For both the raw sample and the optimum modified AC sample at 900 °C, the pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir models are found to fit the experimental data very well. The maximum phenol adsorption capacity of the optimum modified AC sample can reach144.93 mg·g-1which is higher than that of the raw sample, i.e. 119.53 mg·g-1. Adsorption thermodynamics analysis confirms that the phenol adsorption on the optimum modified AC sample is an exothermic process and mainly via physical adsorption.     

TEOS-化学液相沉积法改性ZSM-5催化剂上的高选择性甲苯择形歧化反应

Shape-selective catalysts for the disproportionation of toluene were prepared by the modification of the cylinder-shaped ZSM-5 zeolite extrudates with chemical liquid deposition with TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate).Various parameters for preparing catalysts were changed to investigate the suitable conditions.The resulting cata-lysts were tested in a pressured fixed bed reactor and characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy).The conversion of toluene and para-xylene selectivity were influenced remarkably by the n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3) ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite,the type and amount of deposition agent,acid and solvent used,and the time and cycle of deposition treatment.TEOS was proved to be a more efficient agent than the conventional polysiloxanes when the deposition amount was low.The catalyst prepared at the suitable conditions exhibited a high para-xylene selectivity of 91.1% with considerable high conversion of 25.6%.SEM analyses confirmed the formation of a layer of amorphous silica on the external surface of ZSM-5 zeolie crystals,which was responsible for the highly enhanced shape-selectivity.     

非均相羰基氧化一步合成碳酸二苯酯的研究(Ⅴ)筛选催化剂及优化合成条件

Pd/LaxPbyMnOz, Pd/C, Pd/molecular sieve and Pd-heteropoly acid catalysts for direct synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by heterogeneous catalytic reaction were compared and the results of DPC synthesis indicated that the catalyst Pd/LaxPbyMnOz had higher activity. The Pd/LaxPbyMnOz catalyst and the support was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM, the main phase was Lao.szPbo.asMnOa and the average diameter could be about 25.4nm. The optimuna conditions for synthesis of DPC with Pd/LasPbyMnOz were determined by orthogonal experiments and the experimental results showed that reaction temperature was the first factor of effect on the selectivity and yield of DPC, and the concentration of O2 in gas phase also had significant effect on selectivity of DPC. The optimum reaction conditions were catalyst/phenol mass ratio l to 50, pressure 4.5MPa, volume concentration of O2 25%, reaction temperature 60℃ and reaction time 4 h. The maximum yield and average selectivity could reach 13% and 97% respectively in the     

CARBON DEPOSITION AND CATALYST DEACTIVATION OF Sb-Fe OXIDE CATALYST IN THE AMMOXIDATION OF PROPYLENE

Carbon deposition and catalyst deactivation of Sb-Fe oxide catalyst in the ammoxidation of propylenewere investigated by means of a fluidized-bed reactor.The reactivity,surface acidity,specific surfacearea,average pore radius,and electron spin resonance spectrum data were obtained from the catalysts ofincreasing carbon deposition.Chemisorption of oxygen and propylene and thermal programmed desorptionof propylene were carried out on the Sb-Fe oxide catalyst as well as a commercial one,Mo-Bi.Isotopicexperiment using acrylonitrile-2-~(14)C as tracer was also accomplished.It was found that carbon deposition due to intermediates and acrylonitrile on selective oxidation sitescould be the primary reason for catalyst deactivation,and that because of the Sb-Fe oxide catalytspossessing a property of easy reduction and difficult reoxidation,the structure of the FeSbO_4 would bedecomposed under the oxygen-lean condition into Sb_2O_3 and Fe_2O_3 which form the deep oxidation catalystcomponent.According to the above investigation a suggestion for improving catalyst properties has been proposed.     

掺杂Ce对Pd-Co/Cu-Co-Mn混合氧化物催化体系氧化羰基化法合成碳酸二苯酯

Effect of doping cerium in the support on the catalytic activity and side product of the reaction in the oxidative carbonylation of phenol to diphenyl carbonate (DPC) over the catalyst Pd-Co/Cu-Co-Mn mixed oxides was studied. The specific surface areas, crystal phase, valency, and content of the element on the surface of the catalysts were determined, and the products were detected by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is found that the catalyst without Ce shows higher activity than that with Ce, and the yields of DPC for the two catalysts can reach 30% and 23%, respectively. However, doping cerium can prevent the formation of 2-hydroxyphenyl benzoate and p-bromophenyl phenyl carbonate.     

An efficient green route for hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate synthesis by thermal decomposition of hexamethylene-1,6-dicarbamate over Co3O4/ZSM-5 catalyst:An indirect utilization of CO2

The utilization of CO2 as rawmaterial for chemical synthesis has the potential for substantial economic and green benefits. Thermal decomposition of hexamethylene-1,6-dicarbamate (HDC) is a promising approach for indirect utilization of CO2 to produce hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate (HDI). In this work, a green route was developed for the synthesis of HDI by thermal decomposition of HDC over Co3O4/ZSM-5 catalyst, using chlorobenzene as lowboiling point solvent. Different metal oxide supported catalysts were prepared by incipientwetness impregnation (IWI), PEG-additive (PEG) and deposition precipitation with ammonia evaporation (DP) methods. Their catalytic performances for the thermal decomposition of HDC were tested. The catalyst screening results showed that Co3O4/ZSM-525 catalysts prepared by different methods showed different performances in the order of Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) N Co3O4/ZSM-525(IWI) N Co3O4/ZSM-525(DP). The physicochemical properties of Co3O4/ZSM- 525 catalyst were characterized by XRD, FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption measurements, NH3-TPD and XPS. The superior catalytic performance of Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) catalyst was attributed to its relative surface content of Co3+, surface lattice oxygen content and total acidity. Under the optimized reaction conditions: 6.5% HDC concentration in chlorobenzene, 1 wt% Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) catalyst, 250 °C temperature, 2.5 h time, 800 ml·min?1 nitrogen flow rate and 1.0 MPa pressure, the HDC conversion and HDI yield could reach 100% and 92.8% respectively. The Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) catalyst could be facilely separated from the reaction mixture, and reused without degradation in catalytic performance. Furthermore, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on the physicochemical properties of the Co3O4/ZSM-525 catalysts.     

In situ synthesis and characterization of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite on ceramic membrane for biodiesel production☆

In situ surface synthesis of Ca–Mg–Al hydrotalcite (HT) on inorganic ceramic membrane (CM) was investigated with urea as precipitator. The effects of molar ratio of raw materials, crystallization time, and temperature on surface synthesis of HT were examined. The as-prepared HT/CM samples were characterized by XRD and SEM and an in sit growth mechanismof HT on CMwas proposed. KF/HT/CMobtained by loading potassium fluoride (KF) on the HT layer by impregnation and calcination method was used as catalyst for transesterification between palm oil and methanol. The comparison of KF/HT/CMand pure KF/HT powder under identical reaction conditions shows that the production of fatty acid methyl ester is equivalent, which means that the use of inorganic catalytic membrane in the transesterification is a viable alternative.     

Preparation of highly active MCM-41 supported Ni2P catalysts and its dibenzothiophene HDS performance

Highly active MCM-41 supported nickel phosphide catalysts for hydrodesulfurization(HDS) were synthesized by two different phosphorus sources, in which the surface of Ni_2P catalysts were modified by air instead of being passivated by O_2/N_2 mixture. In addition, the catalysts need not be activated with flowing H_2(30 ml·min~(-1))at 500 °C for 2 h prior to reaction as traditional method. X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), N_2-adsorption specific surface area measurements and CO chemisorption were used to characterize the resulting catalysts. The effect of modification with air on the surface of the catalysts for HDS performance was investigated. Results showed that the surface modification with air can promote the formation of smaller Ni_2P particles and more active Ni sites on surface of catalysts. At 3.0 MPa and 613 K, the dibenzothiophene(DBT)conversion of the catalysts modified with air was 98.7%, which was 7.1% higher than that of catalyst passivated by O_2/N_2 mixture. The higher activities of Ni_2P(x)/M41-O catalysts can be attributed to the smaller Ni_2P particles sizes and the increased hydrogen dissociation activity due to the surface modification.     

超临界条件下苯酚在活性炭和聚合物吸附剂上吸附等温线的测定

A method named as “volume-expanding and pressure-reducing adsorption“ is proposed. It can be used to measure the isotherms under supercritical condition. The adsorption isotherms of phenol on activated carbons and polymeric adsorbents are estimated and compared respectively for the systems of “phenol-activated carbon-supercritical fluid CO2“ and “phenol-polymeric adsorbent-supercritical fluid CO2“. The results show that the amount of phenol adsorbed on the activated carbons and the polymeric adsorbents under the supercritical condition is much less than that under the general condition, which can be utilized to develop a technology regenerating the activated carbon with supercritical fluid. Moreover, the effects of ethyl alcohol, used as the third component, on the isotherms of phenol on the activated carbons and polymeric adsorbents under the supercritical condition are also investigated.     

Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated-glucose solid acid catalyst:Characterization and optimization

A palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has been used for biodiesel production. An efficient sulfonated-glucose acid catalyst (SGAC) was prepared by sulfonation to catalyze the esterification reaction. The effect of three variables i.e. methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, catalyst amount and reaction time, on the yield of PFAD esters was studied by the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum reaction conditions were:12.2:1 methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 2.9%catalyst concentration and 134 min of time as predicted by the RSM. The reaction under the optimum conditions resulted in 94.5%of the free fatty acid (FFA) conversion with 92.4%of the FAME yield. The properties of the PFAD esters were determined according to biodiesel standards.     

HPWA/SBA-15催化合成对叔丁基苯酚

以SBA-15负载磷钨酸（HPWA）为催化剂、甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）和苯酚为原料在钢密封间歇反应釜中进行催化合成对叔丁基苯酚的实验研究。考察了HPWA负载量、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间及原料配比对烷基化反应的影响。实验结果表明,反应温度为160 ℃、负载HPWA质量分数30%、反应时间3 h、催化剂用量为原料质量的5%和原料配比n(MTBE)∶n(苯酚)＝2∶1时,苯酚的转化率为85.1%, 对叔丁基苯酚的选择性66.87%。实验中HPWA/SBA-15分子筛表现出较高的活性及选择性。     

相转移催化法合成苯甲醚新工艺

通过相转移催化法合成苯甲醚新工艺,苯酚钠与一氯甲烷在相转移催化剂催化下合成了苯甲醚。最佳的反应条件为：苯酚与氢氧化钠摩尔比为1：1～2,苯酚与-氯甲烷摩尔为1：1．2～3,反应温度70～80℃,压力1．0～2．0MPa,反应时间4～8h,相转移催化剂的用量为苯酚重量的0．01％,苯甲醚的收率可达95％以上。     

磺酸树脂催化苯酚与正辛醇合成对辛基酚

以正辛醇和苯酚在磺酸树脂的作用下合成对辛基酚,利用单因素试验法,优选出反应的最佳工艺条件:反应温度135~140℃,反应时间20 h左右,催化剂用量约占原料苯酚的0.2,酚醇摩尔比1∶1.2。在此条件下,转化率可达80%,选择性可达80%左右。     

低游离酚热塑性酚醛树脂的合成

改变传统合成工艺,在热塑性酚醛树脂合成过程中加入1种有机酸A,得到低游离酚酚醛树脂。考察了酚、醛物质的量比,有机酸A用量对树脂软化点的影响以及反应温度、反应时间对树脂中游离酚含量的影响。确定了最佳合成工艺条件:第1步反应温度98~104℃,反应时间1 h,催化剂盐酸用量1.0%(基于苯酚质量),苯酚、甲醛和有机酸A的物质的量比为1∶0.82∶0.02;第2步反应温度180℃,反应时间1.5 h。通过气相色谱分析游离酚质量分数由原来的5%~10%降到0.55%。     

4-叔戊基-2-(α-甲苄基)苯酚的合成

以对叔戊基苯酚和苯乙烯为起始原料,浓磷酸作催化剂,设计合成铷、铯萃取剂4-叔戊基-2-(α-甲苄基)苯酚。考察反应温度、反应时间、原料配比和催化剂用量为对4-叔戊基-2-(α-甲苄基)苯酚产率的影响。确定最佳反应条件为:反应温度140℃,反应时间3 h,n(苯乙烯)∶n(对叔戊基苯酚)=1.4,催化剂用量为对叔戊基苯酚质量的24.63%。此条件下,4-叔戊基-2-(α-甲苄基)苯酚产率为58.76%。     

铈掺杂纳米二氧化钛可见光光催化降解苯酚性能

采用Ce（NO3）3掺杂改性后的纳米TiO2粉末作为光催化剂（Ce-TiO2）,研究了Ce-TiO2在可见光条件下光催化降解苯酚的过程,考察了Ce掺杂量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、pH值以及催化剂用量等因素对苯酚溶液光催化降解过程的影响。结果表明：可见光照射下,当Ce掺杂量为1.00%、焙烧温度为700℃、焙烧时间为3 h、反应溶液pH值为5、催化剂投加量为1.0 g/L时,苯酚的去除率达到最佳,为35.8%。     

葡萄糖苯酚树脂胶粘剂的合成

以葡萄糖代替甲醛,在碱性条件下合成了葡萄糖苯酚树脂胶粘剂。用红外光谱(IR)对其结构进行了分析,并通过正交实验获得了该树脂合成的最佳反应条件:pH=11,n(葡萄糖):n(苯酚)=8:1,反应温度120℃,催化剂用量14．3%,反血时间4 h;同时对树脂的固化条件进行了系统研究。     

二苯胺合成新工艺研究

采用磷酸芳基酯催化苯胺与苯酚合成二苯胺的新工艺，探讨了合成反应条件对二苯胺收率的影响规律。在ＨＤ９５－２用量８％，苯胺与苯酚摩尔比２∶１及反应温度３６０℃，反应时间１４ｈ的优化工艺条件下，二苯胺的收率达到５５％以上。     

Hβ沸石修饰的复合氧化物对苯酚羟基化反应的催化作用

采用不同硅铝比的Hβ沸石对铁基复合金属氧化物催化剂进行了修饰,发现复合氧化物催化体系中掺入适量具有特定结构的Hβ沸石,可以提高催化剂的活性,缩短甚至消除羟基化反应诱导期,避免由于未反应过氧化氢的积累增加反应器运行的风险,提高过氧化氢有效利用率和目标产物选择性。但过多的Hβ沸石导致苯酚和苯二酚缩合生成不溶于水的焦油,降低了羟基化反应的目标产物选择性。比较合适的修饰用Hβ沸石包括Hβ-80、Hβ-63和Hβ-48。比较好的Hβ-80沸石掺入质量分数为7%,以7% Hβ沸石修饰的Fe-Cu-Sn-Zn-O/γ-Al2O3复合氧化物作催化剂,反应温度65 ℃、反应时间30 min、苯酚5.3 g、溶剂水10.0 g、m(苯酚)∶m(催化剂)=294、n(过氧化氢)∶n(苯酚)=0.33时,反应诱导期不到1 min,苯酚转化率22.3%,苯二酚选择性91.9%,过氧化氢有效利用率62.1%。