Rapid acquisition of PN signals for DS/SS systems using a phaseestimator

We propose a new scheme for rapid acquisition of PN signals in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems by estimating the phase of the received PN signal with the use of an auxiliary signal. The auxiliary signal can be generated by a sum of the phase shifted PN signals. The phase of the incoming PN signal is estimated using the properties of cross correlation between the PN signal and the auxiliary signal. True phase alignment is detected using a conventional serial search scheme, where the initial phase of the local PN generators is set to a value obtained by the phase estimator. The performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analytically evaluated in terms of the mean acquisition time. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can achieve acquisition at least two times faster than the conventional scheme in the nominal operating condition     

A coherent acquisition method for a PN sequence using binary searchand an auxiliary sequence

Direct sequence spread spectrum systems require a local replica of the pseudonoise (PN) sequence to be synchronized with the received signal's spreading code. A method is proposed to improve the PN sequence acquisition time and decrease the acquisition time variability. The proposed method is based on a binary search algorithm. At each stage of the algorithm, an auxiliary signal is used to formulate a new search region within the PN sequence, and at each stage the search region is reduced by half. The region containing the incoming PN phase is therefore obtained within O(log₂ (N+1)) steps. A closed loop coherent PN acquisition algorithm presented by Salih and Tantaratana (1996) motivated the use of the auxiliary signal, and the algorithm of Salih et al. is also used for comparison. Results indicate the algorithm presented in this paper can achieve a factor of two to three times improvement in the mean acquisition time with a significant decrease in the acquisition time variability     

PN acquisition for DS/SS using a preloop parallel binary search phase estimator and a closed-loop selective search subsystem

An acquisition method of long pseudo-noise (PN) sequences in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems is presented. The concurrent cross correlation of locally generated auxiliary signals with the incoming PN sequence produces binary search estimates leading to an initial approximation of the input signal's PN offset. The PN receiver then uses a closed-loop subsystem to determine the true offset of the incoming PN signal. New phase estimates are generated from successive corrections of likely errors in the binary search. The acquisition scheme's average acquisition time and its variance are analytically determined. Simulation results show that the proposed acquisition scheme is faster than the conventional serial receiver. A hybrid serial/parallel PN acquisition receiver is used for comparing the acquisition performance given similar hardware complexity. The hybrid receiver used the same number of parallel correlators as used in the proposed receiver's input phase estimator. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides an improved performance under normal operating conditions.     

深空通信中基于FFT的高动态扩频信号的捕获

在深空通信中，航天器的高动态性使扩频信号引入了高Doppler频移，给捕获造成了巨大困难。针对如此之大的Doppler频移，提出了一种新的捕获方案，即基于FFT算法实现对Doppler频移进行一定程度的补偿，将沿码相位一Doppler频率的二维搜索简化为沿码相位的一维搜索；重点分析了深空通信环境中高速长PN码的捕获性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明，该方法大大缩短了捕获时间，是一种性能优良的伪码捕获方法。     

低轨卫星直扩通信系统快速码捕获算法的设计

直接序列扩频用于低轨卫星通信可以解决抗敌意干扰问题,但多普勒频移下码捕获是需要解决的关键技术。基于离散时间信号处理分析了多普勒频差对码捕获性能的影响,给出部分匹配滤波器与FFT结合的码捕获算法原理。针对大频差、长地址码直扩系统的快速码捕获问题,提出了一种二次部分匹配滤波器与FFT结合算法的实现方案,在考虑捕获性能与实现复杂度之间的折衷上,具有很强的灵活性。     

大频差长地址码扩频系统快速捕获方案的设计与实现

该文基于离散时间信号处理分析了多普勒频移对捕获性能影响的表达式,给出部分匹配滤波器与FFT结合方案的原理。针对大频差长地址码扩频系统快速捕获问题,提出一种采用部分匹配滤波器与FFT结合算法的实现方案,在考虑捕获性能与实现复杂性间的折衷上,具有很好的灵活性。该方案应用FPGA与DSP芯片配合实现,应用结果表明该方案在移动卫星通信和直扩抗干扰通信中具有很好的应用前景。     

A closed-loop coherent PN acquisition system with a pre-loopestimator

We propose a closed-loop system with a pre-loop code phase estimator (PLE) for acquisition of the pseudonoise (PN) signal in direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. It consists of two major parts: a PLE and a closed-loop acquisition subsystem. The system uses an auxiliary signal, as opposed to the PN signal itself, to correlate with the incoming signal. The PLE uses the correlation result to obtain an estimate of the incoming code phase. Then, starting with this initial estimate, the closed-loop subsystem will acquire the code phase of the incoming PN signal. With coherent carrier demodulation, mean and variance of the acquisition time of the proposed scheme are obtained and compared to those of the conventional serial-search acquisition receiver and the closed-loop system without the pre-loop estimator. Results show that, with proper choices of parameters, the proposed system acquires the PN phase significantly faster than the other two systems     

高动态突发扩频通信中伪码和多普勒频移的快速捕获

在高动态突发扩频通信系统中,要求接收机在很短时间内实现伪码和多普勒频移的快速捕获。目标的高速运动使接收机基带信号中存在较大的多普勒频移。针对伪随机序列相关峰的多普勒频移敏感特性,分析了多普勒频移对伪码捕获和数据解调的影响,提出了采用单通道匹配滤波进行伪码捕获,采用三通道并行相关器搜索多普勒频移的接收机捕获方案。该方案可有效减少硬件资源消耗,同时缩短捕获时间。     

大多普勒下基于FFT伪码捕获技术研究

在直接序列扩频通信中,伪码的捕获一般是通过相关运算来实现的,对于具有大多普勒频移的直接序列扩频信号,采用传统的伪码捕获方法,捕获时间将会很长,同时运算量也非常大。为了实现伪码的快速捕获,研究了一种基于FFT的伪码并行捕获算法。针对伪码长度不是2的整数次幂和存在数据跳变的问题,提出一种改善方法。计算机仿真结果表明：该方法既能满足FFT快速运算的要求又能消除数据跳变的影响,从而提高了基于FFT的伪码并行捕获性能。     

一种面向深空测距的大多普勒频偏信号捕获算法

在深空测距任务中,高精度的伪码捕获是后续执行伪码跟踪的关键前提.传统基于时频二维搜索的频偏估计算法对于深空测距中频率偏移范围较大的情况难以满足伪码捕获实时性要求.为此,提出了改进的时频二维搜索算法,通过在传统时频二维搜索算法的前端引入快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)算法对多普勒频偏...     

FFT辅助的部分相关码捕获技术的实现

FFT辅助的部分相关伪码快捕方法将沿码相位-多普勒频率的二维搜索简化为沿码相位的一维搜索,克服了多普勒频率的影响,大大缩短了PN码捕获时间,适用于中低轨卫星.文中介绍了该方法的基本原理、性能分析和实现方案.实验结果表明,在大多普勒频偏下FFT辅助的部分相关码捕获方法是一种性能优良的伪码捕获方法.     

部分匹配滤波器在高动态卫导信号快捕的应用

文中研究了部分匹配滤波器在高动态卫导信号快速码捕获中的应用.在多普勒频率偏移较大和PN码较长的条件下,分析了无FFT补偿和有FFT补偿的归一化匹配滤波器输出,并对部分匹配滤波器(PMF)进行了改进,将它细分成更小的部分匹配滤波器(SPMF),使得SPMF-FFT结构能够在码捕获性能和系统复杂性之间作出一个很好的选择.还分析了信噪比与归一化平均捕获时间的关系,仿真进一步验证了本方法的有效性和可行性.     

利用FFT实现长码的直接捕获

在卫星导航系统中,普遍采用了长码扩频信号。长码扩频信号具有很强的抗干扰和保密能力,实现长码的快速直接捕获对于导航系统的军事应用和发展卫星定位系统具有重要意义。利用FFT计算可以使多次的时域伪码相位的循环相关处理转换为频域的一批乘法处理,单次计算即可获得一批相关结果,进而可加快长码的搜索和捕获速度。通过对多种基于FFT的方法进行比较,提出了适于工程应用的实现方式,并利用实际工作环境对设计进行了实际验证,结果表明该处理方法能够实现预期的目的,可以满足工程需要。     

低轨卫星扩频信号分析方法

针对低轨(LEO)卫星高速运动引起的多普勒频移,分析了低轨卫星直扩通信信号的扩频参数侦察技术,提出了基于分段累积相关的伪随机(PN)序列周期估计方法及PN码字、PN码初始相位、多普勒频移三维空间搜索方法。理论推导和实践证明,该方法不需先验知识,可通过FFT实现快速计算,运算复杂度低,可对低轨卫星扩频信号参数进行有效侦测。     

Coding-based ultra-wideband digital beamformer with significant hardware reduction

We propose a novel transceiver architecture for cognitive sensing. The architecture supports agile beam forming, jamming mitigation, as well as MIMO communications. An essential aspect of the new architecture is its departure from the traditional digital beamforming approaches. Specifically, a single ADC is assigned to a group of array elements instead of having one ADC per element. To facilitate this approach, code division multiplexing is applied to each received antenna signal prior to combining them for digitization using a single ADC. Thus full signal recovery is possible at digital baseband via decoding. The proposed architecture significantly reduces the number of ADCs and I/O channels and hence drastically improves size, weight, area, power and cost of the system with minimal impact on receiver signal-to-noise ratios.     

Doppler-shift correction by the DFT,for a QPSK satellite modem

This paper describes a novel technique for the measurement and correction of the Doppler shift (frequency offset) in a received QPSK signal that has been transmitted over a satellite link. The satellite is here assumed to be in a non-geostationary orbit, and correction of the Doppler shift is required to be achieved as soon as the satellite rises above the horizon, when the Doppler shift may be very high and the signal/noise ratio very low. The receiver now has no prior knowledge of the transmitted data, so that a non-data-aided system must be used, capable of operating under seriously adverse conditions. The selected technique measures the DFTs of successive blocks of samples of the received and demodulated signal, and from the DFTs it derives a control signal for the VCO, which generates the in-phase and quadrature reference carriers for the coherent demodulator. The frequency of the latter is adjusted to reduce the residual Doppler shift in the demodulated signal to a sufficiently small value, so that correct phase synchronization of the VCO on to the received signal carrier can then be achieved by means of an appropriate conventional system (not considered here). The paper describes the new technique of Doppler shift correction, and presents the results of computer-simulation tests to measure the time taken to correct an initial Doppler shift of 5 kHz in the received QPSK signal, at very low signal/noise ratios.     

Phased-array beam steering by multiplex sampling

One approach to phased-array antenna beam forming and steering is to multiplex the element signals into a single channel. Appropriate "sampling" of the resulting multiplexed signal can provide electronically steered and shaped beams. This paper describes four practical system concepts for linear and ring arrays based on this approach and discusses significant interrelationships between the various concepts. For linear arrays of elements, the two alternatives are to frequency or time multiplex the element signals. Frequency multiplexing of the element signals produces time-multiplexed beam output signals, and time multiplexing the element signals produces frequency-multiplexed beam output signals. It is also shown here that appropriate correlation "sampling" may be used with either of these to produce easily one or more continuously and electronically steered signal bandwidth beam outputs. Ring arrays of elements may be multiplexed and "sampled" in a somewhat analogous pair of techniques. It is also pointed out that the beam steering in this case may be visualized as the linear phase steering of a set of linear phase modes into which the signal received at the array may be resolved. Ring array beam forming and steering may thus be directly understood in terms of the previous linear array techniques.     

基于噪声功率估计的抗窄带干扰接收机自适应PN码捕获技术

在存在强窄带干扰条件下,正确实现伪码捕获是抗干扰接收机的关键技术之一。变换域干扰检测与PN码捕获判决都需要估计接收机背景噪声功率,本文在变换域谱线幅度平方服从指数分布假设下,利用中位数估计理论对存在窄带干扰接收信号的背景噪声功率进行估计,实现干扰检测门限和PN码捕获判决门限的自适应设置。仿真结果表明,文中设计的检测装置可实现强窄带干扰、大动态范围接收机PN码的正确捕获。     

一种基于差分匹配滤波的高效捕获算法

扩频接收机系统中,载波的捕获是衡量系统性能的重要指标。当系统接入多路叠加并行信号时,若需要在二维对信号进行捕获,所需捕获时间、所耗资源和接收机功耗将成倍增加。文中针对此问题,提出了一种基于差分滤波器的分集接收方案,大幅降低了系统资源的占用,从而减少了功耗、成本和捕获时间。利用伪随机码的双极性和差分滤波结构减少了所用加法器的数量,并结合对伪随机码并行分集的结构,在多路中对滤波结果进行复用。通过对传统快速相关捕获算法、快速捕获算法、频率相关法以及文中基于差分滤波的并行分集结构进行了复杂度对比。其结果显示,基于差分滤波的并行分集结构在节省资源、提高效率上均具有较大优势。     

Doppler-shift correction for a UQPSK satellite modem

The paper describes a novel development of a previously described technique for the measurement and correction of the Doppler shift (frequency offset) in a received UQPSK signal that has been transmitted over a satellite link. The satellite is here assumed to be in a non-geostationary orbit, so that it introduces a large and time-varying Doppler shift into the transmitted data signal. Correction of the Doppler shift must be achieved as soon as the satellite rises above the horizon and with no prior knowledge at the receiver of the transmitted data. Furthermore, under the given conditions, the signal/noise ratio can be very low and the Doppler shift very high. A non-data-aided technique has therefore been selected, capable of operating under seriously adverse conditions. Results of computer-simulation tests are presented to measure the time taken to correct an initial Doppler shift of 5 kHz in the received UQPSK signal, at low signal/noise ratios.