HR-TEM observation of laser pressure weld of galvannealed steel and pure aluminium

Laser pressure welding was conducted by changing the laser power and the roller pressure in the previous experiment. It was revealed that dissimilar metal welding of galvannealed steel and pure aluminium was feasible in a wide range of welding conditions. When the roller pressure was more than 1.96 kN at the laser powers equal to or less than 1400 W, the joint strengths were so high that the specimens in the tensile shear and the peel tests fractured in the A1050 parent metal.

In order to know the reason for such high strengths of joints with thick compound layers and the joining mechanism, the compound layer was observed by HR-transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM observation results revealed that the main phase in the compound layer was the solid solution of Al + Zn. Moreover, the intermetallic compound was identified as FeAl, Fe₂Al₅, Fe₄Al₁₃ and Fe₂Al₅Zn_0.4 phase by electron diffraction. The Fe₃Zn₁₀ (Γ phase) of Fe–Zn intermetallic compound was confirmed on a Fe base material. It is guessed that the joining areas were heated at a range of 782°C more than 665°C, a melting point of Al, by laser irradiation because the δ_lk phase aspect was not confirmed. Because the surfaces of A1050 and Zn plated layer were melted thinly, the layer was over 10 μm thicker. The reason for the production of high-strength joints with a relatively thick intermetallic compound layer was attributed to the formation of (Al + Zn) phase with finely dispersed intermetallic compounds.     

Laser pressure welding of aluminium and galvannealed steel

Dissimilar metal joints of galvannealed steel and commercially available pure aluminium (A1050) sheets were produced by changing the laser power and the roller pressure by the laser pressure welding method. In this method, the YAG laser beam was irradiated into a flare groove made by these dissimilar metal sheets. In addition, the laser beam was scanned at various frequencies and patterns through the fθ lens using two-dimensional scanning mirrors. Then the sheets were pressed by the pressure rolls to be joined. The compound layers in the weld interface were observed by optical microscope, and the layer thicknesses were measured. The thicknesses were in the range of 7–20 μm. The mechanical properties of welded joints were evaluated by the tensile shear test and the peel test. In the tensile shear test, the strengths of the joints produced under the most welding conditions were so high that the fracture occurred through the base aluminium sheet. In the peel test of the specimens subjected to the laser beam of 1200–1400 W power under the roller pressure of 2.94 kN, the specimen fracture took place in the base aluminium sheet. Even if the compound layer was thick, high joint strength was obtained. In order to know the reason for such high strength of joints with thick compound layers and the joining mechanism, the compound layer was observed by the HR-TEM. The TEM observation results revealed that the main phase in the compound layer was the solid solution of Al + Zn. Moreover, the intermetallic compound was identified as FeAl, Fe₂Al₅, Fe₄Al₁₃, and Fe₂Al₅Zn_0.4 phase by electron diffraction. The Fe₃Zn₁₀ (Γ phase) of Fe–Zn intermetallic compound was confirmed on a Fe base material. It is assumed that the joining areas were heated in a range of 782°C more than 665°C, a melting point of Al, by laser irradiation because the δ_lk phase aspect was not confirmed. Because the surfaces of A1050 and Zn plated layer were melted thinly, the layer was over 10 μm thicker. The reason for the production of high strength joints with the relatively thick intermetallic compound layer was attributed to the formation of (Al + Zn) phase with finely dispersed intermetallic compounds.     

Study on the factors in creating the IMC-free region: dissimilar metal joining of aluminium alloys to steel by a MIG-braze welding by using the advanced hot-dip aluminized steel sheet

Dissimilar metal joining of aluminium alloys to steel is generally difficult to be in practical use because of a formation of brittle intermetallic Fe–Al compound (IMC) at the interface of the joint. The authors have been researching in order to minimize the thickness of this brittle IMC in order to get excellent joint strength and have found that the formation of this brittle IMC is regionally prevented by using the advanced hot-dip aluminized steel sheet and by adopting suitable joining conditions. In particular, this paper focuses on the mechanism of creating this IMC-free region in the case of MIG-braze welding and the results obtained are as follows. (1) The creation of IMC-free region is initiated as the first process by the dissolution of the τ₅ phase (Fe–Al–Si) in the aluminized layer into the weld metal, and temperatures of more than 886 K for dissolution during MIG-braze welding and the use of filler metal for dilution of Fe and Si in τ₅ phase have significant effects. (2) In the second process, the diffusion between aluminium-alloy weld metal and base steel is restricted by AlN on the surface thin layer of the base steel which existed under 908 K temperature conditions during MIG-braze welding.     

Laser roll welding of dissimilar metal joint of titanium to aluminium alloy

Recently, the demand for dissimilar metal joints of titanium to aluminium alloy has arisen in industry, especially in the transportation vehicle industry. However, it is well known that fusion welding of titanium to aluminium alloy is difficult because of generating the brittle intermetallic compound at the joint interface. Therefore, new welding processes with high reliability and productivity for these dissimilar materials are demanded. In the present work, Laser roll welding of titanium to aluminium alloy using a 2 kW fibre laser was tried to investigate the effects of the process parameters on the formation of the interlayer and the mechanical properties of the joint. As a result, the cross-section of the joint shows partial melting of the aluminium sheet and spreading of molten aluminium alloy on the titanium sheet occurs during the welding thermal cycle. Various types of intermetallic compound were confirmed at the interlayer of the welded joint. The specimen with a bonding width of 2.8 mm failed in the base metal of titanium in the tensile shear test. In Erichsen cupping tests, the Erichsen value was 5.7 mm. This value was 89% of the base metal of aluminium sheet.     

马氏体/珠光体异种耐热钢焊接接头蠕变失效数值模拟

采用有限元方法对马氏体/珠光体异种耐热钢接头在560℃条件下,外加轴向应力水平分别为100,120和140 MPa时界面附近的最大主应力、Von Mises等效应力进行了数值模拟,通过恒应力加速蠕变试验对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明,对于低匹配接头,焊缝/低强母材界面附近最大主应力很高,蠕变孔洞易于在焊缝/低强母材界面处形成,随着外加应力水平的提高,焊缝/低强母材界面附近最大主应力升高较快,但VonMises等效应力较低,孔洞不易扩张.加速模拟试验后界面的蠕变损伤较轻,晶界仅存在少量分散蠕变孔洞,失效倾向较小.对于高匹配接头,焊缝/低强母材界面的最大主应力数值大,界面附近的Von Mises等效应力很高,孔洞易于形核、扩张.加速模拟运行后,高匹配接头中焊缝/12Cr1MoV界面的蠕变损伤及失效倾向大,发生了界面蠕变断裂.因此,对于马氏体/珠光体异种耐热钢接头,采用低匹配焊缝较高匹配合理.     

Laser brazing of a dissimilar joint of austenitic stainless steel and pure copper

In many industries, there are applications that require the joining of stainless steel and copper components; therefore, the welding of dissimilar stainless steel/copper joints is a common process. For this investigation, the optimal brazing conditions and suitable filler metals for laser brazing of stainless steel/copper lap joints were studied. Tensile shear force increases with increases in the laser spot diameter or in the laser irradiation angle, which is associated with increased bonding width; however, as bonding width approaches 2 mm, tensile shear force reaches a saturated value due to fracturing at the HAZ of the Cu base plate. In order to obtain joints with high tensile shear strength, laser brazing was optimized by using Cu–Si-based filler metal under the following conditions: laser power, 4 kW; spot diameter, 3 mm; laser irradiation angle, 80°; irradiation position shift, 0.6 mm; brazing speed, 0.30 m/min; and filler metal feed speed, 0.30 min. Concerning filler metals, it was found that the Ni–Cu type showed relatively large tensile shear force even at high welding speeds in comparison with those of the Cu–Si, Cu, Cu–Ni, Ni–Cu and Ni types, respectively.     

异种钢电阻塞焊工艺优化及接头性能分析

采用一种新型复合焊接工艺——电阻塞焊对1.5 mm等厚TRIP980高强钢/SPCC低碳钢板进行焊接,利用正交试验优化其焊接参数,随后增加焊前预热,分析对比无预热和焊前预热两种条件下较优焊接参数时接头的力学性能及组织、硬度特点.结果表明,各焊接参数对接头的拉剪载荷影响程度由大到小依次为焊接电流、填充物直径、焊接时间及电极力;在电极头端面直径为8 mm的条件下,填充物直径为5.5 mm时的接头力学性能优于其它直径;相同焊接参数时,焊前预热塞焊接头的拉剪载荷比无预热提高7%以上;两种条件下较优焊接参数时,焊前预热塞焊接头的熔核偏移量小于无预热,熔核和熔合区的硬度比无预热时有所下降,熔合区脆硬马氏体组织比无预热少;焊前预热塞焊接头断口为韧性断裂,无预热塞焊接头断口为脆性断裂;其主要机理是,预热减小了熔核区金属过热倾向,使熔核扩展均匀,熔合区脆硬组织减少,有利于接头强度的提高.     

Seal spot welding of steel and aluminium alloy by resistance spot welding: dissimilar metal joining of steel and aluminium alloy by Zn insertion

This research concerns a dissimilar metal joining of steel and aluminium (Al) alloys by means of zinc (Zn) insertion. The authors propose a joining concept for achieving strong bonded joints between Zn-coated steel and Al alloys. A eutectic reaction between Zn in the Zn coating and uniform Al–Fe intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the joint interface, leading to a strong bonded joint. The ultimate aim of this research was to apply this joining concept in the resistance spot welding process for manufacturing vehicle bodies. As a practical issue characteristic to joints of dissimilar metals, anticorrosion measures against electrochemical corrosion must be undertaken. If there is moisture near a joint interface of dissimilar metals, electrochemical erosion will progress. Therefore, a sealing function that could prevent moisture intrusion is required. By applying the above-mentioned welding process to a set of metals with thermosetting resin spread in between, we realized seal spot welding, which not only prevented moisture intrusion but also retained high tensile strength. In this research, first, a cyclic corrosion test was performed on the seal spot-welded joint of galvanized (GI) steel, a steel grade widely distributed in Japan, and Al alloy was bonded by seal spot welding, and the following topics are discussed. Complete removal of sealant from the joint interface is the key to realizing the high tensile stress joint, because remaining sealant will lead to reduction in tensile strength. Therefore, heat generation at the interface was monitored by measuring electrical current and potential difference between the two electrodes, and a precise temperature control was performed. Moreover, the bonding process was clarified by stepwise analysis of the joint interface using optical microscopy, and a guideline for producing strong joints was proposed. And finally, a TEM observation also confirmed that the interface structure of the seal spot-welded joint was the same as joints without the resin; a thin and uniform Al–Fe IMC layer was formed and a strong metallurgical bonding was achieved.     

镁/钢异种材料点焊接头力学性能及显微组织分析

采用三相次级整流电阻焊机进行镁/钢异种材料电阻点焊,研究并确定了工艺参数范围和最佳数值.通过金相显微镜观察了接头的显微组织特征,并采用显微硬度计测试了接头各区域的显微硬度.结果表明,接头的剪切力随着焊接时间(2 ～ 14周波)、焊接电流(20～ 37.5 kA)以及电极力(5～8 kN)的增大均呈先增大后减小的趋势.当焊接时间8周波、焊接电流32 kA、电极力7 kN时,最大接头剪切力达6.961 kN,形成纽扣断裂.接头由半椭圆形镁合金熔核和钢侧热影响区组成,镁侧熔核显微组织由柱状晶和等轴晶组成,钢侧热影响区显微组织为板条状马氏体.镁侧离熔合线越近硬度越高,而钢侧最高硬度出现在钢板的中心.     

激光滚压焊技术在异种金属连接中的应用

近来铝合金/钢、铝合金/钛合金等异种金属的连接在汽车等行业越来越受到重视。但是采用熔化焊来连接异种金属非常困难,同时扩散焊的效果也不很理想,主要是因为焊接过程中在界面处会产生较多的脆性金属间化合物。因此,急需一种高可靠性、高效率的新工艺对此类异种材料进行高质量的连接。激光滚压焊正是针对这一需求而开发的新型连接工艺。详细介绍了该工艺方法的提出背景、工作原理、界面上金属间化合物的特点以及所得到焊接接头的主要性能。     

Analysis of ultrasonic welding process of mild steel and 5052 aluminium alloy

Ultrasonic welding of mild steel sheet (SPCC) and aluminium alloy sheet (A5052) was conducted using two different weld tips of a knurled tip (K-tip) and a curved shape tip without knurled edges (C-tip). Behaviours of the weld tip and the welded materials during the weld process were analysed using a high-speed camera observation and an image correlation. The C-tip welding shows a completely different displacement behaviour from the K-tip welding; a relative motion between the tool tip and A5052 in contact with the tip predominantly occurs in the C-tip in contrast to a relative motion between A5052 and SPCC observed in the K-tip. The joint strength using the C-tip was higher than that using the K-tip under the weld conditions in this study. It is demonstrated that the relative motion behaviour in the C-tip causes a macroscopic deformation of A5052 in the vibration direction. This phenomenon promotes growth of a bonded region, resulting in the increase of joint strength. It is surmised that Fe–Al intermetallic layer forms at the weld interface, and the joint strength consequently decreases for the longer weld time condition.     

Investigation of electrode and hydrogen induced crack in welded joint of dissimilar steel

The welded joint of dissimilar heat-resisting steels 20Crl2MoV(F12)and 12 Cr2MoWVTiB(102)generally works around 600°C.In this paperthree kinds of ferritic electrodes are used for testing.They are R817 high-strength electrode(CrllMoVNi),R347 low-strength electrode(Cr2MoVWB)and newly-developed R507MoNb medium-strength electrode.The study on theinfluence of those three different electrodes on carbon migration,HIC and hy-drogen diffusion shows that medium-strength electrodes can well control thecarbon migration,and that the tendency to HIC in the joint formed by R817 issmaller than that by R347 instead.Considering the effect of weld metal transfor-mation on the restraint stress and hydrogen concentration of a joint,the hydro-gen distribution in the heat-affected zone(HAZ)is calculated by using finite ele-ment method(FEM)with stress and strain changing,and so the effect of thetransformation behaviour on HIC is revealed.In addition,newly-developedR507MoNb electrodes,tested the elevated-temperature property,oxidation re-sistance and creep rupture strength,have fulfilled the technical standards con-cerned and passed the examination of on-the-spot operation.     

40MnB与16MnR异种钢的焊接性试验及工艺评定

40MnB是中碳合金结构钢,具有强度高、韧性好等性能,但其含碳量高,焊接性低,冷裂倾向大。16MnR属于低碳合金钢,具有良好的物理性能和工艺性能。两种钢在汽车上应用比较广泛。通过焊接接头无损检测、力学性能和组织金相分析,研究CO2气体保护焊40MnB和16MnR异种钢的焊接性能。结果表明,采用合适的焊接规范,所得的焊接接头各项性能良好,热影响区晶粒长大不严重,焊缝与母材熔合良好。     

Special features of reconditioning heavily loaded components with surface defects

ABSTRACT

Double-pass process was newly performed to a friction stir welded (FSWed) A3003 aluminium alloy/SUS304 stainless steel dissimilar lap joint in order to improve the asymmetry of the FSWed joint. A sound symmetrical joint was produced by running the tool again at the bead which ?rstly produced by FSW. Tensile strength of specimens was improved by leaving the tool distance from 2 mm to 5 mm where both edges of the stirred zone were advancing side (AS-AS joint). Micro-tensile test revealed that most of the stirred zone in the AS-AS joint with the tool distance of 5 mm fractured at A3003 base metal.     

长时运行T91/G102焊接接头组织性能分析

对长时运行前后T91/G102异种钢焊接接头的显微组织及显微硬度进行了研究.结果表明,长时运行对T91侧的显微组织影响不大,而对焊缝、G102侧的热影响区及母材的显微组织有明显的影响.焊后G102侧正火区形成的细小的粒状贝氏体组织经长时运行后有大量细小的片形M6C型碳化物析出.G102母材典型的板条状贝氏体组织经长时运行后则转变成了无明显贝氏体板条特征的回火贝氏体组织并伴有链状碳化物出现.显微硬度分析表明,运行后其T91侧显微硬度同运行前基本相当,焊缝及G102侧母材的显微硬度低于运行前,而G102侧热影响区的显微硬度却高于运行前的状况.     

电解铝阳极铝/钢摩擦焊接头力学性能及节能研究

运用相位摩擦焊技术实现电解铝阳极铝-钢的大端面焊接,替代了传统电解铝中铝-钢爆炸焊块作过渡的连接方式。在此主要研究了铝-钢摩擦焊接头的各项力学性能,并模拟真实电解环境对焊接件进行了电阻检测试验,试验结果表明:铝-钢摩擦焊接头可承受的最高平均负载为88 t,高于传统型接头59 t;温度350℃、通电电流7 k A条件下,铝-钢摩擦焊技术可实现降低阳极压降约8 m V。     

镀锌钢一6016铝合金异种金属加入中间夹层铅的激光焊接

对1．2mm厚镀锌钢板和1．15mm厚6016铝合金平板试件进行了加入中间夹层铅的激光搭接焊试验,通过调整焊接工艺参数获得最佳焊接成形,利用卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜、x射线衍射、微机控制电子万能试验机等手段研究了焊接接头各区域的金相组织、断口形貌、主要物相与接头力学性能．结果表明,在钢／铝激光焊中添加中间夹层铅,焊接接...     

钢/铝异种金属双熔池TIG熔钎焊接头的显微组织与力学性能

采用电弧加热镀锌钢板,通过热传导使铝合金熔化,形成两个互不接触的熔池,实现钢/铝异种金属搭接熔钎焊;利用扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱(EDS)对连接界面的微观组织进行观察与分析.结果表明:在连接界面形成两种金属间化合物,一种为接近铝合金母材呈针状或絮状的FeAl3,另一种为接近钢呈舌状或条状的Fe2Al5;反应层FeAl3的厚度在连接界面上的分布大致均匀;而反应层Fe2Al5的厚度从焊缝中心向两侧逐渐变薄;随着焊接线能量的升高,接头的承载能力呈先增大而后减小的趋势,最高承载能力可达177.2 N/mm,为铝合金母材强度的84％.     

Novel dissimilar spot welding of aluminium alloy and steel sheets by friction stirring

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) has been applied to a dissimilar metal lap joint of an aluminium alloy and steel by stirring only the upper aluminium alloy sheet. Therefore, FSSW cannot be used to weld a lap joint composed of three or more sheets and a lap joint with an adhesive interlayer. In the present work, we propose a novel spot welding process for dissimilar metal lap joints using a new tool with the tip made of spherical ceramics. When this process is applied to the lap joint of the aluminium alloy and steel, the tool can be plunged into the lower steel sheet, then a steel projection is formed in the aluminium alloy sheet. The height of this steel projection increases with the plunge depth, and accordingly, the weld strength increases; the tensile shear strength and the cross tensile strength reached about 3.6 and 2.3 kN/point, respectively.