Brazing of metals – consumables,technologies and standardisation

For predicting welding distortion and residual stress generated by laser–arc hybrid welding, a series of experiments and analyses were carried out. A bead-on-plate welding was performed on SM490 steel by using a fibre laser and CO₂ arc welding by changing their heat input ratio. The experiment was simulated by thermal elastic–plastic analysis with the proposed simulation model considering the penetration shape by laser and arc separately. By using this model, the experimental results could be simulated with high accuracy. Therefore, the validity and generality of the numerical simulation model could be verified. The tendency and magnitude of angular distortion varied with the heat input ratio of laser and arc. The results indicated the possibility of the ideal heat input ratio of laser and arc for controlling angular distortion generated by hybrid welding. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the heat input ratio of laser and arc did not affect residual stress generated by hybrid welding.     

振动埋弧焊工艺

振动埋弧焊工艺是一种在焊接过程中通过给焊件施加振动来改善焊接性能的新工艺.介绍了在西气东输阀门焊接中运用振动埋弧焊进行厚板焊接的试验,就残余应力、焊接变形、金相三个方面对常规埋弧焊和振动埋弧焊工艺进行比较,对振动埋弧焊工艺进行初步探讨.试验结果表明,振动埋弧焊工艺能有效地降低焊接残余应力和变形,并细化晶粒.     

电渣焊接头焊接残余应力与变形的数值模拟

为研究电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布规律及变形特征,基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟电渣焊接头温度场、残余应力与焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 在所开发的计算方法中,采用全椭球等密度体积移动热源模型来模拟电渣焊的热输入,并以生死单元技术考虑焊缝成形,数值模拟了箱型柱中的腹板与隔板处电渣焊接头的焊接残余应力与变形. 同时,采用试验方法实测了电渣焊接头的横向收缩及角变形. 结果表明,横向收缩和角变形的计算结果都与试验值比较吻合,验证了所开发的数值计算方法的妥当性. 此外,利用数值模拟方法详细研究了电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布特征.     

TC4薄板随焊旋转挤压工艺

薄板钛合金由于在焊后存在较大的残余压应力,使得其易发生失稳变形.采用随焊旋转挤压方式,对焊缝高温部位进行塑性延展,减少焊接时所发生的塑性收缩量,降低残余压应力的值,从而降低焊接变形量.采用拉伸试验、拉伸断口SEM分析和焊后薄板的变形挠度的测量等试验.结果表明,随焊旋转挤压焊件的变形挠度可以下降到常规焊件挠度的2/3,并且随着加载应力的增加,变形的挠度可以进一步下降.说明在焊接过程中采用随焊旋转挤压方式控制薄板TC4失稳变形是可行的.     

1420铝锂合金动态低应力无变形焊接技术

针对1420铝锂合金平板对接和T形穿透焊接结构,开展了动态低应力无变形(DC-LSND,dynamically controlled low stress non-deformation)焊接技术的可行性研究;通过与常规TIG焊进行焊接应力和变形、接头组织以及拉伸性能的对比,分析了该技术实现应力和变形控制的原因.结果表明,采用动态低应力无变形焊接1420铝锂合金平板对接结构,能够有效地减小焊接应力和变形,并且对接头的拉伸性能没有影响,同时采用该技术可实现铝锂合金T形接头穿透焊的应力和变形的控制.     

激光冲击消除焊接残余应力

对现有焊接残余应力的理论进行分析,讨论激光冲击处理消除焊接残余应力的可行性,认为短脉冲高峰值功率密度的激光冲击焊接接头产生的等离子体冲击波,可使焊接接头表面产生塑性应变,能有效消除焊接残余拉应力。文章设计了激光冲击强化12Cr2Ni4A钢焊接接头试验,通过选择不同焊接材料和焊接方式,设计了4种焊接状态,分别进行激光冲击强化。试验结果表明,激光冲击强化均能消除氩弧焊和等离子焊等焊接方式的焊接残余拉应力,改善焊接接头表面的力学分布,在选用NAK80焊材和等离子体焊方式时,形成的残余压应力幅值高达884MPa,极大提升了焊接接头的力学性能。     

分段焊的焊接顺序对T形接头残余应力场的影响

在利用单元死活技术以及椭球形移动热源模型分析T形接头焊接温度场的基础上,利用数值模拟的方法研究了分段焊的焊接顺序对T形接头焊接残余应力场的影响.结果表明,分段焊不仅可以增加焊缝整体的残余低应力的区域,而且采用先焊两端后焊中间的方法可以有效地降低先焊区域的焊接残余拉应力.对于先焊焊段上的某点来说,到中间焊段两端的距离越小,焊接残余应力的降低效果越明显;中间焊段的收弧区降低先焊焊段残余拉应力的效果要优于起弧区.     

薄壁低碳钢管焊接变形的数值模拟

基于泛用软件ABAQUS,开发了适用于模拟熔化焊产生的温度场、应力场和应变场的热弹塑性非线性有限元计算方法.通过建立三维有限元模型和采用双椭球高斯体积移动热源,对低碳钢薄壁钢管的焊接温度场和焊接变形进行了数值模拟.同时还采用焊接机器人实际进行了低碳钢薄壁钢管的焊接,并实测了钢管的焊接变形.结果表明.数值模拟得到的变形和...     

Microstructural characteristics in friction stir welded aluminium alloys

In order to elucidate distortion and residual stress generated by welding of high strength steel (HT780) by laser beam, a series of experiments and analyses were carried out. The angular distortion generated by bead-on-plate welding was V-shaped and its magnitude was about 2 mm. The longitudinal bending distortion was extremely small. On the surface of the plate, the residual stress component in the welding direction was tensile and it was smaller than the yield stress in the weld metal. The residual stress was almost zero outside the weld metal. The phase transformation range in the cooling stage and the temperature dependency of mechanical properties were obtained. The mechanical properties in the phase transformation range in the cooling stage could not be specified due to transformation expansion. Therefore, they were idealized by considering transformation expansion and transformation superplasticity. The validity of the idealized mechanical properties was verified by simulating the experiment by the thermal elastic–plastic analysis. It was elucidated that the welding out-of-plane distortion and tensile residual stress were largely controlled by phase transformation in the cooling stage, although the bead width of laser beam welding was extremely narrow.     

钛合金带热沉钨极氩弧焊中热沉作用

采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法研究了钛合金TC4薄板常规及带热沉的钨极氩弧焊焊接过程中温度及应力应变的分布,考察了热沉对温度场和应力应变场的影响规律,探讨了使用该技术实现应力和变形控制的机理.结果表明:带热沉的钨极氩弧焊焊接过程中,紧随热源之后热沉急冷作用使得试件形成马鞍形温度场,而热沉作用部位温度最低.热沉作用部位的急冷收缩对周围金属产生拉伸作用,使得焊缝及近缝区金属升温过程中产生的压缩塑性应变减小,冷却过程中产生的拉伸塑性应变增大,接头中不协调应变减小,残余应力降低.实验测量与有限元模拟结果吻合良好,证实了采用热沉控制应力与变形的有效性和有限元模型的正确性.     

基于正交试验设计的高温管道焊接工艺优化

P91耐热钢焊接接头广泛用于电厂管道,厚壁管道焊接残余应力分布比较复杂,而焊接接头残余应力的大小对其高温环境下运行的蠕变又有着较大的影响.文中运用正交试验设计方法,以焊接残余应力为评价指标,对P91耐热钢管道焊接的工艺参数进行优化没计,然后采用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS对最优焊接工艺的焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了P91厚壁管道焊接接头的残余应力分布状况.结果表明,焊接速度对焊接残余应力的影响最为显著,其次电弧电压、焊接电流和坡口间隙等.研究结果为优化高温管道焊接工艺,有效控制焊接残余应力提供了可能.     

6N01S-T5铝合金高速激光-MIG复合焊接工艺

针对高速列车侧墙6N01S-T5铝合金熔化焊时存在焊接变形大,接头软化严重等问题,提高激光-MIG复合焊的焊接速度降低热输入,并通过显微硬度、拉伸试验测试,结合金相及扫描电镜下的EDS分析,对比了高、低焊接速度两种工艺下接头力学性能及微观组织的差异;采用三坐标测量仪和X射线残余应力测试仪对试样焊接变形和残余应力进行测试分析.结果表明,当焊接速度达到4.8 m/min时焊缝仍能保证较好的成形;相比于0.6 m/min低速焊接,焊接效率大幅度提高,焊缝金属填充量减少68%,接头软化区宽度减小约60%;试件焊后变形及高应力分布区域变窄;焊缝组织细密,接头平均抗拉强度为207 MPa,达到母材强度的71%.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程的试验测量及分析

通过设计一系列搅拌摩擦焊接试验,详细测量和分析焊接温度场分布、搅拌头机械载荷、残余应力和残余变形.试验发现,搅拌摩擦焊的温度测量结果的准确性取决于采样频率和热电偶的定位方法;搅拌头的机械载荷主要表现为下压力和扭矩,它们在准稳态焊接的条件下会保持稳定,但取值随焊接参数的变化而发生相应变化;焊接残余应力的主要成分是纵向应力,焊缝区域内呈现较高水平的拉应力,分布呈不对称的双峰特征;薄板的焊接变形具有马鞍形和反马鞍形两种形态,且变形程度受到薄板尺寸、旋转频率和焊接速度的影响.     

焊接顺序对T形接头残余应力和变形的影响

采用有限元热弹塑性分析方法对T形接头不同焊接顺序的残余应力和变形进行模拟.有限元模型中选用三维实体单元,分析了材料物性参数随温度的变化和对流、辐射散热的影响.运用单元生死技术模拟T形接头多道焊接过程,获得了不同焊接顺序T形接头焊接温度场和残余应力、变形场,并对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明,焊接顺序对T形接头的残余应力和...     

The characteristics of welding currents in a rotating arc lead tandem GMAW process and the weld-seam tracking

Tandem gas metal arc welding (T-GMAW) process shows a high deposition rate that up to three times of the single electrode GMAW,so the welding speed could be significantly increased in this process.However,the majority of this process applications are based on the pre-programmed robotic welding,which does not allow them to track the seam real-time during welding.Rotating arc sensor,sensing the seam position by detecting the changing of welding currents,has been widely adopted in the automatic robot welding process.It is proposed in this paper to integrate the rotating arc sensor with a trailing torch to develop a new approach of rotating arc lead tandem gas metal arc welding (RLT-GMAW) process.The characteristics of the welding currents in the proposed new welding process were firstly studied,and then a self-turning fuzzy control seam tracking strategy was developed for the mobile robot automatic welding.The experimental results showed that the proposed RLT-GMAW process had an excellent seam tracking performance and high welding deposition rate.Even if there were some electromagnetic interactions between the two arcs,the deviation of the welding seam could also be reflected by the fluctuation of the welding currents on the leading arc once the correct welding parameters were selected.Based on the detected deviation,the welding tracking experiments showed that the proposed self-turning fuzzy controller had a good performance for the RLT-GMA W process seam tracking.     

焊接应力变形原理若干问题的探讨(二)

提出焊接残余应力形成和消除原理:焊接残余应力不是压缩塑性应变引起的,而是由于焊缝和近缝区金属在"力学熔点"及以下温度冷却收缩受阻产生的;消除焊接残余应力不是产生拉伸塑性应变以减少、抵消和补偿压缩塑性应变,而是将残余弹性应变转变为塑性应变;消除焊接残余应力并不是必须去除固有应变,部分去除或完全不去除固有应变也能完全消除残余应力.提出随焊后热精确控制应力变形焊接法,既可实现无应力焊接和无应力无变形焊接,也可实现适当压应力无变形焊接和较大压应力微变形焊接;并对传统方法与有限元法进行了分析比较.     

Prediction of welding distortion during assembly process of thin plate structures

0IntroductionApplication of welding process in fabricating largestructures offers several advantages over mechanical joiningmethods such as improved structural performance,flexibil-ity of design,weight reduction and cost savings etc.Inship and automobile …     

Development of ultra-narrow gap welding with constrained arc by flux band

0 IntroductionThe merits of narrow gap welding (NGW) such ashigh productivity and quantity, minimal distortion, highcost-effectiveness, and all position capability are wellknown. The narrower the gap, the more significant the a-bove merits. Moreover, while an ultra-narrowgap welding(UNGW) process with less than 5 mm gap width is used,its some advantages are very useful for preventing thestress corrosion crack in austenitic steel piping, and forwelding some update steels. For example, in aus…     

A7N01铝合金焊接接头的补焊性能分析

以高速列车用A7N01铝合金原始焊接接头和一次补焊接头为研究对象,通过残余应力测试、拉伸试验、硬度试验、金相分析以及断裂韧度测试等手段对补焊前后焊接接头力学性能进行了研究,基于断裂力学理论对补焊前后焊接接头进行了力学性能测试和显微组织分析,依据试验结果对补焊前后构件临界失稳断裂长度进行计算,由金相分析结果假定补焊前后初始裂纹长度,利用Paris公式对含有初始缺陷的补焊前后焊接接头进行疲劳剩余寿命计算,计算结果说明尽管补焊工艺一定程度造成了材料性能损失,在存在裂纹的情况下依然是一种有效的提高构件承载能力的方法.