Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior in Dissimilar SAF 2205/API X52 Welded Pipes

The welding of a duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 DSS(UNS 31803) and high strength low alloy steel API X52 by shielded metal arc welding process was conducted using two different filler metals,the duplex E2209 and austenitic E309 grade.The microstructures of the dissimilar metal joints have been investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray diffraction.EDS analysis at the interface X52 weld metal showed an evident gradient variation of Cr and Ni between boundaries of fusion and type II,where the highest hardness value was recorded.Tensile strength and toughness values of the weld metal produced by E309 electrode are slightly higher than those of the weld metal produced by E2209 electrode.Potentiodynamic polarization tests of different regions of the welded joints evaluated in 3.5%NaCl solution exhibit a high corrosion resistance of both weld metals.     

Effect of Austenitic and Austeno-Ferritic Electrodes on 2205 Duplex and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welds

This study addresses the effect of different types of austenitic and austeno-ferritic electrodes (E309L, E309LMo and E2209) on the relationship between weldability, microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of shielded metal arc welded duplex/austenitic (2205/316L) stainless steel dissimilar joints using the combined techniques of optical, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer and electrochemical. The results indicated that the change in electrode composition led to microstructural variations in the welds with the development of different complex phases such as vermicular ferrite, lathy ferrite, widmanstatten and intragranular austenite. Mechanical properties of welded joints were diverged based on compositions and solidification modes; it was observed that ferritic mode solidified weld dominated property wise. However, the pitting corrosion resistance of all welds showed different behavior in chloride solution; moreover, weld with E2209 was superior, whereas E309L exhibited lower resistance. Higher degree of sensitization was observed in E2209 weld, while lesser in E309L weld. Optimum ferrite content was achieved in all welds.     

Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Dissimilar Austenitic/Super Duplex Stainless Steel Joint

To study the effect of chemical composition on microstructural features and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints between super duplex and austenitic stainless steels, welding was attempted by gas tungsten arc welding process with a super duplex (ER2594) and an austenitic (ER309LMo) stainless steel filler metal. While the austenitic weld metal had vermicular delta ferrite within austenitic matrix, super duplex stainless steel was mainly comprised of allotriomorphic grain boundary and Widmanstätten side plate austenite morphologies in the ferrite matrix. Also the heat-affected zone of austenitic base metal comprised of large austenite grains with little amounts of ferrite, whereas a coarse-grained ferritic region was observed in the heat-affected zone of super duplex base metal. Although both welded joints showed acceptable mechanical properties, the hardness and impact strength of the weld metal produced using super duplex filler metal were found to be better than that obtained by austenitic filler metal.     

Welding Heat Input Influence on UNS S82441 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistance Assessed by Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET)

The precipitation of the intermetallic phases can impair mechanical and corrosion properties. In the case of lean duplex stainless steels, they present solidification mode as primary ferrite, with austenite precipitation in the solid state, during cooling. This means the heat-affected zone balanced microstructure can be changed during the welding by the cooling rate, which is associated to the welding heat input, the thickness of the plate and the physical properties of the material. This work intends to present the influence of welding heat input on the corrosion resistance of UNS S82441 lean duplex stainless steel. The gas metal arc welding process was used to make the weld beads, using ER2209 as filler metal, which characterizes a dissimilar welded joint. The corrosion resistance of these specimens was analyzed through scanning vibrating electrode technique. It was observed that welding heat input variation distinctly influences corrosion in different zones of the weld beads over the specimen exposure time. The weld bead under intermediate welding heat input showed the highest corrosion rate and the one under the highest welding heat input, the lowest corrosion rate intensity.     

TMCP工艺对双相不锈钢2205厚板性能的影响

利用热轧机组轧制试验研究了热机械控制(TMCP)工艺及轧后辊道待温时间对双相不锈钢2205厚板综合性能的影响。结果表明,TMCP态与热轧退火态相比铁素体含量更高;抗拉强度和硬度提高较多;塑性、低温冲击韧性和耐点腐蚀性能相当。随着辊道待温时间的增加,铁素体含量不断减少,相界处锯齿状奥氏体增多并最终融合形成岛状奥氏体。同时材料的抗拉强度、硬度和冲击韧性先增大后减小,在150 s时达到最大;耐点腐蚀性能则逐渐下降。     

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of shielded metal arc-welded dissimilar joints comprising duplex stainless steel and low alloy steel

This work describes the results of an investigation on a dissimilar weld joint comprising a boiler-grade low alloy steel and duplex stainless steel (DSS). Welds produced by shielded metal arc-welding with two different electrodes (an austenitic and a duplex grade) were examined for their microstructural features and properties. The welds were found to have overmatching mechanical properties. Although the general corrosion resistance of the weld metals was good, their pitting resistance was found to be inferior when compared with the DSS base material.     

2205双相不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢的焊接

采用焊条电弧焊(SMAW),以E2209作填充材料对2205双相不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢异种金属焊接工艺进行研究,通过优化焊接工艺参数,获得了具有良好力学性能和合适双相比例的焊接接头.接头力学性能测试表明,拉伸试样断裂发生在强度相对较低的304母材侧;2205母材侧热影响区的显微硬度值高于焊缝和2205母材,而304...     

敏化处理对2209双相不锈钢堆焊层点蚀行为的影响

在850 ℃下,对2209双相不锈钢堆焊试样进行不同时间(15 min,30 min,1 h,2 h)的敏化处理. 通过浸泡试验和交流阻抗试验研究了敏化时间对2209双相不锈钢堆焊层耐点蚀性能的影响. 结果表明,对于不同时间敏化处理的试样,点蚀均起源于铁素体相;点蚀速率与敏化时间相关,敏化处理时间小于30 min时,堆焊层的点蚀失重不明显,当敏化时间大于30 min时,点蚀失重量明显上升. 阻抗谱结果显示容抗弧曲率半径随着敏化时间的增加呈不断减小的趋势,说明钝化膜的稳定性下降,耐点蚀性能下降,与浸泡试验的结果吻合.     

2205型双相不锈钢带极电渣堆焊材料的研制

研制出2205型双相不锈钢带极电渣堆焊材料,H2205焊带及其匹配焊剂SJ26B,解决了工程上采用2209型双相不锈钢带极堆焊材料熔敷金属铁素体含量很难达到40％的难题。采用该套材料进行带极电渣堆焊试验,结果表明：堆焊工艺性能极佳,冶金性能优异,熔敷金属力学性能、耐蚀性能优良,熔敷金属铁素体含量为40％-60％,满足工程实际需要。     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢组织及钝化膜特性的影响

用不同温度对2205双相不锈钢进行固溶处理,利用定量金相法及硬度法、电化学极化试验、电化学阻抗谱试验的方法研究固溶温度与2205双相不锈钢微观组织和钝化膜特性之间的关系。结果表明,当固溶温度为950 ℃时,有σ相存在,分布于铁素体/奥氏体晶界,当固溶温度为1000 ℃时,σ相消失,铁素体相比例随固溶温度的升高而升高,奥氏体相比例则呈相反规律;电化学试验和阻抗谱试验结果显示,材料在950 ℃时钝化膜稳定性和耐蚀性能最差,在1050 ℃时钝化膜稳定性和耐蚀性能最好。     

Corrosion resistance of the high‐strength filler metal NiCr20Fe14Mo11WN (alloy 50 PLUS)

The Nb‐free NiCr20Fe14Mo11WN alloy has been developed as a new filler metal which combines high strength and excellent corrosion resistance in wet environments at ambient temperatures. The alloy is characterized by exceptional resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, no sensitiveness to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking and shows high mechanical properties, e.g. 0.2 %‐yield strength. Because the alloy is practically free of stable nitride formers like niobium, titanium etc., no nitride formation during welding of super austenitic, duplex and super duplex steels is possible, which proves the alloy to be superior to alloy 625.     

Pitting corrosion behaviour of 2101 duplex stainless steel in chloride solutions

ABSTRACT

The corrosion behaviour of 2101 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in NaCl solution was studied and compared with that of 2205 DSS. The effects of chloride concentration and solution temperature on pitting corrosion behaviour were focused. The relative sensitivity to pitting corrosion of the constituent phases in both 2101 and 2205 DSSs was also explored. Pitting corrosion susceptibility was evaluated by conducting cyclic polarisation curve measurement. The corrosion morphology was examined by a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer. The experimental results showed that the pitting corrosion resistance of 2101 DSS was inferior to that of 2205 DSS by exhibiting a lower threshold chloride concentration and a lower critical pitting temperature. For both 2101 and 2205 DSSs, the ferrite phase was more susceptible than austenite phase to pitting corrosion.

This paper is part of a supplementary issue from the 17th Asia-Pacific Corrosion Control Conference (APCCC-17).     

热处理工艺对2205双相不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响

对2205双相不锈钢采用不同温度进行热处理,然后用光学显微镜和电子扫描电镜观察其在0.33mol/L FeCl3+0.05 mol/L HCl溶液中腐蚀后的形貌;测试其显微硬度的变化、在沸腾的65%的硝酸溶液中浸蚀24 h的腐蚀速率和在25℃的3.5%NaCl溶液中的点蚀电位。研究表明:2205双相不锈钢在750~900℃保温4h有σ相析出,材料的显微硬度增大。同时随着热处理温度的升高,2205双相不锈钢的点蚀电位降低,腐蚀速率增大。     

低H2S、高CO2分压条件下双相不锈钢应力腐蚀敏感性研究

目的针对IS15156标准中对双相不锈钢使用条件的限制,研究双相不锈钢2205在不同温度、不同低H_2S分压条件下的开裂敏感性。方法通过模拟我国西部酸性油田低H_2S、高CO_2工况环境,利用高温高压设备,进行了三点弯曲试验,结合失重法测试腐蚀速率,并使用SEM和EDS进行微观形貌观察和腐蚀产物分析。结果双相不锈钢2205的腐蚀速率较低,未超过0.014 mm/a,且硫化氢分压对腐蚀的影响较小,但发现了由氧化铝等夹杂导致的点蚀。双相不锈钢2205在低硫化氢分压的中温(100℃)区发生应力腐蚀开裂,同时发生了选择性腐蚀,铁素体相优先于奥氏体相腐蚀,其他温度条件下仅发现点蚀。硫化氢分压升高时,开裂敏感性有一定程度的降低。结论双相不锈钢2205在低硫化氢分压条件下的开裂类型为氢脆型应力腐蚀开裂。氧化物夹杂诱发点蚀,氢在应力集中区域聚集,发生氢脆。当硫化氢分压从6 k Pa增加到165 k Pa时,局部腐蚀敏感性的增加使氢脆得到缓解,开裂敏感性降低。双相不锈钢2205无法在低硫化氢的中温井口环境中使用,标准中以H_2S分压作为使用限制并不十分完善。     

Filler metal selection for welding a high nitrogen stainless steel

Cromanite is a high-strength austenitic stainless steel that contains approximately 19% chromium, 10% manganese, and 0.5% nitrogen. It can be welded successfully, but due to the high nitrogen content of the base metal, precautions have to be taken to ensure sound welds with the desired combination of properties. Although no matching filler metals are currently available, Cromanite can be welded using a range of commercially available stainless steel welding consumables. E307 stainless steel, the filler metal currently recommended for joining Cromanite, produces welds with mechanical properties that are generally inferior to those of the base metal. In wear applications, these lower strength welds would probably be acceptable, but in applications where full use is made of the high strength of Cromanite, welds with matching strength levels would be required. In this investigation, two welding consumables, ER2209 (a duplex austenitic-ferritic stainless steel) and 15CrMn (an austenitic-manganese hardfacing wire), were evaluated as substitutes for E307. When used to join Cromanite, 15CrMn produced welds displaying severe nitrogen-induced porosity, and this consumable is therefore not recommended. ER2209, however, outperformed E307, producing sound porosity-free welds with excellent mechanical properties, including high ductility and strength levels exceeding the minimum limits specified for Cromanite.     

硫酸盐还原菌作用下2205双相不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀开裂行为研究

采用动电位极化技术、慢应变速率拉伸实验(SSRT)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法研究了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)新陈代谢对2205双相不锈钢(DSS)在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为的影响。结果表明,与无菌溶液中相比,SRB的存在促进了2205DSS的阳极溶解过程,诱发了点蚀,为SCC萌生提供了裂纹源。2205DSS的SCC敏感性与SRB活性浓度呈正相关,在稳定生长期SRB活性浓度最大,此时2205DSS的SCC敏感性最大。2205DSS在含SRB的3.5%NaCl溶液中发生的SCC机理为阳极溶解和氢脆混合控制机制。SRB作用下,2205DSS中铁素体相表现为穿晶解理特征,奥氏体相表现为韧性撕裂的特征,铁素体相具有更高的SCC敏感性。     

2205双相不锈钢包埋粉末渗硼性能研究

目的 提高2205双相不锈钢的硬度和耐蚀性能.方法 2205双相不锈钢采用固体包埋粉末渗硼,于马沸炉中分别在830、860、890℃下保温5 h;在860℃下保温3、5、7 h,随炉冷却到室温.用金相显微镜、扫描电镜观察渗硼层的形貌和测定渗硼层的厚度,用维氏硬度计测定渗硼层的硬度,用纳米压痕仪测定渗硼层不同深度的硬度,用X射线衍射仪分析渗硼层的物相组成,评定渗硼层与基体的结合力,做不同介质下耐蚀性对比试验.结果 渗硼层与基体结合牢固,破坏等级评为一级,渗硼层主要由Fe2 B单相组成.在860℃下保温不同时间,渗硼层的厚度及硬度均随时间的增长而逐渐增大;在不同温度下保温5 h时,渗硼层的厚度及硬度随温度的升高而逐渐增大.渗硼后试样在质量分数都为10%的HCl和NaCl溶液中耐蚀性提高,在质量分数均为10%的H2 SO4、NaOH和HNO3溶液中耐蚀性变差.结论 固体粉末包埋法渗硼工艺改善了2205双相不锈钢的表面组织和性能,有效提高了其硬度及耐蚀性.     

Effect of the Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels

Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are biphasic austenitic-ferritic steels in which the best combination of mechanical and corrosion resistance properties is achieved for an almost equal volume fraction of the phases. In this work, the effect of secondary phases precipitation on the corrosion resistance of four DSS grades (2101, 2304, 2205 and 2507), after isothermal aging in the critical temperature range 750-900 °C, was studied. The corrosion resistance was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization tests in both 0.6 M NaCl solution (pH 7) and in an acid chlorinated solution (pH 3) at room temperature. Moreover, the critical pitting temperature was determined according to ASTM G150. The results showed that secondary phases precipitation mainly influenced the resistance to corrosion of the lean duplex grades.     

真空度对2205双相钢在热浓缩海水中点蚀行为的影响

目的研究真空度对2205双相不锈钢在海水淡化环境中耐点蚀性能的影响。方法在1.5倍人工浓缩海水中,采用循环阳极极化曲线与电化学阻抗谱等电化学方法,研究了2205双相不锈钢的点蚀和再钝化行为,并通过扫描电子显微镜对极化后试样的腐蚀形貌进行分析。结果测试了七种不同真空状态下2205双相不锈钢的循环阳极极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱,发现随着真空度的升高,试样的自腐蚀电位和点蚀电位均不断降低,分别约从-256 m V和605 m V下降到-485 m V和363 m V(均vs.SCE),点蚀倾向明显增大。同时,Nyquist曲线中的半圆弧逐渐变得扁平,Bode图中的相位角约从80°下降到77°,但是点蚀电位与再钝化电位之差逐渐升高。不同真空度下循环阳极极化后,试样表面的点蚀坑形貌不完全相同,蚀坑数量随着真空度的升高而明显减少,当真空度升高为0.72时,点蚀坑尺寸明显减小。结论随着真空度的逐渐升高,不锈钢钝化膜的致密性和保护性降低,电化学阻抗值逐渐减小,耐点蚀性能变差,但是再钝化性能却有所增强。循环阳极极化后试样的腐蚀程度减小。     

Corrosion resistance properties of glow-discharge nitrided AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel in NaCl solutions

Glow-discharge nitriding treatments can modify the hardness and the corrosion resistance properties of austenitic stainless steels. The modified layer characteristics mainly depend on the treatment temperature. In the present paper the results relative to glow-discharge nitriding treatments carried out on AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel samples at temperatures ranging from 673 to 773 K are reported. Treated and untreated samples were characterized by means of microstructural and morphological analysis, surface microhardness measurements and corrosion tests in NaCl solutions. The electrochemical characterization was carried out by means of linear polarizations, free corrosion potential-time curves and prolonged crevice corrosion tests. Nitriding treatments performed at higher temperatures (>723 K) can largely increase the surface hardness of AISI 316L stainless steel samples, but decrease the corrosion resistance properties due to the CrN precipitation. Nevertheless nitriding treatments performed at lower temperatures (?723 K) avoid a large CrN precipitation and allow to produce modified layers essentially composed by a nitrogen super-saturated austenitic metastable phase (S-phase) that shows high hardness and very high pitting and crevice corrosion resistance; at the same polarization potentials the anodic current density values are reduced up to three orders of magnitude in comparison with untreated samples and no crevice corrosion event can be detected after 60 days of immersion in 10% NaCl solution at 328 K.