真空高能电子束瞬态数据采集及预处理

高能电子束的空间功率密度分布及焦斑形态是表征电子束品质的重要因素.在分析高能电子束流特点的基础上,提出电子束功率密度的检测思路及检测装置,基于电子束偏转扫描信号和采集信号的特点及关系提出电子束采集系统结构,运用PCI-1714采集卡解决采样信号的高频、高速数据传输及共享外部时钟源的数据采集触发方式,重点阐述了串口通信、采集数据流程及采集数据的分割预处理方法等.结果表明,该系统结构能够有效采集高能瞬态束流原始信号,为束流空间数据处理和分析提供方法.     

Determination of temperature in the penetration channel in electron beam welding

The method of experimental evaluation of the temperature in the penetration channel in electron beam welding is described. The method is based on measuring the concentration of vapours above the zone of interaction of the electron beam with the metal by chemical analysis of a metal layer sprayed on a substrate. The experimental values of temperature are compared with the results of calculations carried out using the model based on the examination of the equilibrium of an element of the wall of the penetration channel.     

Predicting electron beam welding conditions in the manufacture of multi-seam structures

The problem of producing multi-seam components by electron beam welding is investigated. It is shown that if the variation of temperature after welding the first joints is not taken into account and subsequent welded joints are produced in the same conditions, the depth of penetration increases. This has been confirmed by experimental results. To ensure the same depth of penetration in producing several welded joints in the same component, the second and subsequent welded joints should be produced in the corrected conditions after equalizing the temperature throughout the entire volume of the component. A method is proposed for calculating the electron beam welding conditions of consecutively produced welded joints and the holding time of the component to ensure equalization of temperature.     

Modelling and simulation of electron beam melting

In recent years, the scientific and industrial relevance of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) has grown. In the metal area of ALM, the capacity of laser technologies is noticeably limited. This is mainly due to an inertial beam deflection device, which is also referred to as a mirror galvanometer. In contrast, the electron beam technology offers high power density as well as considerable scanning rates. Therefore, electron beam melting (EBM) seems to be suitable for processing a broad variety of alloys in an economic way. In particular, the enormous scanning rates which can be realized by use of an electron beam enable an economic manufacture of high quality parts. However, profound expertise is required in order to establish EBM as an industrial production technology. By means of mathematical–physical modelling, process stability of the melting step is being increased. Moreover, by solving a detailed thermal model using the finite element method (FEM), substantial knowledge of adequate parameter settings in dependence of the utilised material is developed. Finally, a process window as a function of scan speed and beam power is developed based on experimental results.     

高温合金电子束焊接温度场数值模拟

根据熔池边界准则应用有限元方法对高温合金电子束焊接温度场进行了数值模拟.通过线性插值、等效代换等方式估计材料高温参数,模拟材料状态变化.针对电子束焊接特有的钉头状焊缝及其穿透深度大的特点,采用高斯面热源与柱体热源组成的组合热源模型,对焊接温度场进行分析,模拟结果与实际焊缝取得了良好的一致.获得了一定工艺条件下高温合金电子束焊接温度场的分布特征及焊接过程热循环曲线,为优化电子束焊接工艺和电子束焊接残余应力研究提供了参考.     

Conformation and oxidation transformations in cis-polyacetylene films irradiated by an electron beam

The effect of an electron beam irradiation on cis—trans isomerization and oxidation in polyacetylene films is studied by IR spectroscopy. It is found that the irradiation treatment of the films results in the stabilization of the initial cis-conformation of polyacetylene and the decrease of the oxidation destruction of polymer chains. The effect of the conformation stabilization is most clearly seen in a long-duration storage of irradiated films under inert atmosphere at low temperatures. This effect is significantly less pronounced at high temperatures. The increase of the conformational stability of the irradiated polyacetylene films is supposed to be caused by the formation of transverse crosslinkages between the chains under irradiation.     

电子束变焦——临界温度极值焦点测量法

针对电子束焦点难以直接测量的问题,提出一种利用电子束流与金属粉末相互作用产生的熔池温度极值效应测量电子束流焦点的方法.文中分析讨论了电子束流焦点位置的影响因素,通过试验研究了电子束加热过程中粉末熔池温度与聚焦电流的函数规律,发现温度—聚焦电流关系函数的极大值即为聚焦电子束能量密度分布状态的临界转变点.基于扫描电子束粉末烧结过程的这种临界温度特性,提出了一种测量电子束加工过程动态焦点的方法,即变焦-临界温度极值检测的焦点测量法.结果表明,这种方法可以实现电子束焦点位置的快速、高效地检测与定位控制.     

Influence of local heat treatment on residual stresses in electron beam welding

Abstract

Electron beam welding (EBW), as a high performance welding method, is also subject to requirements of high integrity welds which particularly include residual stresses affecting distortion and fatigue behaviour. In this context multiple beam technique may provide new applications of specific thermal weld treatment. The present work introduces a promising method of local post-heating in a certain distance to the current welding location applying multiple beams for the reduction in residual stresses in EB welded sheet metals. The conducted investigations include finite element analysis (FEA) and stress measurements in the weld seam area. Using a systematic approach within the FEA decisive process parameters are optimised with reference to the achievable reduction in residual stress. All simulation results are validated by experiments applying strain gauges for the stress measurement. Both simulations and experiments revealed a considerable decrease in residual stress achievable by appropriate positioning of additional heat sources combined with the right power input and beam focusing.     

扫描轨迹可控的电子束钎焊

提出一种电子束扫描轨迹和扫描方式控制方法，采用二维曲线来描述电子束扫描轨迹，根据实际焊缝的形状、扫描区域的尺寸、扫描方式等建立曲线方程，并对其进行离散化处理，然后经D／A转换产生所需的模拟信号，该信号经放大后输入给偏转线圈驱动电子束按设定的扫描轨迹和扫描方式运动。不仅扫描轨迹可根据实际焊接的需要任意编辑，而且扫描方式也可任意设定，如连续或断续扫描、点、线、区域扫描等，使电子束成为可控移动热源，并将该方法成功地应用于电子束钎焊中。     

深潜器用Ti80电子束焊接接头精细组织结构特征

进行了Ti80大厚板电子束焊接试验,实现了56 mmTi80无缺陷焊接.分析焊缝和热影响区精细组织,结果表明,焊缝上部为柱状晶粒,下部为柱状晶和等轴晶,晶粒内组织为马氏体α相和残余β相.焊缝由上至下高温停留时间逐渐减小、冷却速度逐渐加快,马氏体α相呈长大趋势.热影响区分为靠近焊缝区的Ⅰ区和靠近母材的Ⅱ区.热影响Ⅰ区组织为马氏体α相、初生α相和β相;Ⅱ区组织为初生α相、次生α相和转变β组织.Ⅰ区由于受热影响作用大,其组织更接近于焊缝;Ⅱ区组织则更接近于母材组织.     

Fabrication of reinforcing nanostructured coatings by electron beam processing

In this work, electron beam welding by electron accelerator of tungsten and chromium carbides and subsequent pulse processing by low-energy electrons has been applied for fabrication of nano- and ultradisperse grain structures penetrated by the system of nanosized pores. It has been demonstrated that, in the region of secondary pulse exposure, the nanohardness and elasticity modulus achieve high values. The wear resistance of the modified structure depends on the value of the specific load in the vicinity of contact with indentor.     

电子束预热底板表面温度的测量及数值模拟

针对电子束选区熔化成形技术中存在的真空辐射环境及表面不允许破坏的情况,提出热电偶测温和数值模拟相结合测温的方法对经电子束预热处理的底板表面温度进行测量.热电偶测温为数值模拟中电子束热效率、电子束作用深度和底板厚度三个因素的水平进行优化,从而得到合理的数值模拟程序,并利用该数值模拟程序和优化的因素水平对底板表面温度进行合理的预报.结果表明,采用数值模拟及热电偶底面测温相结合可以得到精确度较高的表面温度,底板表面温度达到钛合金粉末烧结温度800℃时的电子束预热时间为1 600 s.     

Crack formation and control upon the electron beam welding of TiAl-based alloys

Electron beam welding experiments on 2.5-mm-thick as-forged Ti–43Al–9V–0.3Y intermetallic plates were carried out. Cold cracking occurred in the direct electron beam welding joints because of the brittleness of the microstructure and the residual stress. A crack-free electron beam welding joint was obtained by a new composite control method. This process can prolong the high temperature stage to promote the phase transformation and to give the expected microstructure of the joint. The microstructures and tensile strengths of the joints were examined by TEM, X-ray diffraction, electron back scattering diffraction and universal test machine. The weld obtained by the composite control method was characterized by an analysis of the combined phase structure of the γ_m grain and the γ/α₂ colony microstructure. The tensile strength of the joint that was obtained by the composite control method was found to be 411.3 MPa, which is 20% higher than the direct welding joint.     

不锈钢管板接头电子束钎焊

应用自主开发的基于虚拟仪器的电子束钎焊系统，成功实现了不锈钢毛细管板接头的电子束钎焊。研究了电子束束流、加热时间、聚焦电流和扫描幅值等电子束钎焊工艺参数对钎焊接头质量的影响规律。试验结果表明，随着电子束输入功率密度的增加，钎角高度和BNi-2钎料向毛细管壁的扩散深度都逐渐增大。在优化的电子束钎焊规范下，不锈钢管板接头钎透率100％，毛细管无溶蚀产生。通过电子探针显微分析仪研究了电子束钎焊接头中各相的化学组成，钎焊接头主要由硼化镍相、硼化镍和硅化镍相、硼化铬相以及镍的固溶体组成。     

Effect of welding parameters on Al/Ti joint property in electron beam welding-brazing

The electron beam welding-brazing being used to join 5A06 Al alloy to TC4 Ti alloy decreases the formation of brittle intermetallic compound. Experiments were carried out to study the influence of electron beam welding parameters on the tensile strength of welds, based on an orthogonal test and analysis method. The welding parameters include beam current, welding speed, scanning figure, scanning frequency, figure size, beam offset and focus current. The optimum parameters for 3 mm 5A06 Al alloy and 2 mm TC4 alloy were as follows: acceleration voltage was 60 kV, beam current was 11 mA, welding speed was 600 mm/min, focus current was 0 mA, scan figure was ○, scanning frequency was 1 000 Hz and beam offset was 0.5 mm. The results show that the joints were with good appearance and quality welded by the optimum parameters. The successful joints could be gained and the maximum tensile strength of Al/Ti dissimilar alloy joints could be up to 222.61 MPa using electron beam welding-brazing.     

Surface finishing of stainless steels for orthopedic surgical tools by large-area electron beam irradiation

Surgical tools and jigs are initially machined by multi-axis milling. Then surface finishing is carried out mainly by hand lapping. As these tools undergo repeated use, the removal of burrs, scratches and rust from the surfaces is also performed manually after each operation. These finishing processes are time-consuming and costly. In this study, a new finishing method by large-area electron beam irradiation is proposed. Electron beam (EB) with high energy density can be obtained without focusing the beam, and large-area EB can be used for instantly melting or evaporating the metal surface. Stainless steel for surgical tools and jigs was treated by the large-area EB irradiation method. The experimental results show that highly efficient surface smoothing of stainless steels by large-area EB irradiation may be achieved. In addition, the resistance to corrosion and blood repellency can be improved simultaneously with surface smoothing.     

电子束表面合金化研究进展

阐述了电子束表面合金化的基本原理及国内外电子束合金化设备的应用和发展.介绍了强流脉冲电子束表面合金化做为一种新型表面合金化方法在研究领域的应用,并综述了近年来电子束表面合金化研究的发展动态,简述了国内外相关领域的主要研究成果及取得的进展.对电子束表面合金化技术做出了展望,指出合金层的定量控制,电子束与表层金属间的热力耦...     

丝束位向关系对电子束填丝堆焊焊缝成形的影响

对5种不同丝束空间位向关系下的焊接稳定性及焊缝成形特点进行了研究.结果表明,丝束空间位向关系通过影响焊接过程热量分配及焊丝熔化过渡特性,进而影响焊缝成形.自熔焊、丝束分离及丝束部分相交时,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形良好,而丝遮挡束与非接触过渡条件下焊接过程不稳定,焊缝成形较差.熔深从大到小规律为自熔焊,丝束分离,丝束部分相交,丝遮挡束,非接触过渡丝束关系;除非接触过渡下的熔宽最小之外,其它关系下熔宽相当;余高从高到低规律为非接触过渡丝束关系,丝遮挡束,丝束分离,丝束部分相交,自熔焊.     

镍基高温合金电子束焊接接头疲劳性能

对GH4169高温合金板材电子束焊接试样进行了金相分析和高、低周疲劳试验,分析GH4169合金的高、低周疲劳性能及疲劳断口形貌.结果表明,GH4169合金电子束焊接接头焊缝区的特点是树枝晶比较明显,为比较发达的树枝晶和明显的二次枝晶.在较高放大倍数下发现,母材和热影响区也为树枝晶结构.接头低周疲劳性能不低于母材,随应变幅降低,相同应变幅下焊接接头疲劳寿命变得略高于母材.接头高周中值疲劳强度比母材高约80 MPa.     

AZ61镁合金真空电子束焊接温度场数值模拟

对板厚10 mm AZ61镁合金板材进行了真空电子束焊接数值模拟研究.利用有限元模型以及三维移动双椭球热源模型,采用数值模拟的方法研究了电子束流与焊接过程温度场及焊缝熔深之间的关系.结果表明,建立的模型能够获得电子束深熔型焊接的效果,模拟焊缝成形及焊缝区、热影响区温度场分布与试验焊缝成形及实际电子束焊接特点较为一致,这也证明了该模型在AZ61镁合金电子束平板对焊有限元模拟中有较好的适用性.