Mechanical clinching of ultra-high strength steel sheets and strength of joints

Ultra-high strength steel sheets having low ductility were joined by mechanical clinching with dies for control of metal flow. The diameter and depth of the die were modified to relieve concentration of deformation of the sheets for avoidance of the occurrence of sheet fracture. As the tensile strength of the steel sheets increased, the interlock decreased due to small metal flow. Two kinds of the ultra-high strength steel sheets having different ductility were used. The ultra-high strength steel sheets having large ductility were successfully joined using die having modified shape, whereas the sheets having small ductility were not joined. The static and fatigue strengths of the mechanically clinched joint were compared with those of the resistance spot welded joint. Although the static load of the mechanically clinched joint was smaller than that of the resistance spot welded joint in both tension-shearing and cross-tension tests, the fatigue load of the clinched joint was larger in the large number of cycles. It was found that mechanical clinching has superior fatigue strength due to the large yield stress of the sheets and relaxation of the stress concentration.     

Slight clearance punching of ultra-high strength steel sheets using punch having small round edge

A slight clearance punching process of ultra-high strength steel sheets using a punch having a small round edge was developed to improve the quality of the sheared edge. No crack from the edge of the punch was generated by relaxing concentration of deformation with the punch having a small round edge, and the fracture was delayed. A small edge radius of 0.13 mm was effective for improving the quality of the sheared edge of ultra-high strength steel sheets, the increase in shiny burnished surface. The delayed fracture was prevented by the increase in compressive residual stress for the punch having the small round edge. For 1000 strike punching of an ultra-high strength steel sheet having a tensile strength of 1200 MPa, a sheared edge of high quality was produced with a TiAlN-coated punch having the small round edge. In addition, the chipping of the punch edge was prevented even for a slight clearance by the small round edge. It was found that both small round edge and slight clearance are indispensable for high quality punching of ultra-high strength steel sheets having low ductility.     

The influence of output current on the tensile strength of laser-welded titanium joints

The objective of this study was to examine the influences of the laser output current on the tensile strength of laser-welded titanium bar. Titanium bars of 3 mm in diameter were perpendicularly cut to 30 mm in length for the laser welding. Two bars were fixed to each other with a jig and welded vertically with the light of a laser beam. The tensile strengths of laser-welded titanium joints increased until the output reached 250 A, but decreased as the output current exceeded 250 A. The tensile strengths were significantly lower than that of non-welded parent metal.     

Study on static and fatigue strength of structural adhesive-bonded joints of steel sheets for automotive application

The static and fatigue strength of crush durable structural adhesive-bonded lap joints of steel sheets for automobiles was evaluated by tensile shear tests. The steel sheets used in this study were uncoated and galvannealed (GA) with tensile strength ranging from 270 MPa-grade to 980 MPa-grade and the thickness ranging from 0.7 to 1.8 mm. Also, the effects of the adhesive types were evaluated. The results are as follows: In the static tensile shear tests, when the steel sheets deformed during the tensile test, the tensile shear strength increased with the increase in the base metal properties, such as the yield strength and thickness; however, when the base metal properties were sufficiently high not to undergo plastic deformation, the tensile shear strength exhibited a constant value. On the other hand, the effect of base metal properties on the fatigue joint strength was relatively small. The static joint strength of the GA steel joints was slightly lower than that of the uncoated steel sheets; however, the fatigue strength of the GA steel joints was higher than that of the uncoated steel sheets. The coating failure of the GA was affected by the type of adhesive, base metal properties and type of test. Choosing the proper adhesive can reduce the failure of the GA coating, and the high strength steel showed fewer coating failures than the mild steel.     

Fatigue strength of laser‐welded lap joints

Summary

Series 6XXX and 7XXX aluminium alloys are considered to be of medium and high strength and are widely used in different industries, such as the aeronautical and automotive. However, their application as structural materials depends on the proper development of their joining processes. The present article describes the results obtained from evaluating the microstructure, using both optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as the mechanical properties (hardness variations) of welds performed on the alloys with two different arc welding techniques: GTAW (TIG) and GMAW (MIG). For the latter, filler metal with Al-5Mg composition and A5.10-92 AWS denomination (AA5356) was used.     

Shear strength of CMT brazed lap joints between aluminum and zinc-coated steel

Higher shear strength and fusion line failure were measured in CMT brazed lap joint of aluminum alloy 6061 and zinc coated steels with high strength (DP600) or thick plate (1.2 mm). Lower shear strength and interface failure were observed only if aluminum was brazed with low strength (270 MPa) and thin steel sheet (0.7 mm). A numerical model was developed for the prediction of shear strength and failure modes of the CMT lap joints. The maximum principle stress and deformation energy at the interface layer of the CMT joints were adopted as failure criteria for interface failure prediction. The equivalent plastic strain in the weld metal, HAZ and base metal of aluminum side of the CMT brazed joints was used as a criterion for failure prediction occurred on the fusion line. The shear strength of CMT joints and the two failure modes can be accurately estimated by the developed numerical model.     

Fatigue strength of welded joints in austenitic Cr-Ni steels

Abstract

High quality corrosion resistant Cr-Ni steels are used in many branches of industry. Constructors are faced with the problem of correctly dimensioning statically and dynamically loaded parts, but have little data available for dynamically loaded welded constructions of high alloy austenitic steels. To close this gap fatigue strength tests were carried out on three different steels and five different welded joints.     

X65管线钢对接接头的疲劳性能

试验表明 ,焊接结构的疲劳裂纹主要起源于接头焊趾处 ,因此合理地处理焊接接头焊趾可改善其疲劳性能。超声冲击处理是一种通过改变焊趾区几何形状、消除焊趾缺陷以及调整焊趾区残余应力场来改善焊接接头及结构疲劳强度的有效方法。利用自行研制的超声冲击装置对X6 5钢焊接对接管接头实施了处理 ,然后进行了焊态、超声冲击处理态及母材的疲劳对比试验。结果表明 ,X6 5钢焊接对接管接头焊态疲劳强度△σ(2× 10 6)为 2 19MPa ;母材的疲劳强度△σ(2× 10 6)为 338MPa;超声冲击处理后接头的疲劳强度△σ(2× 10 6)为 30 2MPa。     

Cr-Mo-V系高强度钢的疲劳断裂行为

采用旋转弯曲疲劳和疲劳裂纹扩展实验研究一种新型Cr-Mo-V系高强度钢在不同回火温度下的疲劳破坏行为.结果表明,Cr-Mo-V系高强度钢的旋转弯曲疲劳极限σ-1与抗拉强度Rm的比值σ-1/Rm随回火温度的升高而增加.在相同的强度水平下,实验钢的疲劳极限高于商业42CrMo钢.对疲劳断口裂纹源的分析表明,实验钢的疲劳裂纹主要起源于钢中的非金属夹杂物.采用C-T试样测定疲劳裂纹扩展速率的实验结果表明,Cr-Mo-V系高强度钢疲劳裂纹扩展第二阶段的扩展速率随回火温度升高而有所降低.在1500 MPa强度水平下,实验钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于42CrMo钢.     

双相不锈钢焊接接头疲劳强度

试验对SAF2205双相不锈钢纵向角接板焊接接头的疲劳强度进行了研究，用有限元计算热点应力集中系数，分别得出了名义应力和热点应力疲劳S-N曲线；用国际焊接学会推荐的方法进行统计处理，并和相同接头形式结构钢的疲劳强度进行了比较。试验表明，双相不锈钢纵向角接板焊接接头名义应力疲劳强度试验结果为FAT136，热点应力疲劳强度试验结果为FAT163，高于相同接头形式结构钢的疲劳级别；双相不锈钢的静载强度级别对其疲劳强度设计级别没有明显的影响。     

Delayed fracture in cold blanking of ultra-high strength steel sheets

Hydrogen-induced delayed fracture at cold-blanked edges of 1–1.5 GPa ultra-high strength steel sheets was investigated. The blanked edges undergo large shear deformation and tensile residual stress, and thus the risk of delayed fracture is high, especially for the 1.5 GPa sheet. The effects of residual stress, surface quality and hardness of the sheared edge on the occurrence of delayed cracking were examined. Delayed cracking was caused by press blanking, whereas no cracking occurred for laser blanking because of compressive residual stress. For the 1.5 GPa sheet, delayed cracking was prevented by heating above 250 °C and a stain above 0.005.     

Failure of high strength steel sheets: Experiments and modelling

Failure in sheet metal structures of ductile material is usually caused by one of, or a combination of, ductile fracture, shear fracture or localised instability. In this paper the failure of the high strength steel Docol 600DP and the ultra high strength steel Docol 1200M is explored. The constitutive model used in this study includes plastic anisotropy and mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening. For modelling of the ductile and shear fracture the models presented by Cockroft–Latham and Bressan–Williams have been used. The instability phenomenon is described by the constitutive law and the finite element (FE) models. For calibration of the failure models and validation of the results, an extensive experimental series has been conducted including shear tests, plane strain tests and Nakajima tests. The geometries of the Nakajima tests have been chosen so that the first quadrant of the forming limit diagram (FLD) were covered. The results are presented both in an FLD and using prediction of force–displacement response of the Nakajima test employing element erosion during the FE simulations. The classical approach for failure prediction is to compare the principal plastic strains obtained from FE simulations with experimental determined forming limit curves (FLCs). It is well known that the experimental FLC requires proportional strains to be useful. In this work failure criteria, both of the instability and fracture, are proposed which can be used also for non-proportional strain paths.     

Dynamic characteristics of adhesive bonded high strength steel joints

Abstract

With an increase in the use of advanced high strength steels in vehicle architectures, materials joining issues have become increasingly important. Among the various joining methods, adhesive bonding is increasingly used in automobile manufacturing. Successful implementation of adhesive bonding to improve structural crashworthiness and reduce vehicle weight requires the knowledge of issues related not only to processing but also to joint performance. In this study, the impact strength of adhesive bonded high strength steel joints is evaluated with the split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) technique. The influences of loading speed and thickness of the steels on the shear strength of the joints were examined. Comparative quasi-static lap shear tests were also conducted on a tensile testing machine. Test results showed that strength and energy absorption of bonded steel joints increase with loading speed, and is greatly affected by the thickness of the steels. As the loading rates are increased to 1100 s^–1 (i.e. 20 m s^–1), bonded 0·75 mm thick DP600 steel shows a 152% increase in strength and an 83% increase in energy absorption when compared to its quasi-static values. Examination of the impact tested specimens showed the failure mode changes from coarse cohesive mode to fine cohesive mode with increasing loading speed. The results from this study will provide the information for a better understanding of impact failure mechanisms of adhesive bonded high strength steels.