Analysis of martensite transformation behaviour in welded joint using low transformation temperature welding wire

Abstract

Low transformation temperature welding (LTTW) wire has been found to improve the fatigue strength in welded joints. In the present study, the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties in a dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite was estimated using the properties of full austenite and full martensite in numerical analyses. A welding method effective for residual stress reduction and fatigue strength improvement was shown by applying a calculation method under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity in high strength steel welded joints. With this method, the influence of the welding pass sequence on the residual stress distribution and fatigue strength was examined in a boxing fillet welded joint using LTTW. The transformation tensile residual stress in the weld toe was decreased by sectioned welding, and the fatigue limit by sectioned welding with LTTW improved in comparison with the fatigue limit of a joint welded with conventional wire in the same process.     

用球滚接触疲劳法评定硬质薄膜的结合强度

采用滚动接触疲劳法对气相沉积硬质薄膜的结合强度进行了研究。结果表明,反映膜基结合强度的力学参量为界面最大剪应力幅。采用数值计算的方法,可以定量得到膜基界面处的应力分布。     

8Cr4Mo4V材料钢球滚动接触疲劳试验研究

为了评价当前工艺水平航空主轴承用8Cr4Mo4V材料钢球滚动接触疲劳性能,以9.525 mm直径的8Cr4Mo4V材料钢球为研究载体,采用五球疲劳试验机开展不同应力水平下接触疲劳试验,对试验失效钢球通过失效模式与失效断口演变形式分析,确定试验数据有效性,同时提出简单程序数据处理方法对试验数据进行分析,获得不同失效概率下的钢球疲劳寿命并形成P-N疲劳曲线。结果表明:当前工艺水平航空主轴承用8Cr4Mo4V材料钢球滚动接触疲劳寿命是国外1992年试验国外材料钢球疲劳寿命的3倍以上;通过对9.525 mm直径8Cr4Mo4V材料钢球疲劳试验数据分析,求解出应力寿命函数的待定系数,可预测出不同应力水平下的接触疲劳寿命。     

Fatigue properties of longitudinal attachments welded using low transformation temperature filler

Abstract

In welded structures, fatigue properties are normally considered to be independent of mean stress owing to the presence of tensile residual stresses with a magnitude close to yield level. Introduction of compressive residual stresses by use of low transformation temperature welding consumables has been reported in the literature to have a positive influence on the fatigue strength. In this investigation new low transformation temperature welding consumables have been evaluated with respect to static strength, impact toughness, residual stresses and fatigue properties. Welds were produced in the base material Domex 700 MC, an extra high strength cold forming steel with minimum yield strength of 700 MPa. The improvement of fatigue strength was found to be 25 - 90% at 2 × 10⁶ cycles.     

Estimation of early fatigue damage in heat treated En-8 grade steel

Generally, the failure of major machinery parts is due to fatigue damage. Because of the structural inhomogeneity of metals, fatigue damage may sometimes occur significantly below the yield strength of the material due to microplastic deformation at low stress levels. Commercial En-8 grade steel (widely used for making secondary metalworking products) was used to estimate the fatigue damage response during cyclic loading nearer to the fatigue endurance limit. Estimation of fatigue damage was carried out with the aid of a nondestructive testing (NDT) method, that is, Elastosonic measurement of fatigue damping coefficient and slope of fatigue damping curves. Results indicate that fatigue damage increases in annealed En-8 steel with an increase in peak stress and with an increase in the number of cycles. However, for hardened and tempered En-8 steel, experimental results may not provide a true indication of fatigue damage during fatigue loading nearer to the endurance limit, most likely due to the more homogeneous structure. Generally, fatigue failure occurs in this grade of steel due to microcrack generation in the cementite of the pearlite phase of annealed steel.     

表面合金镀层提高钢齿轮抗点蚀性能的研究

以齿轮为研究对象,以常用的辊子模拟方法,在４５钢制辊子表面分别刷镀镍磷和镍钴合金层,与未刷镀的４５钢试件和４０Ｃｒ钢调质试件一起,进行接触疲劳强度对比试验,共试验试件４０对。结果表明,表面合金镀层能较显著地提高４５钢齿接触表面的疲劳寿命,与４０Ｃｒ钢调质试件相当,可作为４０Ｃｒ钢的代用材料,还分析了合金镀层的组织结构和性能。     

Effect of welding process on fatigue crack growth behaviour of ASTM 517 ‘F’ grade steel weld metals

Abstract

The fatigue crack growth behaviours of two weld metals deposited by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and flux cored arc welding (FCAW) processes have been compared. Load carrying cruciform joints, with a lack of penetration (LOP) defect, were fabricated from high strength, quenched and tempered steel of ASTM 517 ‘F’ grade. Fatigue crack growth experiments were carried out in a vertical pulsator (Schenck 200 kN capacity) with a frequency of 30 Hz under constant amplitude loading (stress ratio R = 0). It was found that the fatigue crack growth resistance of the weld metal deposited by the SMAW process is superior, compared to the weld metal deposited by the FCAW process. The high heat input involved in the FCAW process probably contributes to the changes in weld metal properties, which result in a change in fatigue crack growth behaviour.     

Mechanical and fatigue behaviour of laser and resistance spot welds in advanced high strength steels

Abstract

A study was carried out on laser and resistance spot welds in overlapped sheets of dual phase advanced high strength steel (DP780) and deep drawing steel (DC04) of 2˙0 mm in thickness. The aim of the study was to investigate the fatigue performance of these joints under tensile shear loading as well as the monotonic performance for applications in the automotive industry. The mechanical properties, failure behaviour and fatigue life analyses of spot welds in similar and dissimilar joints were investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The structural stress concept was used to describe the fatigue lives of spot welded specimens. The results revealed different failure types with different fatigue behaviours for laser and resistance spot welds under the application of cyclic loads at 'high load' and 'low load' levels.     

Effect of surface rolling on fatigue behavior of a pearlitic ductile cast iron

Surface rolling is a mechanical treatment usually used in parts fabricated with steel and ductile cast iron, specifically in stress concentration regions, to improve fatigue properties. This process hardens and introduces compressive residual stresses to the surface of the material through the application of controlled strains, thus provoking a reduction of resulting tensile stress at its surface under cyclic loading. This work deals with the effect of surface rolling on high cycle fatigue behavior of a pearlitic ductile cast iron used in crankshafts by the automotive industry. Rotating bending fatigue tests were performed in both smooth and notched specimens, the latter either with or without a surface rolling treatment. Compressive residual stresses and heavy plastic deformation imposed on the surface grains due to cold work made difficult the nucleation and propagation of the crack at the rolled surface of the notch. As a consequence, surface-rolled notch testpieces presented a higher endurance limit (478 MPa) than both smooth (299 MPa) and notched (166 MPa) testpieces did. The surface rolling apparatus developed for this work proved to be very efficient and simple, providing good control of parameters involved in the process (i.e., rolling load, frequency, and number of revolutions).     

GCr15轴承钢接触疲劳次表面裂纹的跟踪观察SCIEI

本文在对轴承钢接触疲劳剥落过程进行连续追踪观测的基础上,推导了次表面裂纹扩展的估算公式。理论分析和试验结果表明,接触疲劳寿命与次表面裂纹扩展角之间存在着明显的对应关系。并对残余压应力和残余奥氏体可以提高接触疲劳寿命的原因提出了新的解释。     

Economy in Metal Finishing

The effect of chromium and of nickel plating on the fatigue strength of steel was investigated. In the work on chromium a variety of steels of different compositions and ultimate tensile strengths was plated and, for unbaked deposits, a linear relationship between the percentage change in fatigue strength on chromium plating and the fatigue limit of the steel substrate was established. It is thus possible to predict the percentage change in fatigue strength for deposits of known internal stress from a knowledge of the fatigue limit, the ultimate tensile strength, or hardness of the steel, irrespective of its composition and a simple formula has been derived for this purpose.

The mode of failure of chromium plated components under alternating stress is discussed and there is evidence to suggest that for steels of low strengths (less than approximately 18 tons/in.² fatigue limit) failure initiates in the steel at the interface. With steels exceeding this strength the chromium fails first when the applied stress plus the internal stress of the deposit reaches the inherent fatigue limit of the chromium (20–22 tons/in.²). Propagation of the crack into the steel and consequent failure of the component does not appear to occur, however, until the stress concentration at the root of the crack approaches the fatigue limit of the substrate.

The effect of nickel deposits from two dull and three bright baths was studied and there is evidence to suggest that, apart from the effect of thickness, the broad conclusions arrived at in connection with chromium deposits apply for nickel.     

Effects of intermixing process on bonding strength of IBED CrN coatings

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电刷镀Fe-Re对20CrMnTi钢疲劳性能的影响

通过20CrMnTi钢经电刷镀Fe-Re、电刷镀Fe和离子硫碳氮共渗处理的对比试验,分析了其疲劳前后的硬度变化、疲劳断口形貌、疲劳源的位置和过渡层的强度等问题.结果表明,20CrMnTi钢经Fe-Re电刷镀可显著提高弯曲疲劳强度,比电刷镀Fe和离子硫碳氮共渗分别提高了9.9%和21.9%,增加了刷镀层的厚度,提高了过渡层强度,并使疲劳源位置向心部推移,从而有效地增强了20CrMnTi钢的疲劳强度和超负荷持久性.     

Rolling contact fatigue of post-treated WC–NiCrBSi thermal spray coatings

The aim of this experimental study was to comprehend the relative rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure modes of functional graded WC–NiCrBSi thermal spray coatings in the as-sprayed and post processed state, by means of Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) and vacuum heating. Functional graded WC–NiCrBSi coatings were deposited by a JP5000 system. HIPing was carried out at two different furnace temperatures of 850 and 1200 °C, while vacuum heating was performed at the elevated temperature of 1200 °C. The rate of heating and cooling was kept constant at 4 °C/min. Rolling contact fatigue tests were conducted using a modified four ball machine under various tribological conditions of contact stress and configuration, in full film elasto hydrodynamic lubrication. Results are discussed in terms of the relative RCF performance of the as-sprayed and post-treated coatings, and also surface and sub-surface examination of rolling elements using scanning electron microscope (SEM), light microscope and surface interferometry.

Test results reveal that performance of the coating was dependant on the microstructural changes due to post-treatment. Coatings heat-treated at 1200 °C displayed superior performance in RCF testing over the as-sprayed coatings at all stress levels (2, 2.3, 2.7 GPa) with emphasis on RCF performance at lower stress load of 2 GPa, where no failure occurred. Improvement in RCF performance was attributed to the diffusion between the carbides and matrix resulting in improved strength. At higher levels of contact stress, failure was surface initiated, and was attributed to initiation and propagation of micro-cracks at the edge of rolling contact region which led to coating delamination.     

Environment induced fatigue crack of type 40Cr steel in drilling muds

Drill pipes are subjected in service to aggressive environment (a wide range of drilling muds) and to a combination of high static and dynamic loads. Under such conditions, the high‐strength steel is susceptible to various forms of environmental cracking, particularly to corrosion fatigue. The fatigue life of type 40Cr steel in salt drilling muds was studied with a self‐made rotating bending corrosion fatigue testing apparatus. Environmental variables investigated included stress, frequency, temperature, and pressure of carbon dioxide. Experimental results show that carbon dioxide promotes the fatigue crack of 40Cr steel. These tests were supported by electrochemical corrosion measurements and hydrogen permeation.     

喷丸对25CrNi2MoV钢滚动接触疲劳性能的影响

目的提高25CrNi2MoV钢的滚动接触疲劳性能。方法对25CrNi2MoV钢进行表面喷丸处理,并采用3D形貌仪、光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、X射线应力分析仪与滚动接触疲劳试验机等仪器,对试样表面形貌、表面显微组织、显微硬度、表面残余压应力与滚动接触疲劳性能等进行测试分析。结果与未处理试样相比,经喷丸处理后,试样表面形貌由磨削加工槽型向酒窝状的弹坑转变,表面粗糙度增大,表面显微硬度由503HV0.2增大到577HV0.2,增加了14.7%,表面残余压应力由-90.0 MPa增大到-758.0 MPa。当喷丸强度为0.445 mmA时,试样具有最好的滚动接触疲劳寿命,其额定寿命(L10)、中值寿命(L50)、特征寿命(L63.2)分别为4.973×10^6次、6.578×10^6次和6.945×10^6次,分别是未处理试样对应寿命的11.1倍、7.3倍和7.0倍,试样滚动接触疲劳失效形式主要为疲劳剥落。当喷丸强度为0.596 mmA时,试样表面出现微裂纹,导致滚动接触疲劳寿命降低,此时试样疲劳失效形式主要为点蚀与疲劳剥落。未处理试样疲劳失效形式主要为分层。结论喷丸处理能细化试样表层晶粒组织,增大试样表面粗糙度、表面硬度与表面残余压应力。合适强度的喷丸处理可以抑制试样表面与次表面裂纹的萌生与扩展,显著提高滚动接触疲劳性能。     

The influence of bending on stress fields and fatigue strength of cruciform welds

Summary

This paper deals with stress fields in the vicinity of weld toes of cruciform non‐load carrying fillet welds.

An approach recently formulated for welded joints under remote tensile loading is extended to pure bending as well as to bending and shear conditions. The approach is based on two notch stress intensity factors that independently quantify Mode I and Mode II stress distributions.

The new method provides an analytical framework to a stress field criterion, already proposed by Atzori some years ago and more recently by Pluvinage and Verreman, to determine the fatigue strength of a welded joint.     

Mechanisms of fatigue failure in thermal spray coatings

The aim of this experimental study was to ascertain the fatigue failure modes of thermal spray coatings in rolling/sliding contact. These failure modes outline the design requirements of thermal spray coatings for high-stress tribological applications including impact and point or line contact loading. Recently, a number of scientific studies have addressed the fatigue performance and durability of thermal spray coatings in rolling/sliding contact, but investigations on the mechanisms of these failures are seldom reported. The understanding of such failure mechanisms is, however, critical in optimizing the generic design of these overlay coatings. This study takes a holistic approach to summarize the results of ongoing research on various cermet (WC-Co) and ceramic (Al₂O₃) coatings deposited by detonation gun (D-Gun), high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF), and high-velocity plasma spraying (HVPS) techniques, in a range of coating thickness (20–250 μm) on various steel substrates to deliver an overview of the various competing failure modes. Results indicate four distinct modes of fatigue failure in thermal spray cermet and ceramic coatings: abrasion, delamination, bulk failure, and spalling. The influences of coating process, thickness, materials, properties of substrate materials, and prespray conditions on these fatigue failure modes are also discussed. A modified four-ball machine was used to investigate these failure modes under various tribological conditions of contact stress and lubrication regimes in conventional steel and hybrid ceramic contact configurations. Results are discussed in terms of pre- and post-test surface examination of rolling elements using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microscopy analysis (EPMA), and surface interferometry, as well as subsurface observations using x-ray diffraction (XRD), residual stress analysis, and dye-penetrant investigations.     

Influences of post-weld heat treatment on fatigue crack growth behaviour of strength mismatched HSLA steel welds

Abstract

Welding of high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) involves usage of low, even and high strength filler materials (electrodes) compared with the parent material depending on the application of the welded structures and the availability of the filler material. In the present investigation, the influences of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on fatigue crack growth behaviour of under matched (UM), equal matched (EM) and over matched (OM) weld metals has been studied. The base material used in this investigation is HSLA-80 steel of weldable grade. The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process has been used to fabricate the single 'V' butt joints. Centre Cracked Tension (CCT) specimens have been used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behaviour of the welded joints. Fatigue crack growth experiments have been conducted using servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine at constant amplitude loading (R = 0). From this investigation, it has been found that the fatigue performance of over matched joints is superior compared to under matched and equal matched joints. Moreover, PWHT reduced the magnitude of the tensile residual stress field in the weld region and subsequently enhanced the fatigue performance of the joints irrespective of weld metal strength mismatch.     

Rolling contact fatigue and mechanical properties of titanium carbide film synthesized on bearing steel surface

The effect of plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D) titanium carbide (TiC) film on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of coated on AISI52100 bearing steel surface is studied experimentally. Testing include plan-view optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), friction and wear behaviors, rolling contact fatigue life and nano-indentation measurements. XRD patterns show that titanium carbide phase is formed in the film, and the microhardness of treated samples is higher than that of substrate. Rolling contact fatigue failure tracks were observed using conventional light microscope. Surface wear and adhesive delamination existed. Results indicate that the maximum RCF life of the treated sample prolong by 6.5 times at a Hertzian stress level of 5.1 GPa and 90% confidence level, respectively. Comparison with the substrate, the maximum microhardness of treated specimen is increased by 28.4%. The friction coefficient decreased from 0.95 to 0.15 under identical wear conditions. This remarkable fatigue performance appears to be due to a combination of improved microstructure, adhesion, hardness and surface topography. Therefore, the PIII&D is regarded as one of the promising technologies for improving the RCF life of bearing.