GMAW短路过渡焊接熔池的视觉检测

针对GMAW短路过渡焊接过程的熔池视觉检测,采用普通工业CCD摄像机,通过光谱分析选择窄带复合滤光器。设置了CCD摄像机曝光时间,分析短路过渡电压波形,确定了CCD摄像机采集时刻并设计了短路检测及CCD摄像机外触发电路,准确地将CCD摄像机的曝光时刻定位于短路过渡阶段。提出了正前方小角度和正后方大角度的图像采集方式。结果表明,采用以上图像采集方案,利用普通工业CCD摄像机可拍摄到连续清晰且不失真的熔池图像。并设计了图像处理算法,提取出完整的熔池边缘。     

CO2短路过渡焊接熔池图像传感器

针对CO2短路过渡焊接熔池图像实时检测的要求，研制了一种基于普通工业CCD摄像机的专用传感器。介绍了该传感器紧凑的机械结构和独特的光学设计，设计了可消除CCD摄像机固定工作时序与CO2短路过渡发生的随机性之间的矛盾的实时检测熔池图像的控制时序，给出了相应的图像检测系统的工作原理。试验表明，采用该图像传感器可以围绕焊枪轴线从不同角度快速、准确地获得清晰的熔池图像。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

焊接现场脉冲GTAW熔池图像动态检测

通过熔池的动态观测可以获得焊接过程的稳定性和连续性等信息.熔池的动态观测目前基本上停留在试验室阶段,焊接现场对熔池进行观测在改进工艺和指导生产等方面更具意义.针对焊接现场焊接电源不能修改,非计算机可控,电流电压波形未知等问题,在焊接现场建立了一套焊接熔池图像动态检测系统.根据焊接现场脉冲GTAW的特点,采用"外同步取像"方式确定了焊接现场取像的关键制约因素--取像时刻;并利用电弧光谱分析建立了减小弧光干扰的复合滤光系统;在适合的取像时刻,CCD摄像系统配合复合滤光系统,在焊接现场检测到了清晰的熔池图像.     

焊接机器人智能过程与控制

使用高速摄影机观察焊接过程，当焊接电弧到达坡口根部边缘时，焊接电流达到脉冲电流峰值，采用CCD摄像机作为视觉传感器观察焊接熔池，CCD摄像机在较低的电流时以1ms的速度获取熔池表面图像，保证拍摄时与焊枪摆动中心同步，利用计算机处理焊接熔池图像并生成数字信号，将信号送入数控系统，数控装置采集焊接熔池特征各数，由此调整送丝速度、焊接速度、焊枪高度，控制熔滴过渡，达到对焊接过程的智能控制。     

Analysis of submerged arc welding process by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations

The effect of torch angle and current polarities on the convection heat transfer in single wire submerged arc welding is analyzed. To develop arc models such as arc heat flux, arc pressure and electromagnetic force, this study adopts the Abel inversion method with CCD camera images for direct and alternating current polarities. The heat transfer by molten slag from the flux consumption is considered as an additional boundary heat source in the numerical simulation. The variation of arc forces, the direction of droplet flight with polarity and the torch angle significantly affect the molten pool flow and the resultant weld beads. The simulated weld pool profiles are validated with corresponding experimental results and found to be in good agreement.     

高强铝合金VPPA-MIG复合焊接焊缝成形机理

VPPA-MIG复合焊集VPPA穿透力强和MIG焊熔敷效率高的优点,弥补了单VPPA焊工艺区间窄且需立焊和MIG焊熔深浅的不足. 使用Red Lake Y4高速摄像获取6 mm厚2A12铝合金VPPA-MIG复合焊接熔池图像,建立了熔池受力模型. 对比分析了复合热源不同能量配比对焊缝成形和熔池形貌的影响及VPPA-MIG与单MIG焊缝成形特点. 结果表明,VPPA-MIG复合热源相比单VPPA热源易保持焊缝成形稳定性. VPPA电流接近穿孔阈值时,配合较低功率MIG热源可以获得6 mm厚2A12铝合金良好焊缝成形;VPPA能量比例过低时,小孔较浅,熔化效率较低,不能起到增加熔深的作用;VPPA能量比例过大,易使熔池失稳,焊缝成形不良. 热源输入功率相同时,VPPA-MIG复合焊比MIG焊显著增加焊缝熔深和深宽比,提高生产效率.     

Application of switch back welding to V groove MAG welding

The formation of stable back beads in a root pass weld during one side multi-layer welding is important to achieve high quality welded metal joints in MAG welding. The authors employed the switch back welding method for V groove joints without backing plates. In this switch back welding method, the torch moves forward and backward with an oscillation frequency of 2.5 Hz. In order to achieve this welding, personal computers control the conventional welding robot, the power source characteristic and the wire feeder unit. During the forward, the torch is weaving on the V groove gap without the weld pool. If the weaving width becomes wider than the proper width, the tip of the wire becomes high and a good back bead cannot be obtained. The weaving width is adjusted so as to get the proper width in the switch back welding. The suitability of the welding conditions for each root gap was verified by observation of the arc, the weld pool and the external appearance of back beads. A good back bead was obtained under V groove welding in 2–4 mm gap.     

Effects of bypass current on the stability of weld pool during double sided arc welding

The arc behaviour and flow patterns in the weld pool were monitored with a high speed camera and the pressure distribution of the MIG–TIG coupling arc was measured through a specially devised method involving a micro-orifice for quick ignition. The bypass current changed the geometry of the weld pool in such a way that the acting forces remained in equilibrium stabilising the pool, the weld depression was eliminated and the pressure at the arc centre decreased by a factor 4. The overall welding efficiency increased as much as the quality of the welds.     

光纤激光焊接熔池和小孔的高速摄像与分析

采用主动光源和光学窄带滤光片等辅助器件,利用高速摄像技术对光纤激光焊接过程中的熔池和小孔进行了拍摄,获得了较为清晰的熔池和小孔图像,以及不同激光功率下光纤激光焊接熔池和小孔的实际尺寸,可以为光纤激光焊接熔池和小孔的模拟提供可靠的参考依据。对高速摄像图片和焊缝熔深波动以及焊缝形貌进行了分析。结果表明:小孔前沿附近是光纤激光焊接过程中飞溅产生的主要区域;利用高速摄像可以监测焊缝的熔深变化;熔池温度最低的区域为熔池后部的中轴线两侧,而非熔池边界处。     

TIG焊接熔池形状参数的视觉检测

在分析ＴＩＧ焊接电弧光谱的基础上,设计出复合滤光镜头,与普通ＣＣＤ摄像机组成视觉传感器,从试件正面观测熔池图像,焊接过程中根据电流大小通过软件调整采集图像亮度,得到了比较清晰的ＴＩＧ焊接熔池图像,利用自行开发的图像处理算法,检测了熔池正面的形状参数。该算法处理一幅图像同时不超过７０ｍｓ,满足实时检测的需要。     

An optical sensing system for seam tracking and weld pool control in gas metal arc welding of steel pipe

A visual sensing system was developed for automatic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of the root pass of steel pipe. The system consisted of a vision sensor that consisted of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and lenses, a frame grabber, image processing algorithms, and a computer controller. A specially designed five-axis manipulator was used to position the welding torch and to provide the vision sensor with automatic access to view the welding position. During the root pass welding, an image of the weld pool and its vicinity was captured using the camera without interference of the intensive arc light by viewing at the instance of a short-circuit of the welding power. The captured image was then processed to recognize the weld pool shape. For seam tracking, the manipulator was used to adjust the torch position based upon the pool image to the groove center. The measured gap size was used to determine the appropriate welding conditions to obtain sound penetration. The welding speed was chosen using fuzzy logic with the knowledge of a skilled welder and measured gap. The automatic welding equipment demonstrated that both welding conditions and torch position could be appropriately controlled to obtain a sound weldment and a good seam tracking capability.     

Measurement method of the arc welding current and voltage

Plasma arc welding can realize high-speed welding, deeper weld penetration and, furthermore, smaller thermal distortion. For these reasons, plasma arc welding is employed for keyhole welding. However, it has been pointed out that it is difficult to obtain the stability of the welding. In this study, we have developed a unified plasma arc welding model for analysing the welding mechanism and influence of the torch design and operation conditions of the arc on the welding process. In this paper, the keyhole welding of a thick aluminium plate employing the plasma arc was numerically analyzed for clarifying the mechanism determining the keyhole size which is important for improving the stability of the process. As a result, it was found that the keyhole size is determined mainly by a force balance between the surface tension of a weld pool and metal vapour pressure.     

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊熔池图像的检测与处理

利用CCD摄像机和复合滤光技术建立了一套熔池图像实时采集系统。利用光谱分析,提出了适合于脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(P-GMAW)熔池成像的滤光光谱窗口,并对中心波长分别为665nm和1064nm滤光系统的成像质量进行了分析。分析了P-GMAW单个脉冲内的不同时刻的熔池图像,研究表明脉冲基值结束期间为最佳的取像时刻。使用中心波长为665nm的滤光系统,从熔池正后方取像,获取了清晰的熔池图像。针对所获取的典型的P-GMAW熔池图像,详细研究了其成像机理。开发了一套熔池图像处理程序,利用该程序提取了完整的熔池轮廓。     

管道全位置焊接熔池监测试验研究

在管道全位置自动焊接过程中,焊接熔池形态监测对焊接质量控制有重要意义。设计一套熔池监测试验装置,方便采集清晰的熔池图像。运用图像处理技术检测熔池边缘。用熔池长度、熔池宽度以及熔池头部轮廓二项式系数等特征参数重新定义熔池形态。应用正交试验法和极差分析法,研究在仰焊区段焊接电流、电弧电压以及焊枪摆速等因素组合变化时对熔池形态的影响程度。结果表明:采用优化的焊接工艺参数组合,可以获得良好的焊缝成形质量。     

基于视觉的不锈钢Nd：YAG激光焊焊接熔池和小孔的图像处理

在激光焊接过程中存在众多干扰因素,为保证焊接质量,需要对激光焊进行质量控制。实现焊接质量控制的关键是表征焊接质量信息的获取,而焊接熔池和小孔包含丰富的焊接质量信息。针对不锈钢Nd：YAG激光焊,构建了同轴视觉检测系统,获得了熔池和小孔图像。根据熔池和小孔图像的特点,设计了图像处理算法,并分别针对熔池和小孔确定了搜索起始点和搜索准则。     

基于红外透过滤光片的P-GMAW熔池图像传感

被动视觉熔池传感技术常采用窄带滤光片使熔池辐射较强而弧光较弱的某波长范围内的光进入摄像机,以抑制弧光干扰获得较清晰的熔池图像.在分析熔池辐射光谱分布、电弧光谱分布和摄像机光谱敏感曲线等影响熔池成像因素基础上,文中提出采用红外透过滤光片拍摄熔池图像,最大程度利用近红外波段熔池辐射能量高而电弧辐射弱的特点,同时透光波长范围的增加也避免了摄像机敏感性不足而导致的成像质量下降问题.P-GMAW熔池传感试验结果表明,红外透过滤光片能够较好的抑制弧光,在脉冲电流峰值和脉冲电流基值期间均可获得清晰和细节丰富的熔池图像.     

环保焊枪吸烟对小电流CO2气体保护电弧焊的影响

采用环保焊枪进行了小电流二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊平焊位置焊接,通过分析焊接过程中电弧形貌、电流电压和熔滴过渡方式变化以及焊缝成形、焊缝金属拉伸力学性能和X射线探伤结果,评估了吸烟功率变化时的吸烟效果以及吸烟行为对于焊接过程和焊缝质量的影响规律. 结果表明,使用环保焊枪可以显著降低小电流二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊时飘散在周围空间中的焊接烟尘. 吸烟过程虽然使得短路过渡熔滴频率略有增加,悬挂熔滴和电弧的稳定性略为变差,但对焊缝成形和焊接缺陷都无影响,焊缝金属屈服强度略有减小,抗拉强度略有增加.