Comparison of 2A12 aluminium alloy joint by ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding and friction stir welding

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding （UAFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding, which adds ultrasonic energy directly into the friction stir welding area by the pin. In this study, 2A12 aluminum alloy was welded by this process and conventional, respectively. The tensile tests, microstructure and fracture surface of FSW joint and UAFSW joint were analyzed. The research results show that the surface forming texture of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding joint, compared with conventional, is finer and more uniform, showing metallic matte color. The grains are much finer in weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat-affected zone; S-phase particles size is much smaller and distribution is more homogeneous in the matrix. The tensile strength of UAFSW joint is 94. 13% of base metal, and the elongation is 11.77%. The tensile strength of FSW joint is 83.15% of base metal, and the elongation is 8.81%. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints.     

异种铝合金单层板与双层板对搭接搅拌摩擦焊

将一块厚4 mm的LF5铝板与两块厚2 mm的6063铝板组成并种铝合金对搭接复合接头,进行搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验并优化焊接参数,获得优质焊缝.重点研究搅拌头转速、搅拌针偏移量对复合接头抗拉强度的影响,并对焊缝表面及横截面宏观形貌、焊缝“洋葱环”组织形貌、焊缝缺陷等进行观察.分析在搅拌针选取不同偏移量的条件下,双层板一侧的...     

搅拌摩擦焊接偏心挤压流动模型

提出了一种偏心挤压流动模型,该模型认为搅拌头对软化材料的偏心挤压作用是形成接头的主要因素.基于该模型,设计并进行了偏心搅拌摩擦焊接试验.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,接头是由搅拌头偏心挤压材料形成的;搅拌头的偏心量越大,形成的接头核心区也将越大;在搅拌针附近的金属流动将使焊接接头形成在行进方向的层状结构;在接头表面将形成弧形纹,形成的弧形纹不是沿板材对接面对称的,而是偏向后退侧的,弧纹在后退侧形成的弧纹夹角比前进侧形成的弧纹夹角大;行进方向的层状结构和接头表面的弧形纹有对应关系.     

Modelling of 7050 aluminium alloy friction stir welding

Abstract

A thermal model combined with a microstructural and yield strength model has been developed to give a prediction of precipitate evolution and strength in the as welded and post-weld heat treated condition for friction stir welding of 7xxx aerospace aluminium alloys. This fully coupled model is applied to an overaged high strength 7050 aluminium alloy friction stir welded using a range of welding rotation and translation speeds. The evolution of the microstructure has been predicted as a function of the process parameters. The resulting microstructural evolution is shown to be a complex function of both peak temperature observed during the weld cycle and heating/cooling rates. Yield strength has been calculated from the microstructural predictions and a comparison between predicted yield strength and measured hardness has been used to test the modelling approach. Reasonably good agreement between model and experiment is found over the wide range of process parameters investigated.     

Critical review on friction stir welding of aluminium to copper

The status quo of aluminium-to-copper joining by friction stir welding (FSW) drastically changed in recent years, as a result of the increased interest of the scientific community on this subject. Actually, since 2006 a large increase in the number of research groups addressing Al–Cu FSW has been witnessed all over the world, together with a significant increase in the amount of published studies. A chronological perspective on the evolution in Al–Cu FSW research is provided in this work, highlighting the pioneer and original contribution of several researchers to the current knowledge on the subject. Detailed and comprehensive investigations on the material flow mechanisms, the phenomena governing the formation and distribution of intermetallic phases during Al–Cu FSW, their relations with the welding parameters and their impact on the morphological, structural and mechanical properties of the welds are thoroughly discussed. The main findings reported in the literature are summarised in thematic tables.     

Investigation on friction stir lap welding of aluminium to aluminium clad steel sheets

Abstract

In this work, the feasibility of friction stir lap welding an aluminium alloy (Al-5083) to the aluminium clad steel sheet was studied. The welded joints were characterised by various methods including shear–tensile test and optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that sound and defect free joints were obtained. The fracture loads of the samples reached up to 94% compared with that of the steel base metal. Moreover, the joint strength linearly increased with the decrease in thickness of the aluminium layer roll bonded on the steel sheet. It was also shown that welding rotation and travel speed variation did not considerably impact the fracture loads in the studied range.     

CDRX modelling in friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

In the paper a numerical model aimed to the determination of the average grain size due to continuous dynamic recrystallization phenomena (CDRX) in friction stir welding processes of AA6082 T6 aluminum alloys is presented. In particular, the utilized model takes into account the local effects of strain, strain rate and temperature; an inverse identification approach, based on a linear regression procedure, is utilized in order to develop the proper material characterization.     

Process forces during friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

Abstract

Flow and consolidation of the material under the tool shoulder and subsequent nugget formation are among the least understood aspects of friction stir welding and processing (FSW/P). Welding parameters and tool profile impact the process forces acting on the tool. This work is an observational study of the process forces associated with bead on plate runs on two aluminium alloys, 6061 and F357. Polar plots of the resultant forces acting on the tool spindle are analysed and correlated to the process parameters. The dependence of the nugget's width with various heat indices is evaluated.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场检测

通过对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中各特征点温度的系统检测,得出了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中温度场变化的基本规律.焊接过程中材料旋入侧温度高于材料旋出侧温度,上层温度高于下层温度,焊缝中心的温度最高,焊接结束时被焊材料末端的温度较焊接稳定区有所升高.     

Influence of aluminium alloy type on dissimilar friction stir lap welding of aluminium to copper

A heat-treatable (AA 6082) and a non-heat treatable (AA 5083) aluminium alloys were friction stir lap welded to copper using the same welding parameters. Macro and microscopic analysis of the welds enabled to detect important differences in welding results, according to the aluminium alloy type. Whereas important internal defects, resulting from ineffective materials mixing, were detected for the AA 5083/copper welds, a relatively uniform material mixing was detected in the AA 6082/copper welds. Micro-hardness testing and XRD analysis also showed important differences in microstructural evolution for both types of welds. TEM and EBSD-based study of the AA 5083/copper welds revealed the formation of submicron-sized microstructures in the stirred aluminium region, for which untypically high hardness values were registered.     

Investigation of weld defects in dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminium to brass by radiography

Abstract

The present study was focused on detecting weld defects in dissimilar joints made by friction stir welding. Radiography test and optical microscopy were used to evaluate the main defects. Coarse and continuous fragments of brass in aluminium matrix, tunnelling and void defects in vicinity of fragments were the main observed defects.     

AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺窗口的建立

建立AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接的工艺窗口。采用不同的工艺参数如旋转速度和焊接速度来焊接该铝合金。通过对焊接接头的宏观形貌分析,建立搅拌摩擦焊的工艺窗口。通过拉伸试验、显微组织观察,对工艺窗口不同区域的接头强度进行分析。焊接接头断裂的位置与最低硬度分布相关。所建立的工艺窗口可以用来选择适当的工艺参数来获得高质量的AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接。     

Fracture toughness of structural aluminium alloy thick plate joints by friction stir welding

Abstract

The fracture toughness in a friction stir welded joint of thick plates of structural aluminium alloy type A5083-O is investigated. A joint between two 25 mm thick plates is fabricated by one sided, one pass friction stir welding. The Charpy impact energy and critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) in the friction stir weld are much higher than those in the base metal or heat affected zone, whereas mechanical properties such as stress–strain curve and Vickers hardness are not conspicuously different. The effects of the microstructure on crack initiation and propagation are studied in order to clarify the difference in fracture toughness between the stir zone and base metal. The analyses of the fracture resistance curves and the diameters of dimples in the fracture surface after both tensile and bending tests show that the fine grained microstructure in the stir zone helps to increase ductile crack initiation and propagation resistance. It is found that the high fracture toughness value in the stir zone is affected by the fine grained microstructure in friction stir welds.     

Numerical and experimental investigation on friction stir lap welding of aluminium to steel

Use of multimaterial fabrication such as aluminium to steel to reduce overall vehicular body weight has gained significant attention in the automotive industries. Since fusion welding of aluminium to steel is difficult, friction stir welding of the same is considered as an effective recourse. Quantitative studies on friction stir welding of aluminium to steel are thus important but scarce in the literature. We present here a numerical and experimental study on friction stir lap welding of AA6061 to high strength interstitial free coated steel sheets under different combinations of tool rotational speed and welding speed. The computed values of thermal cycle, torque and traverse force are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimentally measured values. The computed thermal cycles along the AA6061 to steel interfaces are related qualitatively with the experimentally measured trend and distribution in Fe–Al intermetallics along the weld joint interface.     

Evaluation of heat input during friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

Heat input is one of the key parameters governing the quality and service properties of friction stir welds. By using a calorimetric technique, the heat inputs generated during the friction stir welding of the aluminium alloys, 1100 and 5083, were measured over a wide range of welding parameters. An empirical equation to estimate the heat input using the welding parameters was established based on a multiple regression analysis of the results. The effect of the heat input on the final grain size of the stir zone was also investigated by the electron backscatter diffraction method. The quantitative relationships between the input variables, heat inputs, and final grain sizes in the stir zone were derived.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状与展望

在介绍搅拌摩擦焊技术的基本原理及影响因素的基础上,综述了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊在接头金属塑性流动、显微组织以及性能等方面的国内外研究现状.研究现状表明,搅拌头形状和工艺参数对接头组织和性能具有重要影响,在合适的工艺参数下可获得综合性能良好的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头,并取得了一定规模的应用.此外,指出了搅拌摩擦焊技术的不足和接头性...     

汽车制造驶上搅拌摩擦焊之路

新世纪汽车制造轻量化的发展趋势使铝合金、镁合金等轻质合金材料所占的比重越来越大，从而促进了新型搅拌摩擦焊技术在汽车制造中的应用。在简要介绍搅拌摩擦焊技术的基础上，重点一对搅拌摩擦焊技术在汽车稠造业中的应用进行了探讨和综述，并对国内外的搅拌摩擦焊工艺装备进行了简单介绍。     

CFD modelling of friction stir welding of thick plate 7449 aluminium alloy

Abstract

CFD modelling of friction stir welding has been conducted to understand and optimise the welding of thick, 7449 aluminium alloy for aerospace applications. The aim is to produce high strength, defect free welds that do not break the tool. The models compared different pin profiles and rotation speeds and were undertaken in two stages. The first stage involved creating a thermal model to better understand the generation and flow of heat. The second stage involved analysing the flow near the tool with a two-dimensional model. The traversing force results from the two-dimensional planar models compared favourably with experimental findings. The pressure distribution and deformation region size were compared for the different models. Novel maps of the deformation conditions experienced in each weld were produced. The analysis suggested reasons why some pin profiles and rotation speeds are preferable to others and explained the difference in the traversing force measurements.