贮藏温度对‘Tarocco’血橙花色苷积累及抗氧化活性的影响

该文研究贮藏温度对血橙采后花色苷积累的规律及抗氧化活性成分的变化。以‘Tarocco’血橙作为试材,3组不同温度贮藏60 d,测定血橙果汁色泽、花色苷、总酚、总黄酮含量、花色苷合成相关基因表达量及过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性变化。结果表明,4～6℃显著提高贮藏期血橙花色苷的含量,增加花色苷合成相关基因(PAL、CHS、DFR、ANS、UFGT)的表达量。贮藏60 d后,4～6℃组血橙果实中花色苷含量达到28. 36 mg/L,而15～20℃组花色苷含量为11. 07 mg/L,同时4～6℃组果实的总酚、总黄酮含量高于15～20℃组,且POD,PPO活性低于15～20℃组。因此,适宜低温贮藏能增加血橙总酚、总黄酮、花色苷的含量并提高血橙的抗氧化活性,从而维持果实的良好品质。     

草酸处理对塔罗科血橙采后花色苷积累和糖酸含量的影响

以塔罗科血橙为实验材料,通过测定其贮藏期间花色苷含量、花色苷合成相关基因表达量、可溶性糖和有机酸含量等,研究草酸(oxalic acid,OA)处理对塔罗科血橙采后花色苷积累以及糖酸含量的影响。结果表明,OA处理显著提高了血橙在贮藏过程中的花色苷含量,同时提高了血橙果实中的花色苷合成相关基因(Ruby,PAL,C4H和F3’5’H)的转录水平以及果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖的含量和糖酸比,其中以质量浓度为5 g/L的草酸(OA3)处理效果最佳,贮藏至20 d时,OA3处理组血橙果汁花色苷含量为13. 34 mg/L,而CK组血橙在贮藏至20 d时果汁花色苷含量仅为6. 50 mg/L,同时OA3处理组果实中的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量均高于CK组及其他质量浓度OA处理组。血橙采后草酸处理能够有效改善塔罗科血橙的贮藏品质。     

藤椒果实成熟期麻味物质及其挥发性香气组分的变化规律

藤椒(学名竹叶花椒)作为一种药食同源资源应用广泛,其化学成分和生物活性会随果实的生长过程发生变化。研究不同成熟期各指标变化,根据不同使用目的进行适时采收,有利于藤椒资源的最大化利用。以不同成熟期的四川洪雅藤椒为原料,采用HPLC、GC-MS分别测定藤椒的麻味物质和挥发性香气物质。结果表明,6月中下旬至7月底采收的藤椒麻味物质含量较高且保持相对稳定,羟基-α-山椒素含量最高达48.25 mg/g。不同成熟期藤椒挥发性风味组分有所差异,但均以D-柠檬烯和芳樟醇为主,以D-柠檬烯为代表的萜烯类物质在果实成熟期逐渐降低,以芳樟醇为代表的醇类物质、以柠檬醛为代表的醛类物质在果实成熟期逐渐积累。相对气味活度值分析结果显示芳樟醇、D-柠檬烯、蒎烯是藤椒整个生长期的关键风味化合物,橙花醇、β-石竹烯、3-蒈烯、(1S)-β-蒎烯、2-十一烷酮为藤椒未成熟期的关键风味化合物,癸醛则是成熟期藤椒的关键风味化合物,该文为藤椒的适时采收提供参考。     

枯水椪柑果肉挥发性物质及萜烯类合成途径基因表达特征

运用GC-MS和RNA-Seq技术研究椪柑果实在发生枯水时,果肉挥发性物质组分及含量和萜烯类化合物合成途径相关基因表达的变化特征。研究结果发现:(1)椪柑果肉挥发性组分共13种,其中萜烯类物质7种,相对含量超过85%;(2)椪柑枯水时,果肉挥发性物质含量降为正常果实的32%,其中萜烯类物质下降为正常果实的22%,另外挥发性物质的组分种类不变,有5种挥发性物质的含量发生显著改变,分别是β-月桂烯、d-柠檬烯、γ-松油烯、瓦伦西亚烯和十二醛;(3)鉴定到8个萜烯类化合物合成途径的差异表达基因,在枯水时全部下调。研究表明椪柑枯水时果肉挥发性物质的含量显著下调,与萜烯类合成途径相关基因表达降低密切相关,为进一步深入研究椪柑枯水发生的分子机制提供依据。     

'塔罗科'血橙成熟过程中花色苷积累及其与糖酸含量相关性

本实验通过测定和分析'塔罗科'血橙成熟过程中(开花后200～324 d)花色苷质量浓度、可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、花色苷合成相关基因表达量的动态变化,研究花色苷积累及其与糖酸含量的相关性。结果表明:在'塔罗科'血橙成熟过程中,果实中的花色苷质量浓度呈逐渐上升的趋势。开花后261 d开始在血橙汁中检测到花色苷,开花后276～293 d是血橙果实花色苷的快速积累时期,在此期间血橙汁中的花色苷质量浓度日均提高0.55 mg/L。4CL、CHS、F3H、F3'5'H、DFR、ANS、UFGT、GST基因是调控血橙果实花色苷积累的核心结构基因,Ruby是调控血橙果实花色苷合成的关键转录因子。血橙成熟过程中花色苷质量浓度与果糖、葡萄糖含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.810和0.799。成熟过程中血橙果实中果糖、葡萄糖的积累可能是促进花色苷合成的重要原因。     

低温贮藏对网纹甜瓜挥发性组分含量的影响

研究贮藏温度对网纹甜瓜挥发性组分的影响。将网纹甜瓜分别在室温(25℃)和低温(10℃)环境中贮藏15 d,采用气相色谱串联质谱测定果实中挥发性组分的含量和种类。结果在新鲜果实中鉴定出49种挥发性组分,总含量为290.91μg/kg。在贮藏15 d后,低温贮藏组总挥发性组分含量上升了1.37倍,而室温贮藏组降低了31.72%,低温贮藏组总挥发性组分含量是室温贮藏组的2.01倍。进一步依据挥发性组分的香气活力值筛选出丁酸乙酯等16种组分是网纹甜瓜的呈香组分,在呈香组分中,低温处理组的丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯和3,6-亚壬基-1-醇的含量分别是室温贮藏组2.56、2.11、3.15、4.30倍。因此,低温贮藏可以提高网纹甜瓜挥发性组分的含量和香气强度。     

GC—MS分析柠檬不同品种果皮精油成分

以云南德宏地区栽培的不同柠檬品种为试材,利用气质联用技术（GC-MS）分析果皮精油挥发性成分种类及相对含量,比较不同品种挥发性成分差异。结果表明,费米耐劳、云柠1号、艾伦尤力克柠檬果皮精油中分别检测到23、20、27种挥发性成分,烯烃类、醇类、醛类、酯类和酮类是3个品种共有组分。烯烃类物质是主要组分,其中特征香气成分D-柠檬烯含量最高,β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯次之。艾伦尤力克柠檬中挥发性物质的种类和含量均高于费米耐劳和云柠1号柠檬,主要特征香气成分含量也最高。     

基于GC-MS和GC-O联用法分析佛手精油关键香气成分

研究佛手精油的挥发性物质和关键香气成分。佛手经水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,利用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)结合气相色谱-嗅闻(gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O)技术对挥发性物质和香气成分进行分析。GC-MS-O检测出36种挥发性物质,主要成分为D-柠檬烯(34.69%)、γ-松油烯(20.42%)、β-甜没药烯(4.59%)。采用稀释法和强度法分析发现D-α-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、β-芳樟醇、别罗勒烯、4-松油醇、α-佛手柑烯具有较大的香气强度;D-α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-罗勒烯、橙花乙酸酯、α-佛手柑烯具有较大风味稀释因子。综合分析认为D-α-蒎烯和α-佛手柑烯是佛手精油的关键特征香味成分。     

四川白口仔姜在贮藏过程中挥发性成分的变化

为研究仔姜在沙土贮藏过程中挥发性风味物质的变化,将采收的仔姜经过挑选、分级、杀菌处理后埋藏在沙土中,并于11℃贮藏,采用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用测定不同时期贮藏过程中仔姜的挥发性风味物质。结果表明:贮藏过程中从仔姜中共检测出77种挥发性成分,分别为烃类(47种)、醇类(16种)、酮类(1种)、醛类(4种)、醚类(9种),其中烃类、酮类物质总量在贮藏过程中(10,20,30d)无显著差异(P0.05),醇类物质总量在20d时显著降低,30d后显著升高。贮藏过程中仔姜有10种挥发性成分的含量随着贮藏时间延长显著升高,分别为左旋-α-蒎烯、莰烯、2,6-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯、反-β-金合欢烯、别香橙烯、2-茨醇、α-松油醇、香茅醇、香茅醛、柠檬醛,在30d时这些物质含量分别是新鲜样品的5.09,7.89,6.73,10.48,153.75,11.11,8.21,11.73,24.96,14.65倍。     

固相微萃取优化/GC-MS法分析不同年份陈皮的挥发性成分

为了最大化获取陈皮挥发性成分,本文采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对不同年份陈皮进行分析。结果表明,陈皮取样量为2 g,在90 ℃中萃取30 min所得挥发性成分最多,方法学考察中陈皮在6次平行试验中共有的色谱峰相对保留时间及相对峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）均低于0.05%。三个不同年份陈皮中共检出44种挥发性成分,相对含量较高的挥发性组分有β-月桂烯、邻异丙基甲苯、D-柠檬烯、萜品烯、α-法尼烯、右旋香芹酮、香芹酚和2-(甲氨基)苯甲酸甲酯,其中含量最高的是陈皮的特征香气代表D-柠檬烯。随着陈皮贮藏年限延长,挥发性物质种类明显增多,烃类、醛酮类和酚类等物质相对总量变化程度较大,说明物质之间发生了相互转化,SPME的优化方法适用于陈皮挥发性物质的提取。     

Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments compared follicular and luteal development and circulating steroid concentrations from induced luteolysis to ovulation in lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/day) vs. nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo-old) during summer (Experiment 1), and in lactating (n = 27; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) vs. dry cows (n = 26) during winter (experiment 2). All females received PGF2,, 6 d after ovulation and were monitored until next ovulation by daily ultrasound and assay of serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Every female was used two or three times. In Experiment 1, lactating cows had high incidence of multiple ovulation (63.5%) compared with heifers (1.3%). Among single ovulators, there was no difference in maximal size of ovulatory follicles between lactating cows and heifers (15.8 vs. 16.5 mm, respectively). However, lactating cows had lower peak serum E2 (8.6 vs. 12.1 pg/ml), took longer to ovulate after luteolysis (4.6 vs. 3.8 d), developed more luteal tissue volume (7,293.6 vs. 5,515.2 mm3), and had lower serum P4 on d 6 after ovulation (2.0 vs. 3.0 ng/ml) than heifers (data included multiple ovulators). In experiment 2, multiple ovulations were similar between lactating and dry cows (17.9 vs. 17.2%, respectively). Peak serum E2 was also similar between lactating and dry cows (7.6 vs. 8.5 pg/ml) although lactating cows had larger ovulatory follicles (18.6 vs. 16.2 +/- 0.4 mm). Lactating cows took longer to ovulate (4.8 vs. 4.2 d), developed more luteal tissue (7,599 vs. 5,139 +/- 468 mm3), but had similar serum P4 (2.2 vs. 1.9 ng/ ml) compared with dry cows. Therefore, lactating cows had similar or lower circulating steroid concentrations than dry cows or heifers, respectively, despite having larger ovarian structures.     

Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments in two seasons evaluated fertilization rate and embryonic development in dairy cattle. Experiment 1 (summer) compared lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 97.3 +/- 4.1 d postpartum [dppl; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/d) to nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo old). Experiment 2 (winter) compared lactating cows (n = 27; 46.4 +/- 1.6 dpp; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) to dry cows (n = 26). Inseminations based on estrus included combined semen from four high-fertility bulls. Embryos and oocytes recovered 5 d after ovulation were evaluated for fertilization, embryo quality (1 = excellent to 5 = degenerate), nuclei/embryo, and accessory sperm. In experiment 1, 21 embryos and 17 unfertilized oocytes (UFO) were recovered from lactating cows versus 32 embryos and no UFO from heifers (55% vs. 100% fertilization). Embryos from lactating cows had inferior quality scores (3.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), fewer nuclei/embryo (19.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 36.8 +/- 3.0) but more accessory sperm (37.3 +/- 5.8 vs. 22.4 +/- 5.5/embryo) than embryos from heifers. Sperm were attached to 80% of UFO (17.8 +/- 12.1 sperm/UFO). In experiment 2, lactating cows yielded 36 embryos and 5 UFO versus 34 embryos and 4 UFO from dry cows (87.8 vs. 89.5% fertilization). Embryo quality from lactating cows was inferior to dry cows (3.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), but embryos had similar numbers of nuclei (27.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 2.1) and accessory sperm (42.0 +/- 9.4 vs. 36.5 +/- 6.3). From 53% of the flushings from lactating cows and 28% from dry cows, only nonviable embryos were collected. Thus, embryos of lactating dairy cows were detectably inferior to embryos from nonlactating females as early as 5 d after ovulation, with a surprisingly high percentage of nonviable embryos. In addition, fertilization rate was reduced only in summer, apparently due to an effect of heat stress on the oocyte.     

Sweetness and aroma perceptions in dairy desserts varying in sucrose and aroma levels and in textural agent

Sweetness–aroma interactions were investigated in model dairy desserts varying in sucrose concentration, aroma concentration and in textural characteristics using different textural agents (κ-, ι-, λ-carrageenans and an equal-mix of the three). Overall intensities of sweetness and aroma perceptions were evaluated by sensory analysis and apparent partition coefficients of aroma compounds were measured by static headspace—GC.Sweetness–aroma interaction was characterised by a non-reciprocal relationship. Concentration of aroma had no impact on sweetness intensity, whatever be the sucrose concentration or textural characteristics of desserts, whereas varying texture or sucrose concentration modified aroma intensity. However, effects on aroma assessment were effective only when aroma concentration was the highest. In this condition, use of λ-carrageenan or increasing sucrose concentration from 25 to 50 g kg⁻¹ enhanced aroma intensity, but no extra enhancement was observed when sucrose concentration was 100 g kg⁻¹. As the air–dessert partition coefficient remained constant, impact of textural characteristics and sweetness variation on aroma perception did not result from physico-chemical interaction.     

Aluminium and fluoride in hospital daily diets and in teas

The levels of aluminium and fluoride have been determined in hospital daily diets including breakfast, dinner and supper, as well as in black teas and herbal teas purchased from the local market. In tea, aluminium was determined directly in a sample solution by atomic absorption spectroscopy using nitrous oxide and an acetylene flame. For analysis of the hospital diet, samples containing lower levels of aluminium were analysed using a spectrophotometric method which measured aluminium in the form of a 8-hydroxyquinoline complex. Decomposition of the samples was achieved using a mixture of concentrated acids [nitric (HNO₃), perchloric (HClO₄) and sulphuric (H₂SO₄)] in platinum dishes. Fluoride was assayed by spectrophotometry using a microdiffusion procedure with a mixture of concentrated HClO₄ and silver sulphate, trace amounts of the released fluoride [as hydrogen fluoride (HF)] were trapped on the alkaline surface of a Petri dish and then determined in the form of an alizarin-fluoride complex. The mean level of aluminium found in hospital daily diets amounted to 21.3±12.3 mg and the mean level of fluoride was 1.38±1.12 mg per adult person. In the 16 samples of commercially available brands of black teas, the levels of aluminium and fluroide ranged from 445 to 1552 ppm (mean=897±264 ppm) and from 30 to 340 ppm (mean 141±85 ppm), respectively. In six herbal teas, the mean levels of aluminium and fluoride were lower, and amounted to 218.9±150.7 ppm and 6.0±6.9 ppm, respectively. This study has shown that concern about a high intake of aluminium and fluoride from these foods is unfounded.     

2018年深圳市售蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测分析

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜), 并对深圳市售的蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留状况进行抽样检测。方法 采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 以C18色谱柱为分离柱, 以乙腈和10 mmol甲酸+6 mmol甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法同时定量测定氟虫腈及其代谢物。结果 方法的线性范围为0.1~2.0 μg/L, 线性相关系数均大于0.9994, 检出限0.0005 mg/kg, 定量限0.001 mg/kg; 蔬菜中3个水平的平均加标回收率88.0%~101.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于8.5%; 鸡蛋中3个水平的平均加标回收率86.1%~104.8%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9.2%。结论 该方法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点, 可适用于蔬菜鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测。     

芝麻饼粕及其在烟草上应用研究现状

概述了芝麻饼粕的有效营养成分及其作为有机肥的加工方法,介绍了芝麻饼粕在烟草生产上的应用效果。并就进一步促进芝麻饼粕在烟草上的应用提出了建议,以期为烟叶生产过程中科学使用芝麻饼粕提供参考资料。     

Characterization of limestones and their effects in vitro and in vivo in dairy cattle

Capacities of limestones of differing particle size to neutralize acid in vitro and to modify pH and utilization of feedstuffs in vivo were compared. Acid neutralization during pH-stat titrations was faster for fine than for coarse limestone, and mixed microbial cultures were more resistant to pH change when they contained fine calcium carbonate. Diets containing 25:75 corn silage to concentrates and .95% calcium from either coarse or fine limestone were fed to rumen-fistulated heifers. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations were higher for the fine limestone treatment. Ruminal volumes, dry matter disappearance, and ruminal fluid pH and dilution rate did not differ between fine and coarse limestone treatments. Ruminal fluid volume, osmolality, ratios of acetate to propionate, and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids were unaffected in rumen-fistulated Holstein cows fed 60:40 corn silage to concentrates and either .5% calcium (control) or 1.0% calcium from either coarse or fine limestone. Ruminal pH increased .07 to .10 units with limestone supplementation. Ruminal fluid dilution and particulate turnover rates were slower for the coarse limestone than the control treatment. Differences between coarse and fine limestones in vitro were observed under some conditions in vivo, but they were not consistent.     

Flavour and vitamin stability in pasteurized milk in polyethylene-coated cartons and in polyethylene bottles

Commercially pasteurized, non-homogenized full cream milk in 2-pt white polyethylene (PE)-coated cartons overprinted with blue, and in 4-pt PE bottles was stored for 4 d in the dark or under white fluorescent light of 4000 1x, at a temperature of 7°C. The flavour of milks kept in the dark remained good, but exposure to light resulted in early off-flavour development: cartoned milk was disliked by a flavour panel after about 17.5 h exposure and milk in the PE bottles after 9 h. Vitamins A and B₂ were stable in the milk during 4 d storage in the dark in both bottles and cartons, and in cartons exposed to light. In the bottled milks, light-induced losses of these vitamins after 4 d were, respectively, 15% and 35%. but there was little or no loss before the development of light-induced flavour. Loss of total vitamin C by day 4 was about 50% in the dark, irrespective of container. In the cartons exposed to light, 66% of the vitamin C was lost, while virtually none remained in the exposed, bottled milk. There was also a markedly greater loss of vitamin C in the bottled milk than in the cartoned milk at the time the flavour became unacceptable. The dissolved O₂ concentration dropped considerably in the bottled milk exposed to light, but only marginally in the cartons. There were small increases in dissolved O₂ in the dark in both types of container.     

开封市畜禽沙门菌污染状况及血清学鉴定分析

了解开封市畜禽肉中沙门菌的污染状况及血清学分布,为沙门菌引起的食源性疾病的防控提供依据。方法 依据GB 4789.4—2010《中华人民共和国国家标准食品卫生微生物学检验方法》和2011年国家食源性疾病监测网监测方案,定期对开封市畜禽养殖场和屠宰场进行随机采样监测。结果 在691份样品中,沙门菌检出率为35.9%(248/691);分离出沙门菌253株,有17个血清型。结论 开封市生鸡肉和生猪肉不同程度受到沙门菌的污染,以生鸡肉污染最严重。应加强禽畜类养殖、屠宰加工等过程的卫生监管,减少食源性疾病的发生。     

Heavy metals in vegetables grown in The Netherlands and in domestic and imported fruits

The contents of cadmium, lead mercury, copper, manganese and zinc in 242 samples of 37 different species of domestic and imported fruits have been determined. Also contents of the same heavy metals, except mercury, have been determined in 205 samples of 7 species of domestic vegetables (lettuce, spinach, endive, beetroots, onions, celeriac and Swedish turnips). The median contents (in mg/kg fresh mass of the edible part) found for fruits are: Cd 0.002; Pb 0.017; Hg 0.002; Cu 0.61; Mn 0.52 and Zn 0.99. In the vegetables median levels have been found (mg/kg) of 0.009-0.073 for Cd, 0.01-0.03 for Pb, less than 0.2-0.3 for Cu, 0.69-1.41 for Mn and 0.95-5.5 for Zn. The contribution of fruits to the tolerable daily intakes of Cd, Pb and Hg is, for an average consumption pattern, less than 1%. On the other hand, the contribution to the recommended amounts of the essential elements Cu, Mn, and Zn is no more than 1%-3%. From the vegetables an average portion of spinach contains 19% and 2.6% of the tolerable daily amounts of Cd and Pb, respectively. For the other species of vegetables these figures are less than 5% for Cd (except for endive, 6.8%) and for lead less than 1%. Spinach contributes considerably to the need for Cu, Mn and Zn, in general more than 10% of the recommended daily amounts. The other species of vegetables contribute only from less than 1% to less than few percents.