桃汁贮藏期间的品质变化研究

为探讨桃汁贮藏期间品质的变化,将鲜桃汁灭菌后分别贮藏在4℃、25℃和37℃下,检测并分析桃汁贮藏期间的理化指标、营养成分和香气成分的变化。发现在4℃、25℃和37℃下,桃汁的褐变度分别增加了0.14、0.33和0.56;总糖分别降解了49.06%、53.59%和57.19%;维生素C分别降解了46.27%、43.05%和51.06%;蛋白质分别降解了31.82%、57.14%和64.00%;总酸含量变化很小。桃汁在贮藏过程中,贮藏温度和贮藏时间对褐变度、总糖、维生素C、蛋白质、总酚、果胶等含量的变化均有极显著影响(p0.01)。在对桃汁贮藏期间香气成分变化的研究中,共鉴定出35种香气成分。新鲜桃汁具有较好的香气,其特征香气十一烷-4-内酯达到1.25%,5-癸内酯达到4.45%。贮藏40 d后,4℃下鉴定出的香气成分占总质量分数的79.90%,25℃下鉴定出的香气成分占总质量分数的60.14%,37℃下鉴定出的香气成分占总质量分数的54.59%。因此,低温贮藏有助于桃汁品质地保持。     

‘新红星’和‘长富2号’果实贮藏期间香气成分的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取技术和气相色谱-质谱联用研究‘新红星’和‘长富2号’苹果果实不同贮藏期间香气成分的组成及含量变化。结果表明:‘新红星’和‘长富2号’成熟果实中分别检测出50、49种挥发性成分,共有的香气成分38种,其中30种为酯类物质,乙酸酯类物质相对含量分别占香气物质总量的70.81%和52.60%,对成熟期苹果果实香气的形成发挥重要作用。常温(15~25℃)贮藏过程中,‘新红星’和‘长富2号’果实中酯类物质含量呈先升后降的趋势,贮藏20 d时达到最高值,分别占2个品种香气物质总量的97.94%和95.83%。贮藏期间乙酯类物质相对含量明显增加,其中丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等上升幅度较大,对‘新红星’和‘长富2号’苹果贮藏期间特有香气的形成起重要作用。     

品种和后成熟对NFC苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分的影响

为了探讨果实品种和后成熟度对苹果浊汁风味的影响,采用顶空-固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,基于多元数据分析手段,非靶向分析了富士、嘎啦、华硕、金冠、澳洲青苹等5个品种,在3个后熟度下制成的NFC苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分差异。结果表明:醇类（2-甲基-1-丁醇、1-己醇等）、醛类（己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛等）和酯类（2-甲基乙酸丁酯等）为苹果浊汁的主要挥发性香气成分。品种和后熟度对苹果汁的特征性挥发性香气成分的含量和组成影响显著。澳洲青苹果汁挥发性香气成分总量少且含量低,醛类是其主要的挥发性香气物质;富士、嘎啦和金冠果汁则表现出相似的香气组分特征,酯类、醛类和醇类物质含量丰富,具有浓郁的香甜水果气味和青草味;华硕苹果汁的挥发性香气成分以醇类和醛类为主,整体具有清淡的香味和生青味。另外,随着不断后熟,不同品种苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分的变化呈现不同趋势。澳洲青苹和富士苹果汁中的香气成分逐渐累积,分别有15和28种挥发性化合物含量显著增加;嘎啦和金冠苹果汁香气物质含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在第二个后熟阶段风味最好;用采摘初期华硕苹果原料制成的苹果汁香气最浓郁,但随着不断后熟,挥发性香气含量显著降低。本研究开展的苹果汁风味特性研究,可为苹果浊汁加工的原料选择提供理论基础。     

氯化铵对苹果白兰地挥发性香气成分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析添加氯化铵及无添加对照发酵苹果白兰地酒中的香气成分.经分析鉴定：在苹果白兰地的挥发性物质中,酯类和醇类相对含量较高,构成了苹果白兰地的主要香气成分;苹果白兰地发酵中添加氯化铵有助于提高主要酯类物质的相对含量,其中相对含量较高的香气物质为：乙酸乙酯、3-甲基-乙酸-1-丁酯、乙酸己酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、3-甲基-1-丁醇和乙醇等.     

酥梨汁乳酸菌发酵工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

以宁陵县金顶谢花酥梨为主要原料,筛选适宜酥梨汁发酵的乳酸菌组合,在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交试验优化乳酸菌酥梨汁的发酵工艺,并对优化后的乳酸菌酥梨汁挥发性成分进行动态分析。结果表明,最优发酵条件为：鼠李糖乳杆菌:嗜酸乳杆菌:乳双歧杆菌=1:1:1(V/V),初始pH4.5,接种量4%,糖添加量10%,发酵时间50 h,此条件下制得的乳酸菌酥梨汁V_C含量14.17 mg/100mL、总酸含量7.66 g/L、总酚含量3.68 mg/mL、总黄酮含量6.25 mg/mL,DPPH自由基清除率90.05%,感官评分80.60。通过气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对乳酸菌酥梨汁在发酵0、30、40、50 h的挥发性成分进行分析,共检测出55种挥发性物质,随着发酵时间的延长,挥发性物质的种类和含量增加,酥梨原汁共有7种挥发性成分,发酵30和40 h的酥梨汁挥发性成分均为27种,发酵50 h的挥发性成分增加至46种,此时,高级醇、高级酯和高级酸类物质大量产生,赋予乳酸菌酥梨汁酸甜口感和独特的风味。     

发酵过程中南瓜汁挥发性成分的变化

为了比较瑞士乳杆菌在发酵过程中0、24、36、48 h南瓜汁挥发性物质的变化,采用气相色谱-质谱法对发酵南瓜汁的挥发性成分进行检测和分析。结果表明：微生物能增加南瓜汁风味物质的种类和含量,且在不同的发酵时间内,其挥发性物质种类和含量均存在差异性,发酵0 h时检测出29种物质,含量较高的物质主要有己醛（12.72%）、2-甲基丁醛（6.61%）、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚（6.17%）;发酵12 h时共鉴定出44种物质,含量较高的物质主要有3-羟基-2-丁酮（31.56%）、2,3-丁二酮（11.06%）、丙酮（6.95%）;发酵24 h时检测出44种物质,含量较高的物质主要有3-羟基-2-丁酮（38.87%）、2,3-丁二酮（12.35%）、丙酮（5.24%）;发酵 36 h时检测出 40种物质,含量较高的物质主要有 3-羟基-2-丁酮（47.22%）、2,3-丁二酮（7.15%）、乙酸（5.26%）;发酵48 h时检测出38种挥发性成分,含量较高的物质主要有3-羟基-2-丁酮（32.36%）、2,3-丁二酮（7.79%）、乙酸（5.83%）。在感官上,乳酸菌能显著影响发酵南瓜汁的风味,瑞士乳杆菌倾向于将醛类和醇类物质转化成酮类和酸类物质,发酵12 h的南瓜汁评分是最高的。     

普洱生茶在贮藏过程中香气成分的变化

为了考察普洱生茶贮藏前后的品质变化,在不同贮藏温度度进行贮藏,对其进行感官评价,并进行气相色谱- 质谱分析。结果表明：普洱生茶在(25 ± 1)℃贮藏3 个月与8 个月的香气成分变化显著,而在(35 ± 1)℃条件下贮藏3 个月与8 个月所产生的香气成分种类和含量变化不显著,但与贮藏前相比,变化显著。贮藏8 个月后,(25 ± 1)℃和(35 ± 1)℃条件下贮藏的茶样中同时检测出15 种新出现的香气成分,主要为β - 紫罗兰酮环氧化物、茉莉酮、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、苯酚衍生物。结果表明,贮藏时间和温度对普洱生茶香气成分变化有重要作用,8 个月的贮藏对改善普洱生茶的香气有显著效果。     

氯化铵及生物素对苹果白兰地挥发性香气成分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析添加氯化铵及生物素与无添加氮源对照发酵苹果白兰地酒中的香气成分。结果表明,250 mg/L氯化铵与10 μg/L生物素的交互作用使苹果白兰地发酵中酯类物质的相对含量从40.95%提高至64.94%,异戊醇的相对含量从14.79%降低至3.69%;辛酸乙酯在主要酯类物质中相对含量最高且随着生物素添加量的增加从17.07%增加至22.43%,构成了苹果白兰地特有的香味。     

低温贮藏和成熟度对王林苹果香气成分的影响

为研究低温贮藏和成熟度对王林苹果香气成分的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对在常温(20℃)、低温(0℃~2℃)贮藏方式下的果实进行挥发性成分分析比较。结果表明,王林苹果的主要香气成分为醛类、醇类、酯类物质。低温贮藏可显著抑制醛类比例的下降幅度及醇类、酯类的生成,常温有利于果实醇类、酯类的积累;成熟期果实中醇类、酯类含量相对于成熟前、后较高,影响果实香气成分的组成。     

辣椒汁发酵过程中挥发性成分的变化

为研究未经发酵辣椒汁与不同发酵时间辣椒汁的挥发性成分,并探究发酵前后挥发性成分的变化,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用的方法对辣椒汁发酵期间挥发性成分进行鉴定,探讨时间对辣椒汁发酵风味的影响。结果表明：在辣椒汁发酵期间,共鉴定出106 种挥发性成分,主要包括酯类（28 种）、酸类（13 种）、醇类（8 种）、烯烃类（34 种）、烷烃类（12 种）、醛类（5 种）、酮类（3 种）等,它们的协同作用构成了辣椒汁及其发酵液的特征气味。其中在辣椒原汁、发酵1、2、3 d的辣椒汁中分别鉴定出成分65、78、83、86 种,共有的成分53 种。随着发酵的进行,酯类、烯烃类化合物相对含量有所增加,并新增萜类化合物,挥发性成分种类均有增加。发酵时间3 d的辣椒汁风味最佳,发酵能使辣椒汁产生独特的风味,使其具有很好的应用前景。     

Changes in volatile flavour compounds in field pea cultivars as affected by storage conditions

The impact of storage conditions on volatile flavour profile of field pea cultivars was evaluated. Seeds were kept at 4 °C, room temperature (approximately 22 °C) and 37 °C for 12 months. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used for extraction and identification of volatile flavour compounds (VFCs). Significant (P < 0.01) differences in the concentration of VFCs were observed during storage. All cultivars kept at 22 and 37 °C had higher mean value of aldehydes compared to those kept at 4 °C. Alcohols, hydrocarbons, ketones, terpenes and esters were higher in samples stored at 4 °C compared to those at higher temperatures. 1‐Hexanol, hexanal, styrene, 2‐butanone, dimethyl sulphide, 3‐carene, ethyl acetate and 2, 3‐diethyl‐5‐methyl pyrazine were the most abundant compounds found in peas. Results from this study could be useful in identifying improved conditions of storage to enhance flavour properties of peas.     

Influence of different banana cultivars on volatile compounds during ripening in cold storage

The aroma responsible for the flavor of fruits is highly susceptible to low temperatures in storage. The present study investigated the volatile composition of the Nanicão and Prata banana cultivars by testing pulp and whole fruit under cold storage conditions. The volatile fractions were characterized using headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The cold storage induced changes in the volatile profile relative to the profile of the control group. The result of principal component analysis revealed that cold storage more strongly affects the Nanicão than the Prata cultivar. Esters such as 2-pentanol acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate, 2-methylpropyl butanoate, 3-methylbutyl butanoate, 2-methylpropyl 3-methylbutanoate and butyl butanoate were drastically reduced in the cold group of the Nanicão cultivar. Our results suggest that the metabolism responsible for the production of volatile compounds is related to the ability to tolerate low temperatures.     

Residual effects of controlled atmosphere storage on the production of volatile compounds by two varieties of apples

Cox's Orange Pippin apples gradually lost their capacity to ripen normally when they were stored in 2% oxygen at 3.5 ºC. When the apples were transferred to air at 20 ºC, volatiles except ethylene were produced in much smaller amounts than from apples which had been stored in air or 5% carbon dioxide in air. When Golden Delicious apples were stored with different combinations of temperature and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the rate of volatile production, its nature and the total amounts produced after storage were affected. There were residual effects also on the rate of chlorophyll loss and softening.     

油菜花粉油脂贮藏过程中挥发性成分变化研究

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用技术对油菜花粉油脂在贮藏前后挥发性成分进行了分析。结果表明,新鲜油菜花粉油脂特殊风味物质的主要成分为D-柠檬烯(13.66%)、3-蒈烯(7.95%)、二甲基富烯(5.72%)、β-水芹烯(4.58%)、苯甲醛(3.15%)、氧化石竹烯(2.27%)、苯乙醇(1.16%)和β-蒎烯(1.12%)等化合物。经过常温贮藏6个月后油脂的主要挥发性成分为醛类和酯类化合物。油菜花粉油脂中的高含量亚麻酸导致其易氧化酸败。经分析鉴定出油菜花粉油脂氧化产物含有丙醛、(E)-2-戊烯醛、正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、壬醛和(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛和2,4-庚二烯醛等。其中2,4-庚二烯醛的含量最高,可作为油菜花粉油脂产品质量优劣的指标。     

玉米冻藏过程中挥发性成分变化及主成分分析

为研究冻藏温度和时间对玉米挥发性风味的影响,采用顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),分别对在-4、-18、-40℃条件下冻藏1、2、3个月的玉米样品进行分析,为玉米贮藏保鲜提供理论指导。研究表明:随着贮藏时间的增加,当贮藏温度为-4℃和-18℃时,烃类物质相对含量先增加后减少,醇类物质种类数量及相对含量均不断增加,酮类物质种类数量不断减少;当贮藏温度为-18℃与-40℃时,醛、酸、酯类物质相对含量先减少后增加。此外,当贮藏时间为1个月时,贮藏温度越低,烃类、酮类物质种类数量越多,相对含量越小;当贮藏时间为3个月时,贮藏温度越低,烃、酮、酯类物质相对含量越大,醛类物质种类数量和相对含量越小。随后,选取63种主要挥发性成分进行主成分分析,挥发性成分主要指向醛、酮、酯类物质,棕榈酸乙酯、癸醛、2,3-辛二酮、4-甲基二苯甲酮、辛醛、植烷、癸二酸二壬酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、十四酸异丙酯是玉米挥发性成分的主要特征化合物。     

Changes in volatile aroma compounds of organic fragrant rice during storage under different conditions

BACKGROUND: Aroma of fragrant rice greatly affects palatability as well as consumer acceptability. Loss of desirable volatile compounds such as 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP) and increase in volatile lipid oxidation products in aged rice have been reported. The aim of this study was to monitor the changes in key volatile compounds of organic red fragrant rice cv. Hom Daeng during storage. Effects of packaging material, storage temperature and time were evaluated using solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Thirteen key volatile compounds including ten lipid oxidation products were monitored. For samples vacuum packed in Nylon/LLDPE pouches at ambient temperature, significant increases in hexanal, 2‐pentylfuran, 1‐octanol and 4‐vinyl guaiacol and significant decreases in 2‐AP and geranyl acetone were found after the second month (P?0.05). Vacuum packing in OPP/Al/LLDPE pouches or storage at 15 °C better retarded the formation of volatile lipid oxidation products and greater retained desirable odorants, including 2‐AP. However, accumulation of lipid oxidation products and 4‐vinyl guaiacol was apparent after the sixth month under these storage conditions. CONCLUSION: A greater extent and higher rate of undesirable changes in volatile compounds were found in samples stored under Nylon/LLDPE/ambient temperature condition. Nevertheless, this condition is acceptable for the retail trade of organic rice in Thailand. Storage conditions using reduced temperature or better packaging materials may be more appropriate for exported rice or superior‐grade fragrant rice to better maintain the desirable rice aroma. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes in the profile of volatile compounds and amino acids during cider fermentation using dessert variety of apples

In China, the production of apples is very large even surplus. Developing cider is becoming an important and promising segment of the fruit industry. Fuji apples, a most popular dessert variety in China, were employed to produce cider. Timely monitoring during the fermentation process was conducted by recording the changes in yeast biomass, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, total acidity, yeast assimilable nitrogen, total phenols content, amino acids and volatile compounds. The sugar and nitrogen compounds were consumed smoothly during fermentation. A variety of volatile compounds were detected in the fermentation liquor, mainly including eight higher alcohols, fourteen esters, six fatty acids, three aldehydes, one ketone, one volatile phenol and three terpenes. Their content was changing dynamically throughout the fermentation process. The sensory evaluation revealed a good acceptance of the cider. The results showed that Fuji apples are good raw material for cider and have the potential to be widely used in the China cider industry.     

Production of volatile organic compounds by apples

There is great variation in the rate at which different apple cultivars produce volatiles. The rate of production of volatiles, in terms of loss of carbon, is some 0.3–1.0% of the loss of CO₂; depending on conditions of storage, some 50–95% of the carbon lost as volatiles is accounted for by ethylene. Increase in concentration of CO₂ in the storage atmosphere reduces the rate of production of volatiles. Reduction of the oxygen concentration to a low level has the same effect, and ethylene production ceases in the complete absence of oxygen. The peel of the fruit is more active in production of ethylene than is the pulp; the rate of production is greater for small apples than for large. When the volatiles are removed from the storage atmosphere, the rate of production increases. The incidence of superficial scald, and the shape of the time/rate graph for ethylene are related. This could be due to an effect of climate during the growing period, affecting the porosity of the peel.