焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响,进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响,并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明,电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中,熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大,匙孔较为稳定;激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近,焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比,电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入,与匙孔边缘的距离较远,匙孔稳定性较好,焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时,电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好;而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续,并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

等离子弧-MIG焊丝振荡式复合焊接工艺

针对现有的等离子弧-MIG复合焊接过程中的双弧排斥问题,基于MIG焊丝位移规律性改变提出了一种新型的MIG焊丝振荡与等离子弧共熔池的复合焊接工艺.通过调节MIG焊丝电机转速(振荡频率)和振荡振幅进行了焊接工艺试验.结果表明,随着电机转速(振荡频率0～41 Hz)的增加,等离子弧与MIG电弧排斥减弱,耦合趋势增大.尤其是电机转速为2 000 r/min(振荡频率33 Hz)时,共熔池复合焊接效果较好;MIG焊炬振荡振幅为1 mm时,电弧形状最为稳定,但振荡频率和振荡振幅过大均不利于焊接过程稳定性;MIG焊炬振荡提高了熔滴过渡频率,使焊丝尖部呈现小熔滴过渡,减小了焊接飞溅.对接试验力学性能测试表明,抗拉强度、抗弯强度均随振荡频率的提高呈现先增大后减小趋势,分析认为MIG焊炬振荡具有一定搅拌熔池的作用,有效提高了焊接接头的力学性能.     

激光液态填充焊的填材熔化与过渡稳定性

针对激光填丝焊过程中焊丝对入射激光能量的反射、匙孔不稳定等问题,提出了激光液态填充焊方法,采用电弧提前预熔焊丝,让填材以液态方式流入熔池中.分析了激光液态填充焊的熔化、过渡模式,以及工艺参数对过渡模式的影响规律.结果表明,在电弧热作用下焊丝有液桥过渡和滴状过渡两种模式,焊接电流较小时,焊丝的上部熔化,下部依然保持固态,形成稳定的液桥过渡;焊接电流较大时,焊丝端部全部熔化易回缩成球为滴状过渡,过渡稳定性变差.为改善滴状过渡的稳定性,可依靠间隙的毛细作用稳定流入熔池中.激光液态填充焊可降低对匙孔的冲击,提高匙孔的稳定性.     

旁路耦合电弧高速焊接工艺

为了实现传热、传质的解耦,提出了旁路耦合电弧焊接工艺(Arcing-wire PAW).介绍了旁路耦合电弧焊接工艺的原理和系统组成,利用数据采集系统和高速摄像机对电信号和熔滴过渡进行同步采集,结合电信号变化和熔滴过渡行为分析不同焊接参数对熔滴过渡的影响.结果表明,送丝速度和MIG电流的变化改变了焊丝熔化的平衡位置,使得熔滴的过渡状态和频率发生了变化,焊丝垂直高度的变化使得焊丝充分利用熔池的热量实现稳定快速过渡.由于传热和传质可以分开控制且电弧形态在焊接方向被拉长,保证了高速焊接时焊接过程的稳定性.     

变极性脉冲MIG焊的控制

研究变极性脉冲MIC焊的主要目的是控制形成浅焯缝,高效焊接铝合金薄板变极性脉冲MIG蚌的控制系统由逆史控制系统和单片机控制系统构成。控制系统协调控制电弧极性、电弧稳定性、焊丝熔化及熔滴过渡、电弧电压等焊接参数,获得稳定的焊接过程。变极性脉冲MIG焊在电弧EP极性时,利用脉冲电流熔化焊丝、形成熔滴过渡,电弧EN极性时电弧沿焊丝端上爬,EN极性电孤促进焊丝熔化、减小电弧对熔池的加热作用,减小焊缝熔深,焊接薄板时其有独特优势。     

空间多位置摆动激光填丝焊接熔池动态行为及焊缝成形

以316L奥氏体不锈钢管道为研究对象,在摆动激光焊接研究基础上,对管道多位置激光填丝焊接熔滴过渡和焊缝成形展开研究,分析焊接熔池动态特征,优化各位置区间工艺参数,进而实现管道全位置激光焊接.结果表明,摆动激光束周期性的作用于填充焊丝,产生的反冲压力能够促进熔滴过渡,使得焊丝始终以"液桥"形式向熔池过渡;同时摆动激光增强了熔融金属侧向流趋势,提高熔池界面表面张力,削弱空间多位置下重力对熔池形貌的影响,保证各空间位置熔池均能稳定存在,焊缝成形连续均匀.     

Process and joint characterizations of laser-MIG hybrid welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

High power laser-metal inert gas (MIG) hybrid welding of AZ31 Mg alloys was studied. Microstructure and fracture surface of welded joints were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties of welded joints were evaluated by tensile test. Under the optimal welding parameters, the stable process and sound joints were obtained. The tensile strength efficiency of welded joints recovered 84-98% of the substrate. It was found that the arc was compressed and stabilized by the laser beam during the hybrid welding. The compressed extent of arc column increased with laser power, and the process stability could be improved by increasing laser power and arc current or slowing welding speed. The arc stabilized mechanism in laser-MIG hybrid welding of Mg alloys was summarized in two factors. First, the laser keyhole fixes the arc root and improves the igniting ability of the arc. Second, the electromagnetic force is downward and increased by the laser-arc interaction, which prevents the overheating of the droplet and smoothes droplet transfer from the wire to the weld pool.     

短路过渡CO2焊接熔滴尺寸控制

分析了短路过渡CO2焊接的熔滴形成过程及焊接电流波形对熔滴形状及短路过渡历程的影响规律,对采集获得的焊接过程中的焊接电流信号进行数学处理,采用最小二乘法建立了波形控制短路过渡焊接的焊丝熔化模型.在此基础上,通过控制燃弧初期脉冲电流的宽度调整燃弧能量的大小,对熔滴尺寸控制进行了试验研究.结果表明,随着燃弧脉冲电流宽度的增加,熔滴尺寸单调增加,这说明改变燃弧初期脉冲电流的宽度可以有效地控制燃弧能量和熔滴尺寸的大小.     

High quality welding of stainless steel with 10 kW high power fibre laser

Abstract

The objectives of this research are to investigate penetration characteristics, to clarify welding phenomena and to develop high quality welding procedures in bead on plate welding of type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates with a 10 kW fibre laser beam. The penetration depth reached 18 mm at the maximum at 5 mm s^?1. At 50 mm s^?1 or lower welding speeds, however, porosity was generated at any fibre laser spot diameter. On the other hand, at 100 mm s^?1 or higher welding speeds, underfilling and humping weld beads were formed under the conventionally and tightly focused conditions respectively. The generation of spatters was influenced mainly by a strong shear force of a laser induced plume and was greatly reduced by controlling direction of the plume blowing out of a keyhole inlet. The humping formation was dependent upon several dynamic or static factors, such as melt volume above the surface, strong melt flow to the rear molten pool on the top surface, solidification rate and narrow molten pool width and corresponding high surface tension. Its suppression was effective by producing a wider weld bead width under the defocused laser beam conditions or reduction of melt volume out of keyhole inlet under the full penetration welding conditions. Concerning porosity, X-ray transmission in situ observation images demonstrated that pores were formed not only from the tip of the keyhole but also at the middle part because of high power density. The keyhole behaviour was stabilised using a nitrogen shielding gas, resulting in porosity prevention. Consequently, to produce high quality welds in 10 kW high power fibre laser welding, the reduction procedures of welding defects were required on the basis of understanding their formation mechanism, and 10 kW fibre laser power could produce sound deeply penetrated welds of 18 mm depth in a nitrogen shielding gas.     

脉动送丝MIG焊的熔滴过渡及焊缝成形分析

文中在等速送丝MIG焊基础上,搭建了脉动送丝MIG焊系统,利用焊接电流电压信号采集系统以及高速摄像等设备对焊接过程进行检测,研究了脉动送丝对MIG焊熔滴过渡及焊缝成形的影响.结果表明试验发现,脉动送丝条件下熔滴所受轴向机械力是影响熔滴过渡形式的关键因素.在相同的脉动送丝频率下,脉动送丝速度基值与峰值时熔滴过渡形式有所差异;随着脉动送丝频率的改变,熔滴过渡形式也会发生变化;相比于等速送丝,脉动送丝条件下形成的焊缝熔宽更宽,且随着脉动送丝频率的增加,熔宽逐渐增大.     

YAG激光与脉冲MIG复合焊接

研究了YAG(掺钕钇铝石榴石 ,Nd 3:Y3Al5O1 2 )激光与脉冲MIG电弧复合焊接铝合金的新工艺 ,设计制造了复合焊接机头 ,探讨了各种规范参数对焊缝成形的影响规律及激光与电弧的复合作用。结果表明 ,在比较宽的参数范围内YAG激光 -脉冲MIG复合焊接铝合金焊缝成形美观 ,无气孔等缺陷 ,熔深与激光单独焊比增加 4倍 ,与脉冲MIG焊接比增加 1倍以上 ,焊速显著提高 ,是一种理想的焊接工艺。     

送丝方式对步进填丝双脉冲TIG电弧增材成形精度的影响

针对电弧增材制造热质传输强耦合、成形尺寸精度低等共性关键问题,提出一种步进填丝双脉冲钨极氩弧(tungsten inert gas,TIG)电弧增材制造方法. 基于此方法建立增材成形试验系统,开展系列变化参数的直壁墙增材工艺试验. 利用同步采集的熔滴、熔池动态变化图像数据重点研究分析了送丝方式对焊丝熔化、熔滴过渡、熔池行为和成形尺寸精度的影响规律. 结果表明,前、后送丝方式下熔滴均以液桥过渡方式熔入到熔池;相比前送丝增材过程,后送丝方式下焊丝熔化效率和熔滴过渡频率明显增加,熔滴尺寸变小,熔池表面高度和宽度尺寸波动均减小;高频脉冲电弧使熔池体积略微增加,热稳定性明显增强,直壁墙沉积件成形精度明显提高.     

Research on laser-arc hybrid welding of lap fillet joints of thin sheet

ABSTRACT

Laser welding is capable of welding at high speeds by high-density energy, while arc welding is an effective construction method from the viewpoint of tolerance of the gap and welding position. Laser-arc hybrid welding has both these features. The authors have researched suitable welding parameters and consumables for this hybrid welding process that couples laser beam with MAG arc for lap fillet weld joining of thin steel sheets. As a result, the following welding parameters have been proven to be the most appropriate for better bead shapes and root-gap tolerance, i.e. laser leading (kept at a right angle) and MAG trailing (kept at a push angle); the laser-arc distance was 3 mm and the laser beam focus size was 2 mm. In addition, it was proven that HT490-class welding wire of Si-Mn-Ti type (JIS YGW11) was the most appropriate for better bead shapes and root-gap tolerance. The bead shape was apt to be better in cases of higher surface tension of welding wire. The result of the tensile shear test of the joint by welding with HT490-class welding wire of Si-Mn-Ti type (JIS YGW11) under selected welding condition demonstrated that the value of the tensile strength of parent material was equal to that of lab fillet joints.     

Fundamental study of narrow-gap welding with oscillation laser beam

Laser welding with oscillation laser beams enables control of the heat input distribution. In this study, we attempted to develop a narrow-gap welding process with oscillation laser welding. This process is expected to prevent a lack of fusion because the entire bottom to the groove can be melted by the oscillation laser. As the first step of the study, bead-on-plate welding experiments with an oscillation laser beam were performed to investigate the relationship between the welding conditions and welding results. The experiments revealed that the oscillation conditions strongly affect the welding penetration shape. It was clarified that the wire melting phenomena in oscillation laser welding differed from those of straight (non-oscillation) laser welding. Additionally, narrow-gap laser welding experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between the oscillation conditions and gap width. The results confirmed the effectiveness of oscillation laser welding for narrow-gap welding.     

脉冲MIG焊不稳定过渡过程的观察与分析

基于高速摄像和电信号分析系统,采集了一定焊接工艺参数下脉冲MIG焊焊接过程的电信号,借助电信号小波分析设备对不稳定焊接过程进行了宏观分析,并对焊接熔滴过渡过程中的不稳定现象进行了高速摄像观察.观察发现,脉冲MIG焊不稳定焊接过程呈现出多种熔滴过渡形式,过渡熔滴形状多样,熔滴尺寸不均匀,熔滴形成过程中重心不稳,熔滴爆炸引起飞溅以及熔池振荡.通过对焊接过程不稳定现象的观察与分析,指出焊丝熔化能量的随机性以及熔滴上综合作用力的随机性是熔滴尺寸具有不确定性的根源.对脉冲MIG焊焊接过程不稳定现象的研究将有利于对焊接工艺性能进行有效控制.     

Adaptively Controlled Hybrid Welding Using a High Brightness Laser

Hybrid laser-MAG welding with real-time adaptive control has been demonstrated.Hybrid welding conditions have been developed to produce ISO 13919-1 class B (stringent) quality butt welds between 8mm thickness steel plates,using a 5kW 6mm.mrad Yb fibre laser combined with conventional arc welding equipment.A laser vision seam tracking system has enabled a 7-axis robot,manipulating the hybrid welding head,to track butt joints in real time during welding.The laser vision system has also provided information on the variations in joint fit-up,in particular the width of any gaps,or height of any mismatches present.This information has then been used to automatically adjust the robot position or speed,or arc welding parameters,depending on the fit-up detected.In this way,the tolerance of the hybrid process has been augmented,producing stringent quality welds over a wider range of joint fit-up cases than when using fixed conditions alone.     

熔滴主动靶向的激光间接电弧复合增材制造技术初探

对制造精度和效率相矛盾的原因进行了分析,为解决此矛盾,提出了一种新型的熔滴主动靶向的激光间接电弧复合增材制造技术.该技术利用交流双丝间接电弧能量熔化金属丝材实现高熔敷率,利用熔滴主动靶向激光,脉冲激光辅助定量的熔滴定点过渡到熔池保证成形精度.文中对固定质量的熔滴交替形成在固定位置进行了建模分析和初步试验研究,结果表明,通过控制送丝速度和电流频率,可实现双丝交替定点定量熔化,为熔滴主动靶向激光提供了先决条件.     

Welding austenitic steel to copper with the defocused radiation of a fibre laser

Special features of producing butt welded joints between 12Cr18Ni10Ti austenitic steel and M1 copper by laser welding are investigated. Welding was carried out without filler or intermediate material. The defocused beam of the fibre laser, displaced to the austenitic steel, was used. The welded joints in dissimilar materials produced in the selected conditions were without defects and their strength was comparable with the M1 copper parent metal. The tensile tests and hardness measurements were carried out on the resultant welded joints. The microstructure of the welded joints was investigated and the transition zone was examined by chemical analysis.     

铝合金AC-P-MIG焊丝熔化速度与焊缝成形

铝合金AC—P—MIG焊丝熔化速度主要受焊接电流、BEN比率的影响,在相同BEN比率下,焊丝熔化速度随焊接电流的增大而增大;在相同电流下,焊丝熔化速度随着EN比率的增大而增大．由于阴阳极等效压降的不同及电弧形态特征的差异,随着BEN比率的增加,焊丝得到更有效、更多能量的加热,故熔化速度加快．在同样送丝速度与焊接速度下,随着BEN比率的增加,焊接电流减小,熔深、熔宽减小,余高显著增大．因此AC-P—MIG可以有效解决薄板焊接易烧穿问题,并且可以提高搭接间隙范围,实现薄板的高速、高质量焊接．     

激光增强GMAW熔滴短路过渡行为分析

高能量密度的激光照射熔滴,使熔滴局部产生强烈蒸发,利用蒸发反力驱动熔滴受迫短路,促进熔滴脱离焊丝.以低碳钢为研究对象,搭建激光增强GMAW短路过渡焊接试验系统,对比研究了激光增强GMAW短路过渡焊接过程中激光入射位置、电弧高度对熔滴短路过渡行为的影响规律.结果表明,在焊接过程中施加一定功率的激光对熔滴短路过渡行为有明显的改善作用,可以通过激光改变熔滴的受力状态,控制过渡熔滴的尺寸,熔滴短路时间减小,燃弧时间增加,增加过渡频率,提高了焊接过程中的稳定性,激光增强后,焊缝表面成形均匀饱满,焊缝成形良好.