Fracture of welded joints exposed to hydrogen atmosphere

Soldering of aluminium with copper becomes more significant, because of relatively low process temperature of about 400–450°C. It is applied not only in electrotechnical industry, in joining Al–Cu conductors, but also in cooling and air-conditioning equipment and in solar construction of collectors (Winiowski A. Lutowanie twarde aluminium i jegostopów – nowe trendy technologiczne, Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, nr 6/2000, Fontargen GmbH. Löten in der Kälte- und Klimatechnik, Eisenberg. 2001 and Fontargen GmbH. Aluminium-Löten. Eisenberg 2003). In this paper, problems concerning Al–Cu soldering are presented. For soldering, zinc solders with the addition of 2, 4, and 15 wt% Al have been used. Results of wettability and spread factor measurements of zinc solders on aluminium and copper surface, as well as metallography, microhardness, and shearing tests of Al–Cu joints are presented. Effects of copper pipes with aluminium plate soldering with application of flux coating solders are also described.     

Improving 410NiMo weld metal toughness by PWHT

Highlights of the present study is the importance of choosing suitable temperatures for two stage PWHT to achieve desirable toughness in the weld metals produced by ER 410NiMo filler wire. Weld pads prepared using this filler wire was used for extensive metallurgical characterization of the weld metal. Results indicate by choosing appropriate temperatures for the PWHT, it is possible to obtain toughness in the weld metal which is comparable to the toughness reported for the base metal of similar composition. Good toughness of the weld metal is attributed to the presence of retained austenite in the weld metal. Two stage PWHT that gave excellent toughness for the weld metal was employed for repair of cracked shrouds of a steam turbine in a nuclear power plant. The metallurgical characterization of the mock up weld pad prepared prior to actual repair confirmed that microstructure and hardness of the weld metal are similar to those obtained during the welding procedure development.     

A device for removing metal from the weld pool when studying the shape of the weld pool

The dimensions and shape of a weld pool have a strong effect on both the technological and service parameters of welded joints. To investigate the shape and dimensions of a weld pool, a device for removing molten metal from the pool cavity for different materials and thickness of the welded specimens was designed and constructed. Investigation of the shape of the pool in laser welding showed special features of the pool in comparison with arc welding     

双脉冲MIG工艺参数对异种不锈钢焊缝质量影响分析

针对2205与316L异种不锈钢材料焊接工艺参数难控制的问题,采用双脉冲熔化极气体保护焊（DP-MIG）工艺分别研究了强、弱脉冲个数与焊接速度对焊缝成形质量的影响,利用小波分析仪采集并分析了焊接过程中的电参数,对获得的对接焊缝进行了拉伸试验与金相分析.结果表明,焊接速度对焊缝质量影响最大,其次为弱脉冲个数、强脉冲个数,不同的强弱脉冲个数对焊缝质量的影响较小;接头断裂主要发生在焊缝处与靠近焊缝的母材316L一侧;随着焊接速度增加,焊接热输入减小,冷却速度变快,缩短铁素体发生转变的时间,导致金相组织相对细小.     

Mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel weld/adhesive hybrid bonds

Hybrid weld-adhesive bonding (AB) was used as an approach to improve the mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel resistance spot welds. The weld fusion zone in both techniques was composed of predominantly martensite and δ-ferrite. It was found that the presence of adhesive does not induce excess hardening effect in the fusion zone. It was shown that hybrid AB/resistance spot welding) i.e. weld-bonding) technique can double the peak load and energy absorption of the joints compared to those of the resistance spot welds. To obtain high performance weld-bonded joints, heat generation during welding should be controlled to produce weld bonds with large fusion zone size, but without detrimental effect on the adhesive strength.     

Effect of homogenisation heat treatment on heat affected zone cracking susceptibility.Study of weldability of Inconel 718 cast alloy (3rd Report)

ALW has developed a new tungsten inert gas (TIG) robotic welding process which combines the quality of the TIG process with the productivity of the MIG process. The keystone is the particular configuration of the torch: the weld wire is fed directly into the arc zone, where the temperatures are higher resulting in ‘continuous liquid-flow’ transfer. This configuration also offers the advantage of reduced overall dimensions and greater accessibility of the torch for robotic welding of complex geometries. There is no longer any need to position and direct the weld wire with respect to the torch and the joint to be welded. Hence, the sixth axis of the robot is free.

The applications to date relate to the welding of stainless steel containers, butt and lap welding, carbon steel mechanical parts with intermittent beads in the thin or medium thickness range. Applications on thin, galvanised sheeting, using CuSi₃ wire with no spatter, have been successfully tested in the weld-brazing field, in partnership with the automobile industry. Other applications may include the welding of stainless steels and light alloys for the food and furniture sectors, among others.     

奥氏体不锈钢焊缝金属的电化学腐蚀性能

采用PASTAT30型恒电位仪测试了SUS 316奥氏体不锈钢钨极氩弧焊TIG,熔化极氩弧焊MIG和钨极氩弧焊加填丝TIG M焊缝金属的电化学腐蚀性能.结果表明,在质量分数9.8%H2SO4溶液中,母材及焊缝的抗电化学腐蚀能力由大到小的顺序为母材＞TIG M焊缝＞MIG焊缝＞TIG焊缝,在质量分数5.0%HCl溶液中为母材＞MIG焊缝＞TIG M焊缝＞TIG焊缝,由此可知TIG焊缝金属的抗腐蚀能力最弱.由Tafel曲线可知,SUS316奥氏体不锈钢在H2SO4溶液中的钝化区间较长,在HCl溶液中的钝化区间很短暂,所以不锈钢在盐酸溶液比硫酸溶液中抗腐蚀性能差.晶间腐蚀试验结果与9.8%H2SO4溶液中电化学腐蚀试验结果相同.     

薄壁TC4钛合金激光焊缝成形试验研究

以TC4薄壁钛合金为研究对象,开展激光焊工艺研究及焊缝成形控制。主要研究了焊接过程保护方式、激光能量控制、离焦量和倾斜角度等焊接参数对焊缝成形的影响。研究结果表明,激光低速焊接TC4薄板钛合金工艺窗口较窄,需要进行精确的能量输入控制。采用高速激光焊接TC4薄板结构,有效地扩大工艺窗口。提高激光离焦量也可以提高熔化宽度,激光功率与离焦量比值为100～140 W/mm可得到良好的熔透效果。激光大角度斜向焊接会出现散射现象,提高能量输入可以良好地保证成形质量。     

金属软管焊接自动化研究

针对金属软管焊接中,波纹管与法兰、法兰与网套、波纹管与波纹管各自的焊接特点,发展应用了钨极氩弧焊技术和微束等离子焊技术,成功地研制了金属软管的自动焊接装置,并在对金属软管自动焊接工艺进行系统研究的基础收给出了合理的焊接工艺参数。     

工艺参数对304不锈钢脉冲Nd∶YAG激光/TIG电弧复合焊焊缝成形的影响

研究了304不锈钢脉冲Nd:YAG激光TIG电弧复合热源焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,脉冲Nd:YAG激光/TIG电弧复合焊焊缝横截面面积大于单一激光焊焊缝横截面面积与单一TIG焊焊缝横截面面积之和,具有协同效应;激光功率增大时,复合焊焊缝熔深和熔宽均增大,复合焊焊缝横截面面积增大,复合热源热效率也增大;离焦...     

焊条原始状态对焊缝金属中扩散氢含量的影响

选用E5015、E8515和E9018三种焊条,分别在常温、200℃×1 h,400℃×1 h三种烘焙温度下分析研究焊缝金属中扩散氢含量。结果表明:随着焊条烘焙温度的升高以及熔敷金属抗拉强度的增大,焊缝金属中扩散氢的含量逐渐减少;常温状态下的焊条其焊缝中马氏体和上贝氏体比烘焙条件下的多;E5015焊条和E8515焊条,其焊缝中板条状铁素体多于E9018焊条,而粒状贝氏体少于E9018焊条。     

冷却速率对高氮钢焊缝组织和性能的影响

研究了水冷和空冷条件下高氮不锈钢焊缝金属微观组织和力学性能的变化规律,讨论了冷却速率对高氮不锈钢焊缝微观组织和力学性能的影响规律. 结果表明,冷却速率增加能够有效增加高氮钢焊缝金属中的氮含量,尤其对于含氮量0.85%的高氮含量焊丝,增氮效果更明显. 冷却速率增加对高氮钢焊缝金属抗拉强度提高程度取决于焊丝中的氮含量,对于低氮含量高氮钢焊丝,冷却速率增加能够显著提高焊缝金属抗拉强度,当焊丝中氮含量超过0.58%时,冷却速率增加对焊缝金属抗拉强度影响不大,最终接头强度达到850 MPa.     

On a General Parameterization for Inverse Analysis of Heat Deposition Processes

A general parameterization for inverse analysis of heat deposition processes using incomplete or minimal experimental data is presented. This parameterization is considered general in the sense that it can be applied, in principle, to the inverse analysis of a wide range of different types of heat deposition processes, including welding. The structure of this parameterization follows from the concepts of model and data spaces that imply the existence of an optimal parametric representation for a given class of inverse problems. Accordingly, the corresponding optimal parametric representation lies in the model space and is determined by the characteristics of the available data sets spanning the data space and the nature of the data sampling for purposes of parameter determination via appropriate optimization techniques. The elements of the proof presented here provide an elucidation of certain aspects of inverse heat-deposition analysis that are important for practical application.     

HR-TEM observation of laser pressure weld of galvannealed steel and pure aluminium

Laser pressure welding was conducted by changing the laser power and the roller pressure in the previous experiment. It was revealed that dissimilar metal welding of galvannealed steel and pure aluminium was feasible in a wide range of welding conditions. When the roller pressure was more than 1.96 kN at the laser powers equal to or less than 1400 W, the joint strengths were so high that the specimens in the tensile shear and the peel tests fractured in the A1050 parent metal.

In order to know the reason for such high strengths of joints with thick compound layers and the joining mechanism, the compound layer was observed by HR-transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM observation results revealed that the main phase in the compound layer was the solid solution of Al + Zn. Moreover, the intermetallic compound was identified as FeAl, Fe₂Al₅, Fe₄Al₁₃ and Fe₂Al₅Zn_0.4 phase by electron diffraction. The Fe₃Zn₁₀ (Γ phase) of Fe–Zn intermetallic compound was confirmed on a Fe base material. It is guessed that the joining areas were heated at a range of 782°C more than 665°C, a melting point of Al, by laser irradiation because the δ_lk phase aspect was not confirmed. Because the surfaces of A1050 and Zn plated layer were melted thinly, the layer was over 10 μm thicker. The reason for the production of high-strength joints with a relatively thick intermetallic compound layer was attributed to the formation of (Al + Zn) phase with finely dispersed intermetallic compounds.     

不锈钢焊接接头的激光熔凝试验

对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢焊接接头进行局部激光熔凝,观察激光熔凝后焊接接头组织的变化,并进行腐蚀试验。试验结果表明:在硫酸溶液中具有良好抗腐蚀性的不锈钢经焊接后,接头部位的抗腐蚀性较母材有所降低,但经激光熔凝后,抗腐蚀性可得到明显提高,这说明激光熔凝对改善不锈钢焊接接头的抗腐蚀性是有效的。     

不锈钢焊接接头的激光熔凝试验

对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢焊接接头进行局部激光熔凝，观察激光熔凝后焊接接头组织的变化，并进行腐蚀试验。试验结果表明：在硫酸溶液中具有良好抗腐蚀性的不锈钢经焊接后．接头部位的抗腐蚀性较母材有所降低，但经激光熔凝后，抗腐蚀性可得到明显提高，这说明激光熔凝对改善不锈钢焊接接头的抗腐蚀性是有效的。     

薄壁件激光锁底焊缝质量研究

针对30CrMnSiA薄壁激光锁底焊接接头的焊缝质量问题，从激光焊接中的气孔成形及分布规律入手，参照有关标准对一定焊缝长度内的不同孔径的气孔数量进行统计，同时对含气孔缺陷的焊接接头的力学性能进行了测试，结果表明：其焊缝气孔大多集中在有效焊深以外的焊缝根部，对焊接接头的性能影响不大，即使在焊缝中含有多处气孔的情况下，其焊缝力学性能依然能满足产品设计要求，据此制订了验收规范。生产应用表明：该规范对30CrMnSiA薄壁件激光锁底焊缝的质量控制合理，保证了构件性能，明显提高了生产效率。     

焊接工艺参数对钢/铌激光焊接头性能的影响

采用正交试验法分析了焊接工艺参数对钢/铌激光焊接头抗拉强度的影响规律.结果表明,接头抗拉强度随着焊接速度的增大而降低;随着激光束从铌侧向钢侧偏移,接头强度逐渐升高;激光功率对接头强度的影响不大.在3个焊接工艺参数中,偏束距离对接头强度的影响最大,焊接速度次之,激光功率的影响最小.采用低焊接速度、向钢侧偏束的焊接方法可以提高焊接接头的抗拉强度.焊缝区主要包括铌侧的IMC区,焊缝中心的树枝晶区与钢侧的树枝晶区三个特征区.其组织由大量的γ奥氏体相与一定量的Fe₂Nb相及少量的δ铁素体相组成.铁-铌金属间化合物的生成是降低接头强度的主要原因.     

激光焊接声信号与熔深的相关性

激光焊接过程伴随着强烈的声信号,这些声信号中包含焊接过程的重要信息,反映了焊缝质量.以平板激光堆焊为研究对象,详细地分析了焊接过程声信号的特征.研究发现,声信号的强度和功率频谱分布与焊缝熔深具有良好的对应关系.声信号功率频谱主要集中在2～10kHz之间,并且具有明显的谱线族.随焊缝熔深的减小,声信号强度减弱,并且声信号频谱族由相对集中单一向分散多族化变化.以激光焊接过程产生的声信号特征作为传感信息,采用人工神经网络技术建立了声信号与焊缝熔深之间的关系模型.结果表明,该模型能够根据声信号特征定量地检测焊缝的熔深,为激光非熔透焊接熔深的实时检测提供一种有效的手段.