抑制高速GMAW驼峰焊道的外加磁场数值分析

当熔化极气体保护焊的焊接速度高于一定临界值时,会出现驼峰焊道成形缺陷.为防止驼峰焊道的出现,通过外加磁场与熔池中的焊接电流相互作用,产生指向熔池前方的电磁力,抑制熔池中后向液体流的动量从而抑制驼峰的产生.通过建立焊前工件上外加磁场的三维模型,计算了工件上的外加电磁场分布.提出热-磁耦合分析方法,实现焊接过程中熔池内外加电磁场的数值计算.结果表明,高速焊过程中,外加磁场主要以横向磁场分布在熔池区;焊丝与磁极间的距离会显著改变熔池内外加横向磁场的分布.     

Modelling the transverse magnetic field generated by equipment in arc welding

The design of equipment for generating the transverse magnetic field in arc welding can be optimised by modelling the direct magnetic field produced by the device for generating (GD) the transverse magnetic field (TMF) by the electric field of the current flowing in flat models made of electrically conducting materials. The lines of force of the electric field in the flow of the current in the modelling medium correspond to the lines of force (induction lines) of the magnetic field generated by GD TMF. Using these modelling methods, it is shown that to obtain the maximum values of the transverse component of the induction of the magnetic field in the zone of the welding arc of the electrode droplet and liquid metal of the weld pool, the optimum design of GD TMF is the one in which the angle of inclination of the bars to the vertical is equal to 45° and the end surfaces have chamfers parallel to the plane of the welded sheets.     

填充ER309焊丝的异种钢接头二型边界形成机理

提出对电弧施加横向磁场的方法,通过偏转电弧改变焊缝两侧电弧热分配,从而提升焊缝成形质量. 为了掌握外加横向磁场对电弧热输入分配的影响机制,开展了GTAW电弧热输入分配规律研究;建立了外加横向磁场下的异种钢角焊缝GTAW电弧-熔池耦合瞬态三维模型,对电弧温度场、电磁场、流场开展了耦合计算;对比分析了偏转焊枪与外加横向磁场偏转电弧两种电弧热量分配方式;在上述工作的基础上,研究了外加横向磁场偏转电弧方式磁感应强度对熔透形态和电弧热分配的影响规律. 结果表明,偏转焊枪方式在角焊中适应性较差,而外加横向磁场偏转电弧可获得更好的焊接质量. 相关研究可为此类异种钢角焊的焊接工艺参数优化提供技术支持.     

Influence of molten metal flow on undercutting formation in GMAW

Molten metal flow on weld pool surface in gas metal arc welding process is investigated using a vision-based sensing system and an interpolation algorithm. Bead formation is investigated by analysing flow patterns and its driving forces of weld pool under different welding speed, welding current and shielding gas. Results show that if longitudinal to transverse velocity ratio exceeds 2.0 in the front of weld pool, outward molten metal mainly driven by arc force cannot reach the widest section of the weld pool. Meanwhile, the transverse spreading of molten metal is still hindered in the middle of weld pool as it turns to be inward flow dominated by Marangoni force. These phenomena impede molten metal supply to weld toes which causes undercutting defect. Scaling analysis shows that the predicted undercutting defect agrees well with that resulted from experiments.     

磁控焊接技术的研究现状

介绍了磁控焊接技术的基本原理及装置,并从其对电弧形态、熔滴过渡形式、熔池内液态金属温度场及流动状态等的影响进行了阐述。与普通的焊接技术相比,磁控焊接技术将磁场产生的磁场力引入到焊接过程中并对其进行干涉,通过调节磁场的方向和大小能够改善焊缝成形、改变接头组织及提高力学性能等。因此开展磁控焊接技术的研究具有很高的工程实用价值。     

基于示踪粒子的摆动TIG填丝焊熔池行为数值分析

为了使TIG焊熔池液态金属分布更加均匀,在普通TIG填丝焊的基础上,研究焊枪摆动对熔池行为的影响.建立了焊枪摆动的TIG填丝焊的数学模型,并利用示踪粒子的方法,对比普通TIG填丝焊和摆动TIG填丝焊的熔池温度场、流场及熔滴质量分布.结果表明,普通TIG填丝焊与摆动TIG填丝焊熔池轮廓基本一样,但摆动TIG焊通过摆动电弧,导致熔池内流场行为发生了改变,进而影响了温度场的分布,使熔池内温度分布更加均匀;示踪粒子分布表明,在TIG填丝焊中,摆动TIG填丝焊能够使熔滴金属更加均匀的分布在熔池中.     

Electromagnetic nature of the movement of liquid metal in the weld pool

The electromagnetic nature of movement of liquid metal in a weld pool is discussed. When increasing the welding speed as a result of decreasing the induction of the magnetic field at the back of the arc and increasing the electromagnetic force directed forward and reducing the size of the active arc spot, the speed of movement of the liquid metal increases in welding in the direction from the current supply and rapidly in welding towards the current supply. This confirms the electromagnetic nature of formation of undercutting. A method is described for high-speed one-sided welding with a compound electrode in which the active spot of the arc becomes larger, the arc and liquid metal of the pool move forward, the electromagnetic forces directed downwards in the area of the side edges of the pool decrease, and the resultant welded joint is of high quality without undercutting, the reverse bead forms on a flux cushion and the impact toughness of welded joints increases.     

非磁性合金激光焊旋转磁场搅拌机理

详细地研究了激光焊非磁性材料时,熔池液态金属的电磁搅拌机理;探讨了旋转磁场对激光焊接Al-12Si合金显微组织的影响.结果表明,尽管激光束既无磁性又非导体,Al-12Si合金为非磁性材料,但旋转磁场能改变液态Al-12Si合金的运动状态,产生磁搅拌作用,细化晶粒、消除焊接缺陷.对于激光焊,旋转磁场切割焊接熔池中的液态金属,液态金属中产生感生电流,带电的液态金属受到电磁力的作用使熔池中液态金属产生旋转运动.磁场的旋转速率越高,液态金属受到的电磁搅拌作用力越强.     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

横向旋转磁场对TIG焊焊缝成形的影响

设计了一种横向旋转磁场发生装置,利用载波和高频调幅波分别控制励磁电流(0～15 A)和励磁频率(50～1 000 Hz)的大小.将该磁场应用于TIG焊,利用磁场的旋转带动TIG焊接电弧的旋转,并以奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti为研究对象,重点考察了磁场参数对其焊缝成形的影响规律.分析了横向旋转磁场作用下TIG焊电弧瞬时形态的特点,并根据旋转电弧对工件作用区域的变化特征,论述了横向旋转磁场影响焊缝成形的机理.结果表明,合理设置横向旋转磁场的磁参数可简便、有效地控制焊缝成形,能够满足不同场合的焊接要求.     

基于纵向磁场控制的大直径空心螺柱焊接工艺

采用电弧螺柱焊方法对外径20 mm、内径10 mm的空心螺柱与45钢板材进行焊接,研究了旋弧磁场对接头显微组织特征及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,在纵向旋弧磁场作用下,电弧中电荷受洛伦兹力作用呈螺旋运动,接头外观成形得到改善. 受磁场控制的电弧持续搅拌熔池,改善了焊接热循环条件,影响了熔池凝固结晶过程. 接头中先共析铁素体呈有规律的网状分布,珠光体也变得细化. 接头温度梯度减小使得固态相变时间增长,母材侧热影响区马氏体数量显著下降,热影响区宽度变小. 但旋弧磁场电流过大时焊接过程飞溅倾向明显增大,焊缝中气孔增多. 在焊接时间1 400 ms、焊接电流800 A、旋弧磁场电流0.43 A时,电弧在空心螺柱端面充分燃烧,接头抗剪强度可达到325 MPa.     

New model of body force in electromagnetic stirring gas tungsten-arc welding

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直流叠加脉冲型TIG焊电弧─熔池特性分析

针对乏燃料后处理溶解器腐蚀裂纹等缺陷的快速、一次性、可靠焊接修复工程技术需求,提出一种直流叠加脉冲型TIG深熔焊接方法,在10和16 mm厚304不锈钢板上进行了系列平板堆焊工艺试验.以电弧-熔池特性变化为研究对象,对比分析脉冲电流作用和直流叠加脉冲型电流作用的电弧行为、熔池流动行为及温度场的变化规律,探讨了直流叠加至...     

外加纵向磁场GTAW焊缝成形机理

以外加间歇交变纵向磁场GTAW（气体保护钨极氩弧焊）为研究对象,通过采用测量相关参数和拍摄电弧的方法,研究了间歇交变纵向磁场GTAW焊接低碳钢、不锈钢和铝合金等材料焊缝成形发生变化的规律和原因。认为在本研究条件下,无论处于溶池下方还是上方的单励磁线圈产生的外加纵向磁场都使GTAW焊接电弧特征、熔池行为和结晶过程发生了变化,从而导致焊缝成形的改变;同时发现当励磁线圈和电弧中心线不同轴心时,外加磁场对焊缝成形的影响较为强烈,其中铁磁性材料所受影响较显著。     

旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡熔池动态仿真

为探究旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡时熔池的温度和对流分布规律,利用Flow-3D软件建立三维数学模型,采用球形旋转热源模型,考虑重力、熔滴拖拽力、表面张力、浮力作用,模拟了堆焊状态下,工件材料为Q235的旋转电弧GMAW短路过渡的熔池成形规律. 采用流体体积法追踪熔滴过渡和熔池表面的自由变形,并分析熔滴进入熔池时熔池内部温度场和流场的变化. 结果表明,熔池形成过程中,旋转熔滴对熔池有搅拌作用,并使熔池内部液态金属活性增强,流速变快,熔池内部液态金属体积变大,熔池的宽度变大. 模拟预测的焊缝尺寸、形状与试验吻合良好. 为优化焊接工艺参数、改善旋转电弧GMAW堆焊焊缝质量提供参考依据.     

Magnetic field in electric arc welding

It is shown that the longitudinal magnetic field of welding current in welding of two sheets transforms to the field of a single sheet and this confirms the electromagnetic nature of the interatomic binding forces. At a gap of 0.002 m and as a result of the separation of the lines of force, the induction of the longitudinal magnetic field of welding current rapidly increases and the arc starts to rotate. The electromagnetic force and magnetic pressure directed forward and to the side edges of the weld pool then appear. This results in the movement of liquid metal to the front part of the crater and to the side edges, formation of welded joints without undercutting, and confirms the electromagnetic nature of the formation of undercutting in one-sided high-speed welding. A method of one-sided high-speed welding with a compound electrode on a flux cushion with a gap of 0.002 m has been developed. The method improves the stability of the process and impact toughness of welded joints.     

Study on heat source model in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool

The heat input from arcs to weld pool in twin-arc gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with a common weld pool is investigated by high-speed photography. The characteristics of arc shapes and droplet transfer are studied and then the models for heat flux distribution on top surface of weld pool and enthalpy distribution of metal droplets transferred into weld pool are established. By using the model, 3-D geometries of weld pools in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool are predicted. Corresponding welding experiments on mild steel plates are carried out and the results indicate that the predicted shape of weld bead on cross section shows good agreement with measured one.     

高效MAG焊接熔滴过渡行为及交变磁场控制试验分析

探索更加高效的焊接方法和工艺是当前国际焊接界一个热点课题,而增大焊接电流和焊丝伸出长度可直接提高MAG焊焊接效率. 文中对商用MAG焊机进行改造,使送丝速度达到50 m/min,焊接电流提升至500 A以上,以进一步提高焊接效率. 但是熔滴旋转射流过渡的形成,导致电弧不稳,飞溅增大,因而采用外加交变磁场来改善电弧形态和熔滴过渡行为. 通过焊接工艺试验,分析了焊接电流对焊接飞溅率和金属蒸发速率的影响规律,研究了交变磁场对熔滴过渡行为和焊缝成形的作用. 结果表明,外加低频交变磁场可以有效提高大电流下电弧挺度和稳定性,缩短液流束长度,减小液尖偏斜程度,进而改善焊缝成形,大幅度提高焊接效率.     

Mathematical analysis of the role of recoil pressure in weld pool dynamics during laser-MIG hybrid welding

A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary laser-MIG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.     

渣金间辅助外电场提高焊接工艺稳定性分析

为探索焊接过程实现高稳定性工艺的潜在途径,最大限度地减少重要钢结构制造中焊缝咬边及成形缺陷带来的焊后返修工作,提出并试验了一种利用埋弧焊渣金间随焊施加辅助外电场对渣金电导载流进行导流,进而提高焊接工艺稳定性的方法,并应用焊接电信号分析仪对弧压信号进行了采集统计分析.结果表明,以钨电极作阴极利用电场在渣金熔体内部形成稳定的电导载流,可使熔渣电导性能得以改善,并引导电子进入电弧阴极中心以增强电弧的集聚程度.同时外电场作用也使渣金内部的带电粒子形成有序运动并在界面结合成低表面能的活性氧化物,又可改善液态熔渣在焊缝金属表面的润湿铺展性能.实施辅助电场引入的这些有益作用使焊缝形状、表面光洁度、尤其是焊缝边缘平直均匀性得到较好地改观,焊接过程工艺稳定性得以进一步提高.