Fracture behaviour and numerical study of resistance spot welded joints in high-strength steel sheet

Cross tension tests of resistance spot welded joints with varying nugget diameter were carried out using 980 MPa high strength steel sheet of 1.6 mm thickness. In proportion, as nugget diameter increased from 3√t to 5√t (where t is thickness), cross tension strength (CTS) increased while fracture morphology simultaneously transferred from interface fracture to full plug fracture. In cases of interface fracture, circumferential crack initiation due to separation of the corona bond arose at an early stage of loading. The crack opening process without propagation was recognized until just before fracture and then the crack propagated to the nugget immediately in a brittle manner around CTS. In full plug fracture, main ductile crack initiation from the notch-like part at the end of sheet separation occurred with the sub-crack initiated at an early stage. The ductile crack propagated toward the HAZ and base material to form full plug fracture. The mode I stress intensity factor was considered as a suitable fracture parameter because the circumferential crack behaved pre-crack for brittle fracture in the nugget region at the final stage. Based on the FE analysis, the mode I stress intensity factor was calculated as 116 MPa √m at CTS as fracture toughness for the nugget. With respect to full plug fracture, ductile crack initiation behaviour from the notch-like part was expressed by concentration of equivalent plastic strain. On the assumption that the ductile crack arose in critical value of equivalent plastic strain, the value was calculated as 0.34 by FE analysis. Reasonable interpretation for interface fracture and full plug fracture in the resistance spot welded joint was proposed due to first crack initiation by stress concentration, brittle fracture by using mode I stress intensity factor, and ductile crack initiation by using equivalent plastic strain.     

高铌X80管道不同强度匹配环焊接头性能及应变演化

为探究管道环焊缝断裂失效机理,测试了两种不同强度匹配的高铌X80环焊缝接头的组织和性能,并借助数字图像相关法(digital image correlation,DIC)观测了焊接接头在拉伸载荷下的应变行为.结果表明,低强匹配和高强匹配的高铌X80管道环焊接头均具有较好的冲击韧性,二者的夏比冲击吸收能量平均值相当,热影...     

焊接接头高应变率下的动态断裂韧度分析

对采用Hopkinson气炮加载－Charpy V形冲击试样试验方法对焊接接头高应变率下的动态断裂韧度数据进行了分析研究，通过对试样断口形貌、冲击吸收功、断裂韧度及其影响因素进行分析，表明在高应变率加载条件下，焊接接头冲击试样断口形貌有特殊的表现，延伸带或钝化区的尺寸大小反映了裂纹萌生前的塑性变形大小，也反映了裂纹萌生功的变化趋势。同时说明焊接接头在高速动态冲击载荷作用下，其断裂韧度参量受组配强度、冲击速度及环境温度等因素影响显著，焊接热影响区的断裂韧度值关系到焊接接头断裂韧度的好坏。     

A7N01P-T4铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接头微区性能

以高速列车用14 mm A7N01P-T4铝合金为研究对象,对其激光-MIG复合焊接头的焊缝（WM）、热影响区（HAZ）两个微区以及母材（BM）进行微区拉伸、断裂韧度等性能测试,并结合金相、断口扫描等分析该种接头各区及母材的性能差异.结果表明,A7N01P-T4铝合金母材的抗拉强度最高,其次为激光-MIG复合焊接头热影响区,焊缝最差;接头热影响区的断裂韧度J_m（14）值最高,约为119.580 kJ/mm2,其抵抗裂纹扩展的能力是3个区域中最强的;Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验表明,A7N01P-T4铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接头的断裂韧度测试结果具有较高的可靠性.     

韧-脆转变温度区间内焊接接头断裂韧度预测

首先对采用同种焊接材料施焊的X80及X65管线用钢焊接接头,在韧脆转变温度区间测试了其断裂韧度,试验研究了强度匹配、试样几何形式对接头断裂行为的影响。然后根据局部法由标准三点弯曲试样的断裂韧度值,得出反映材料的脆性断裂控制参量m、σu,再根据该参量对同种接头及不同强度匹配接头双边裂纹拉伸试样的断裂行为进行了定量预测,当考虑韧脆转变温度区间内的延性裂纹扩展后,预测结果与试验结果相当吻合。表明,局部法能很好地描述材料的断裂行为。     

T2紫铜-45钢电子束焊双材料界面性能与裂纹偏转

焊接接头性能与缺陷一直是焊接材料相关课题的重要方面,大量的研究描述了焊接材料的接头性能与特征,但异种焊接材料的界面与开裂问题研究并不充分. 文中对T2紫铜-C45钢电子束焊接双材料界面强度和裂纹开裂的问题,首先采用标准拉伸和三点弯曲试验,得到该材料焊缝区抗拉强度、屈服强度、弹性模量参数,并依此计算判断出断裂韧性值;其次对拉伸和三点弯曲试验试样的宏观和微观断口分析,表征其断口形貌特征,得出断口断裂类型为准解理和沿晶脆性复合断裂模式;基于试验分析结果对裂纹开裂偏转路径进行讨论,得出裂纹沿焊缝区扩展并偏向T2紫铜端;最后以实测参数为基准,基于ABAQUS有限元分析得出三点弯曲试验下焊缝区的裂纹扩展和偏转方向结果,为该种异种金属焊接材料接头性能的提升提供了依据.     

热输入对WEL—TEN780A高强钢焊接热影响区断裂性能和组织的影响

研究了焊接热输入对ＷＥＬ－ＴＥＮ７８０Ａ高强度钢热影响区断裂性能的影响。结果表明,通过控制焊接热输入可以获得理想的焊接热影响区断裂性能。     

环焊接头强度对高应变海洋管道轴向承载能力的影响

基于应变设计的油气输送管道,环焊接头的强度对管道轴向变形能力起着至关重要的作用。以OD559×31.8 mm L485高应变海洋管道环缝为研究对象,采用有限元方法和数字图像相关法(DIC)拉伸试验及宽板拉伸试验,研究了GMAW环焊接头不同区域的强度变化对管道轴向承载能力的影响。结果表明,随焊缝金属强度的升高,管道轴向极限载荷和轴向平均应变增大,失效位置由焊缝向热影响区和母材转移;根焊金属占比小,热影响区很窄,高强匹配时根焊金属和热影响区强度对管道轴向极限载荷和轴向平均应变影响较小;在轴向载荷下,低强匹配环焊接头的母材、热影响区和焊缝的轴向应力和轴向应变分布极不均匀。受母材的拘束作用和焊缝金属自身的形变强化,低强匹配焊接接头的抗拉强度高于全焊缝金属,但变形和屈服主要集中在焊缝区域,容易导致管道环焊缝断裂失效。     

Response of ductile metal sheet parameters to the cone angle of indenting conical tool and fracture toughness evaluation

The indentation and perforation of ductile metal sheet with a conical tool is accompanied by elastoplastic bending, stretching, plastic flow, and crack initiation and propagation. This ultimately results in material fracture in the form of petals. It has been observed that the perforation process is dependent upon the angle of the conical tool. Fracture toughness, crack initiation, work input before and after crack initiation, number of petals, and sheet and petal bending angles all depend on the tool angle. Crack initiation has resulted at minimum tool displacement for a tool angle α=45°, while minimum work input before and after the crack initiation is observed when the tool has an angle α=35°. The optimum range of tool angles for the indentation process is α=22.5 to 50°. In this range, the aluminum sheets showed minimum fracture toughness as well as minimum work input to overcome the offered resistance.     

A model of heating a flux-cored wire in arc metallizing and analysis of the structure of the coating

Summary

This paper describes HAZ‐notched CTOD tests of multipass welds in SMYS = 420–460 MPa class high‐strength steels for offshore structural applications. The weld metal strength overmatch causes different fracture behaviour depending on the actual CGHAZ toughness. When the CGHAZ is completely embrittled, the weld metal strength overmatch leads to the lower bound critical CTOD value. This is due to elevation of the local stress in the CGHAZ caused by the restraint effect of the overmatched weld metal. The fracture surface is generally flat, and brittle fracture originates from the CGHAZ sampled by the fatigue crack front. A larger fraction of the CGHAZ along the crack front gives a smaller critical CTOD value. When the CGHAZ has moderate toughness, however, the weld metal strength overmatch may produce a higher critical CTOD value at brittle fracture initiation. This is due to crack growth path deviation towards the base metal. Plastic deformation preferentially accumulates to a greater extent on the softer base metal side before the critical stress conditions for brittle fracture initiation occur in the CGHAZ. This asymmetrical plastic deformation promotes deviation of ductile crack growth from the crack tip CGHAZ. In this case, the critical CTOD value does not always reflect the CGHAZ toughness itself.

A notch location nearer the weld metal sometimes causes fracture initiation in the weld metal if the fatigue crack tip samples the CGHAZ. Such experimental data do not reflect the real CGHAZ toughness.

The significance of the critical CTOD value obtained in the tests must be determined in the fracture toughness evaluation of the weld CGHAZ. This paper presents a procedure for evaluation of CTOD test results obtained for HAZ‐notched welds that considers the strength mismatch effect.     

Fracture toughness of structural aluminium alloy thick plate joints by friction stir welding

Abstract

The fracture toughness in a friction stir welded joint of thick plates of structural aluminium alloy type A5083-O is investigated. A joint between two 25 mm thick plates is fabricated by one sided, one pass friction stir welding. The Charpy impact energy and critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) in the friction stir weld are much higher than those in the base metal or heat affected zone, whereas mechanical properties such as stress–strain curve and Vickers hardness are not conspicuously different. The effects of the microstructure on crack initiation and propagation are studied in order to clarify the difference in fracture toughness between the stir zone and base metal. The analyses of the fracture resistance curves and the diameters of dimples in the fracture surface after both tensile and bending tests show that the fine grained microstructure in the stir zone helps to increase ductile crack initiation and propagation resistance. It is found that the high fracture toughness value in the stir zone is affected by the fine grained microstructure in friction stir welds.     

Mo-Si-B三元系中T2相合金制备及其室温力学性能

通过放电等离子烧结(SPS)制备T2(Mo5SiB2)相合金,并采用SEM、XRD及压痕、压缩和三点弯曲等实验对合金的微观组织和室温力学性能进行表征。结果表明:SPS法以独特的等离子活化烧结方式制备出纯度高、致密且晶粒细小的T2相合金。该合金在室温压缩下几乎没有塑性变形,抗压强度为2907MPa;维氏硬度为17.86GPa,压痕法测得的断裂韧性为3.23MPa·m1/2,与三点弯曲法测得的3.34MPa·m1/2接近,沿{001}面发生解理断裂。共价键交替排列,是T2相室温脆性、高强度、高硬度的根本原因。     

Incoloy 825镍基高温合金电子束焊工艺及接头组织与力学性能分析

采用电子束焊,对空冷器管箱Incoloy 825镍基高温合金进行对接焊试验. 通过对焊接接头的组织观察,并结合拉伸力学性能以及接头的冲击韧性等试验,分析镍基高温合金电子束焊接头的组织和力学性能. 结果表明, 采用电子束焊焊接镍基高温合金可以得到良好的焊接接头,焊缝区组织由大片等轴晶和少量柱状晶组成;焊缝区没有出现明显的元素烧损现象;焊缝、热影响区硬度达到母材硬度值;焊缝接头抗拉强度达到600 MPa,接近母材抗拉强度,接头断裂形式为韧性断裂;焊缝和热影响区的冲击吸收能量高于母材区,其中焊缝区的冲击吸收能量达到了262 J,冲击断口形貌为韧窝状.     

Study of microstructures and properties for girth welding of domestic X70 pipeline steels

With the development of domestic pipeline steels, it is necessary to develop suitable welding technology which can improve the properties of the welded pipeline. In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of domestic X70 pipeline steels and welded joints are discussed. The welding consumables of BOHLER E6010 and HOBART 81N1 are matched for girth welding. The following characteristics in heat-affected zone(HAZ) are indicated that microstructures of intercritical HAZ(ICHAZ) is finer and more uniform, the grain sizes of fine-grain HAZ(FGHAZ) and subcritical HAZ(SCHAZ) are smaller than that of coarse-grain HAZ(CGHAZ). The hardness, tensile strength and toughness of welded joints come up to the standard. The micrographs of impact specimens in welded joints are cleavage, quasi-cleavage and dimple which shows there is typical ductile rupture.     

Transferability of critical condition for ductile cracking in bent small scale specimen to evaluation of critical internal pressure for ductile cracking in axially notched linepipe

Abstract

For two types of API 5L X65 linepipes, the critical conditions for ductile cracking of the linepipe steel and their applicability to the evaluation of the ductile cracking of an axially notched linepipe were investigated. Static three point bending tests and finite element (FE) analyses for a Charpy V notch specimen were conducted to evaluate the critical conditions for ductile cracking from the notch tip. At the position of ductile cracking for the Charpy specimen, the calculated stress triaxiality was almost constant for both linepipe steels; however, the equivalent plastic strain for each linepipe steel was different. Hydrostatic burst tests were then conducted for internally patched linepipes with an axial through wall notch. The results of FE analyses for the hydrostatic burst tests indicated that the maximum equivalent plastic strain value within the wall thickness was almost the same as that obtained from the three point bending test in the Charpy V notch specimen. It was therefore ascertained that the critical conditions for ductile cracking of linepipes with an actual notch can be predicted from the results of a small scale test and FE analysis, which are used to evaluate the relationship between the stress triaxiality and the equivalent plastic strain.     

D406A钢焊接接头断裂韧度测试

根据英国标准BS7448断裂韧度试验标准,采用多试样法,测试了D406A超高强度钢焊接接头的J-R曲线.取尺寸为B(板厚)×2B、缺口方向为板厚方向、带预制疲劳裂纹的标准试样进行三点弯曲试验.测试试件焊缝和热影响区的载荷-施力点位移曲线,从而得到J积分.然后对数据点进行拟合得到J-R曲线,计算出J积分临界值,从而解决了由于板厚不足而无法直接测试焊接接头临界应力强度因子的问题,为固体火箭发动机壳体设计提供依据.     

焊接接头强度组配对CTOD的影响

利用模拟焊接接头试样三点弯曲试验的方法,就焊接接头强度组配对其断裂性能的影响进行了研究。发现不同的焊接接头强度组配对其断裂韧性和裂纹扩展驱动力有不同程度的影响,在考虑强度组配对焊接接头的断裂性能的影响时,必须从材料的断裂韧性变化和裂纹扩展驱动力变化的两个方面来考虑。     

Toughness Enhancement in Roll-Bonded Al6061-15 vol.% SiC Laminates via Controlled Interfacial Delamination

Researchers have examined different approaches to improve damage tolerance of discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA). In this study, three-layer DRA laminates containing two exterior layers of Al6061-15 vol.% SiCp and an interlayer of Al1050 were fabricated by hot roll bonding. Interfacial adhesion between the layers was controlled by means of rolling stain. The results of shear test revealed that, the bonding strength of laminates was influenced by number of rolling passes. Considering this effect, the role of interfacial bonding on the toughness of laminates was studied under three-point bending in the crack divider orientation. The quasi-static toughness of the laminates was greater than that of the monolithic DRA. Plastic deformation of the ductile interlayer and interfacial delamination were found as the major sources of energy absorption in this fracture process. It was shown that interfacial adhesion in these laminate does not alter the initiation energy in quasi-static test. Propagation energy under same loading condition, however, illustrated significant sensitivity to the interfacial bonding. The results of the current study reveal that improving the interfacial adhesion by means of rolling strain eliminates the ease of plastic deformation of the ductile interlayer and thus reduces the contribution of this mechanism in quasi-static toughness of the laminate.     

应变时效对高应变管线钢焊接接头断裂韧性的影响

为探究应变时效对高应变管线钢焊接接头的影响,对应变时效前后高应变管线钢焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究. 通过硬度测试、断裂韧性试验、数字图像相关(DIC)应变测试方法探究了应变时效处理前后高应变管线钢焊接接头的力学性能特点. 并基于光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)及X射线衍射技术分析了应变时效处理前后焊接接头的微观组织及亚结构特点. 结果表明,应变时效处理后,焊接接头的显微组织未发生明显变化,但内部微裂纹数量增多,焊接接头断裂韧性呈下降趋势,且下降幅度随预应变程度的增大而增大. 分析发现,位错密度增大,应变集中程度伴随几何必要位错密度的升高是导致焊接接头塑性变形能力下降,断裂韧性恶化的重要原因.     

Fracture mechanics tests for measuring the adhesion of magnetron-sputtered TiN coatings

Experiments for determining the adhesion strength between TiN coatings and high speed steel substrates have been performed by using the three-point bending test and a modified shear test. Sample preparation is easier for the modified shear test; however, the interpretation of results is more complicated. The three-point bending test yields fracture mechanics data such as the interface fracture energy G_c and the fracture toughness K_c. The most critical problem is to prepare a sample with a notch which initiates crack propagation at the film-substrate interface. Various sublayers with weak adhesion, such as carbon, oxide and metals, have been tested as a notch, as well as thin mechanical slits. The results obtained so far demonstrate that the adhesion strength depends on the substrate cleaning treatment and on the impurity gas content in the receiver. Typical values of the fracture toughness K_c for substrates that have not been sputter cleaned are in the range 1–3 MN m^-3/2. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods used are analysed and critically discussed with respect to sample preparation, reproducibility and data evaluation.