Porosity reduction in CO2 laser welding of aluminium alloys ‐ Influence of penetration,joint, oxygen gas and oxide films

This study aims to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants. The accidents involving leaks from the welded zones at the pipe penetration part of a reactor vessel or at a coolant pipe are reported at home and abroad. One of the main causes is the welding residual stress. So, it is important to know the welding residual stress for maintaining high safety of the plants, the estimation of plant's life cycle and the plan of maintenance. The welded joints of the nuclear power plants have complex shapes, and the welding residual stresses also have complex distributions three-dimensionally. In this study, the inherent strain method combined with finite element method is used to measure the welding residual stresses accurately.

The mock-up is idealized for the welded joint at the pipe penetration part of the actual reactor vessel. The inherent strain method is applied to measure the residual stresses. In this method, the inherent strains are unknowns. When the residual stresses are distributed complexly in a three-dimensional stress-state, the number of unknowns becomes very large. So, the inherent strains are expressed with some functions to decrease the number largely. The theory, the experiment process and the analysed results are explained. The characteristics of the distributions of residual stresses and their production mechanisms are discussed. The inherent strain method gives the most probable values and the deviations of the residual stresses. The deviations are small enough for the most probable values. It assures the high reliability of the estimated results.     

薄壁低碳钢管焊接变形的数值模拟

基于泛用软件ABAQUS,开发了适用于模拟熔化焊产生的温度场、应力场和应变场的热弹塑性非线性有限元计算方法.通过建立三维有限元模型和采用双椭球高斯体积移动热源,对低碳钢薄壁钢管的焊接温度场和焊接变形进行了数值模拟.同时还采用焊接机器人实际进行了低碳钢薄壁钢管的焊接,并实测了钢管的焊接变形.结果表明.数值模拟得到的变形和...     

耐热钢厚壁管环焊残余应力的有限元分析

以热-弹塑性理论为基础，建立了厚壁管环焊残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型，利用ANSYS有限元分析软件，模拟了耐热钢厚壁管环焊对接的应力分布。结果表明，焊缝内表面及其附近处的轴向应力和环向应力均是拉应力，而外表面是压应力，接头处内表面应力水平高于外表面；径向应力数值远低于环向应力和轴向应力；各方向残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表层一定距离处，其数值大小接近于材料的屈服点应力。     

低合金高强钢激光-电弧复合热源焊接冷裂纹敏感性分析

通过扩散氢含量测定,并利用经验公式计算JFE980S低合金高强钢冷裂纹敏感性和焊前预热温度,同时采用斜Y形坡口试验、金相试验以及残余应力测定等方法,研究低合金高强钢抗冷裂性能,对比分析了激光-电弧复合焊和MAG焊工艺对接头抗冷裂性能的影响.结果表明,激光复合焊抗冷裂性优于MAG焊方法.因复合焊加入了激光,使得焊缝熔深增加,拘束减小,并且激光在前,对焊接试板有一定的预热作用,使冷裂纹形成倾向进一步降低,特别是在无法预热的情况下,激光复合焊更能够体现出优势.     

低碳钢管道焊接残余应力有限元分析

利用ＡＤＩＮＡ非线性分析有限元程序,对低碳钢管道环焊缝接头焊接残余应力进行有限元分析。在热弹塑性分析中考虑了材料热物理和力学性能依赖于温度变化。结果表明：在管道接头内表面焊缝中心及近缝区轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,随离开焊缝距离的增加,逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余力为压应力,而环向残余应力为拉应力。计算预测值和实侧值基本一致,表明有限元法能够经济而有效地预测管道环焊缝接头的焊接残余应力。     

Numerical simulation of stress and deformation of in-service welding onto gas pipeline

SYSWELD was used to simulate in-service welding process of gas pipeline of X70 pipeline steel. Welding thermal cycle, stress and deformation of in-service welded joint were studied. The results show that peak temperature of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） of in-service welding onto gas pipeline is the same with routine welding, but ts/5, ts/3 and ts/1 decrease at certain degree. For the zone near welded seam, axial stress and hoop stress in the inner pipe wall are compressive stress when welding source passes through the cross-section that is studied, but residual axial stress and residual hoop stress after welded are all tensile stress. Transient deformation and residual deformation are all convex deformation compared with the original pipe diameter size. Deformation achieves maximum when welding thermal source passes through the cross-section that is studied and then decreases during the cooling process after welding.     

过载拉伸消除不锈钢焊接残余应力的数值分析

用试验与数值模拟相结合的方式对过载法消除残余应力做了定量分析.采用SYSWELD软件对多层焊进行焊接模拟,得到焊接后残余应力场,将其导入Nastran软件,再进行过载拉伸模拟,研究其残余应力的变化规律.结果表明,随着过载拉伸作用的逐步增大,焊接残余应力峰值大幅降低,且焊接残余应力分布更加均匀,但是超过一定数值以后,残余应力消除的效果逐步减弱.计算结果与X射线测量结果趋势吻合,表明该数值方法是可行的.研究方法和研究结果对焊接残余应力消除提供参考.     

预拉伸对铝合金焊接残余应力和变形的影响

在预拉伸应力作用下，进行了厚度为4mm的5A05铝合金试板的焊接，焊后残余应力及变形的测定结果表明．预拉伸焊接法可有效减小铝合金薄板焊后的纵向残余应力、纵向挠曲变形和平面变形。在弹性应力范由内，随着预应力的增大，试板的残余应力峰值、纵向挠曲变形及平面变形均逐渐减小。分析认为，预拉伸应力部分抵消了焊接区热膨胀产生的压缩应力，从而减小了压缩塑性变形，进而减小了冷却时焊接区域的拉伸应力水平，相应地远离焊缝区域的压缩应力也随之减小。     

焊接应力变形原理若干问题的探讨(二)

提出焊接残余应力形成和消除原理:焊接残余应力不是压缩塑性应变引起的,而是由于焊缝和近缝区金属在"力学熔点"及以下温度冷却收缩受阻产生的;消除焊接残余应力不是产生拉伸塑性应变以减少、抵消和补偿压缩塑性应变,而是将残余弹性应变转变为塑性应变;消除焊接残余应力并不是必须去除固有应变,部分去除或完全不去除固有应变也能完全消除残余应力.提出随焊后热精确控制应力变形焊接法,既可实现无应力焊接和无应力无变形焊接,也可实现适当压应力无变形焊接和较大压应力微变形焊接;并对传统方法与有限元法进行了分析比较.     

摩擦搅拌焊接过程残余应力的中子衍射法测量分析

利用中子衍射法测量了2024-T4铝合金板摩擦搅拌焊接头残余应力分布,得到了接头内部不同位置处的残余应力,研究了焊接速度对残余应力的影响。结果表明,纵向残余应力总体水平比横向残余应力高,是接头内的主要残余应力;当搅拌头转速相同时,提高焊接速度,纵向残余应力增大;横向残余应力除了在匙孔附近较大外,在其余位置处的残余应力都围绕0轴在拉应力与压应力之间波动,整体残余应力水平相对纵向残余应力小很多。     

Effect of prior machining deformation on the development of tensile residual stresses in weld-fabricated nuclear components

Austenitic alloy weldments in nuclear systems may be subject to stress- corrosion cracking (SCC) failure if the sum of residual and applied stresses exceeds a critical threshold. Residual stresses developed by prior machining and welding may either accelerate or retard SCC, depending on their magnitude and sign. A combined x- ray diffraction and mechanical procedure was used to determine the axial and hoop residual stress and yield strength distributions into the inside- diameter surface of a simulated Alloy 600 penetration J- welded into a reactor pressure vessel. The degree of cold working and the resulting yield strength increase caused by prior machining and weld shrinkage were calculated from the line- broadening distributions. Tensile residual stresses on the order of +700 MPa were observed in both the axial and the hoop directions at the inside- diameter surface in a narrow region adjacent to the weld heat- affected zone. Stresses exceeding the bulk yield strength were found to develop due to the combined effects of cold working of the surface layers during initial machining and subsequent weld shrinkage. The residual stress and cold work distributions produced by prior machining were found to influence strongly the final residual stress state developed after welding.     

一种结构焊接变形数值分析方法

采用结构力学理论与方法,对结构焊接变形进行了有限元数值模拟.将焊缝等效为残余应力与残余应变,其中,将T形接头视为板条梁,采用热弹塑性有限元分析方法分析了焊后残余应力分布特征和残余应变分布.根据虚功原理将焊缝残余应力等效加载到结构上与焊缝邻近的节点处,采用位移法将残余应变等效加载到结构相应部位.然后采用结构有限元分析方法...     

加氢反应器T接管结构优化

T接管是加氢反应器氢气和蒸气混合气的进口,裂纹出现较多,焊接残余应力是主要原因之一.利用有限元法,对加氢反应器T接管与球形封头焊接残余应力进行计算分析.从焊接残余应力的角度,优化了T接管的连接方式.结果表明,当T接管轴线沿球形封头半径方向时,在T接管内壁以及焊缝根部,产生了较大的残余应力,对应力腐蚀开裂影响很大.因此,...     

焊接残余应力形成机制与消除原理若干问题的讨论

针对目前存在的一些对焊接残余应力形成机制和消除原理传统理论的质疑和不同观点，采用两端拘束杆件和长板各焊接的一维简化模型，分析比较了经受加热与冷却热循环以及直接从高温冷却下来时的应变历史和残余应力产生的机制。结果表明，前者存在残余压缩塑性应变，后者存在残余热收缩应变。两者对产生残余应力的作用完全是等价的，为了统一概念，建议引入固有应变理论。固有应变包括焊接过程中产生的塑性应变，热应变和相变应变，残余应力是在固有应变源作用下构件自动平衡的结果，消除焊接残余应力必须去除固有应变源，此外对若干容易混淆的问题进行了讨论。     

改善焊接圆管抗应力腐蚀性能的水冷法研究

采用数值模拟和残余应力实测方法,研究水冷法改善１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ奥氏体不锈钢管和２０钢圆管的多层对焊残余应力分布的有效性,结果表明水冷法可效调整圆管的焊接残余应力分布,使圆管内表面的焊接缝附近区域获得双向压缩残余应力,应力腐蚀敏感性实验结果表明,水冷法可显著提高焊接圆管的抗应力腐蚀性能。     

X80管线钢环焊缝接头残余应力的数值模拟

利用SYSWELD有限元分析软件,以热弹塑性理论为基础,采用双椭球焊接热源模型,对X80管线钢环焊缝接头的焊接温度场和应力场进行了模拟仿真.得到了焊接残余应力的分布规律,即焊缝及近缝区的残余应力值较大,远离焊缝中心残余应力值逐渐减小;由于表面和心部散热条件不同,造成了管道表面和心部的残余应力方向上的差异或数值大小的不同.研究了焊接工艺参数对残余应力的影响规律.结果表明,随着热输入的增大和预热温度的提高残余应力值逐渐降低;为了减小焊接残余应力,应尽量采用较大热输入和较高预热温度进行焊接.     

焊接残余应力对2024铝合金薄板疲劳寿命的影响

对搅拌磨擦焊、TIG焊和激光焊进行数值模拟,得到焊接残余应力场.将残余应力场施加到线弹性断裂力学模型之中,运用J积分方法计算残余应力强度因子,并计算裂纹扩展速率,通过与试验结果和虚拟裂纹闭合法计算结果进行对比,验证了文中所使用方法的正确性.研究发现,残余应力强度因子的分布与残余应力分布形式相似.残余应力的引入,对应力比有较大影响,但随着应力比的增大,残余应力对应力比的影响逐渐减弱.焊接残余应力的引入缩短了焊接构件的使用寿命,当裂纹长度较小时,TIG焊接构件使用寿命比搅拌摩擦焊接构件和激光焊接构件使用寿命短.     

换热器管子与管板焊接接头残余应力数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,对换热器管子与管板焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了焊接接头残余应力的分布规律,比较了伸出角接头和内角接头的优劣.计算结果表明,内角接头残余应力比伸出角接头小.最大径向应力出现在管板表面的热影响区,对管板表面裂纹有主要影响.最大环向应力出现在焊缝根部,对管子与管板连接失效影响较大.相邻两换热管之间,由于后面换热管的焊接加热作用,使前面管子焊缝局部应力值下降,有利于降低应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性.研究结果为优化换热器管子与管板的焊接工艺、控制残余应力提供了理论依据.     

Prediction of welding deformation of hull panel blocks using an advanced inherent strain analysis method considering the heat equivalent layer effect

When a large-scale structure is fabricated via a complex welding process, deformation and residual stress are challenges that must be resolved. In a thermo-elasto-plastic analysis, calculations are carried out from room temperature through the heating and cooling of the welded joint section where the base metal is melted by the welding heat. It is difficult to apply this type of analysis to large, complex structures due to the prolonged computational time and huge processing volume required. Inherent strain analysis is a more effective approach to analyzing welding strain, and enables the use of an elastic analysis instead of a thermo-elastoplastic analysis to predict the strain residual stress that occurs in the welded part. This study compares an existing method that analyzes the strain in the welded part by using the correlation between the zone affected by the heat and the adjacent zone constraining the heat-affected zone, and an advanced analysis method that is intended to enhance the accuracy of the results by considering the heat equilibrium zone that exists between the adjacent regions constraining the heat-affected zone. The advanced inherent strain analysis method is applied to obtain more accurate results for a hull panel block model, which is one of the most complex welding structures, by considering a restraint diagram organized according to the welding and fabrication sequence of the members.     

LY12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分析

采用小孔法对不同焊接工艺参数下得到的LY12铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊对接接头的残余应力进行了测量和分析.为了消除孔边塑性变形对测量精度的影响,建立了三维有限元法模拟应变释放系数的测量试验,使用基于孔边形状改变比能的A,B系数修正法对盲孔释放系数进行修正.结果表明,接头残余应力呈不对称分布,前进侧应力高于返回侧;纵向残余应力总是高于横向残余应力,但是横向残余应力并非在零附近,而是有一定的大小,约为焊前母材强度的10.8%;在一定范围内,搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力随旋转频率先增大后减小,随下压量和焊接速度的增加而增加.