基于实例的智能工艺设计系统

针对传统智能工艺设计系统的缺陷与不足，结合基于实例推理（Case-Based Reasoning,CBR）和基于规则推理（Rule-Based Reasoning,RBR)的方法，设计了一个基于实例的智能工艺设计系统，给出了工艺实例一个完整清晰的形式化描述，阐述了新零件与实例进行比较和匹配的策略和算法，在检索出相符的实例后，调用RBR方法对实例进行修正，最终完成复杂的工艺设计任务。     

John McCarthy's legacy

This special issue is dedicated to John McCarthy, founding father of Artificial Intelligence. It contains a collection of recent contributions to the field of knowledge representation and reasoning, a field that McCarthy founded and that has been a main focus of his research during the last half century. In this introductory article, we survey some of McCarthy's major contributions to the field of knowledge representation and reasoning, and situate the papers in this special issue in the context of McCarthy's previous work.     

基于数据库的知识表达与推理研究

本文研究了专家系统的知识表达和推理机制,提出了基于数据库的知识表达方式。这种方式使数据库具有了知识库的功能,使知识更容易表达和管理。同时,提出了满足这种表达方式的推理机制,提高了专家系统的推理效率。     

应急系统中不确定时态知识表示及其推理

在分析现有不确定信息表示模型基础上,提出了一种可扩展的时态知识表示模型,该模型对真实事件的间断性表示加以改进,进而讨论了应急决策知识库的构建方法和相应推理机制。实验数据表明,在原型系统中使用改进后的表示模型和推理方法,能够提高应急系统处理效率和决策方案的合理性。     

柔性推理研究

一、引言 ‘传统专家系统经典的推理方法是图搜索方法〔月,运用叙述性知识给出间题的部分状态描述,包括初始状态和目标状态;运用过程性知识给出“生成器”函数,从上层结点生成下层结点。如规则基系统中,由于作一T】IEN规则的特点,大多采用模式匹配的方式构造“生成器”函数;运用控制性知识,给出评价函数,用于评价新生成的结点,控制继续搜素的前进方向。从上述过程中可以看出,“生成器”函数是一成不变的,即采用同一种模式来解决问题,不管环境变化对推理的影响。虽然启发式推理改进了评价函数,使得推理尽可能向成功方向靠近,但是,所给出的…     

Reasoning with BKBs – Algorithms and Complexity

Bayesian Knowledge Bases (BKB) are a rule-based probabilistic model that extends the well-known Bayes Networks (BN), by naturally allowing for context-specific independence and for cycles in the directed graph. We present a semantics for BKBs that facilitate handling of marginal probabilities, as well as finding most probable explanations. Complexity of reasoning with BKBs is NP hard, as for Bayes networks, but in addition, deciding consistency is also NP-hard. In special cases that problem does not occur. Computation of marginal probabilities in BKBs is another hard problem, hence approximation algorithms are necessary – stochastic sampling being a commonly used scheme. Good performance requires importance sampling, a method that works for BKBs with cycles is developed.     

老年人看护系统中常识推理的研究

根据老年人看护的需求,将常识推理运用到智能家庭老年人看护推理系统中,并将其与领域本体相结合,对系统实现的主要技术,即基于本体的常识表示与存储、规则的表示以及常识的推理进行探讨和构想,并通过典型应用实例验证了常识推理在老年人看护系统中的可行性、有效性及其重要性。     

Using Abstract Resources to Control Reasoning

Many formalisms for reasoning about knowing commit an agent to be logically omniscient. Logical omniscience is an unrealistic principle for us to use to build a real-world agent, since it commits the agent to knowing infinitely many things. A number of formalizations of knowledge have been developed that do not ascribe logical omniscience to agents. With few exceptions, these approaches are modifications of the possible-worlds semantics. In this paper we use a combination of several general techniques for building non-omniscient reasoners. First we provide for the explicit representation of notions such as problems, solutions, and problem solving activities, notions which are usually left implicit in the discussions of autonomous agents. A second technique is to take explicitly into account the notion of resource when we formalize reasoning principles. We use the notion of resource to describe interesting principles of reasoning that are used for ascribing knowledge to agents. For us, resources are abstract objects. We make extensive use of ordering and inaccessibility relations on resources, but we do not find it necessary to define a metric. Using principles about resources without using a metric is one of the strengths of our approach.We describe the architecture of a reasoner, built from a finite number of components, who solves a puzzle, involving reasoning about knowing, by explicitly using the notion of resource. Our approach allows the use of axioms about belief ordinarily used in problem solving – such as axiom K of modal logic – without being forced to attribute logical omniscience to any agent. In particular we address the issue of how we can use resource-unbounded (e.g., logically omniscient) reasoning to attribute knowledge to others without introducing contradictions. We do this by showing how omniscient reasoning can be introduced as a conservative extension over resource-bounded reasoning.     

产生式系统的关系数据库实现

产生式系统是一种广为使用的知识表示方法，但随着知识库规模的不断增大，其知识的组织与管理越来越困难，从而直接影响系统的推理效率，本文采用关系数据库技术，对产生式系统进行改进，从此提高大规模产生式系统的运行效率。     

A computational architecture for heterogeneous reasoning

In this paper we describe a computational architecture for applications that support heterogeneous reasoning. Heterogeneous reasoning is, in its most general form, reasoning that employs representations drawn from multiple representational forms. Of particular importance, and the principal focus of the architecture, is heterogeneous reasoning which employs one or more forms of graphical representation, perhaps in combination with sentences (of English or another language, whether natural or scientific). Graphical representations include diagrams, pictures, layouts, blueprints, flowcharts, graphs, maps, tables, spreadsheets, animations, video, and 3D models. By ‘an application that supports heterogeneous reasoning’ we mean an application that allows users to construct, record, edit, and replay a process of reasoning using multiple representations so that the structure of the reasoning is maintained and the informational dependencies and justifications of the individual steps of the reasoning can be recorded.     

商业MIS框架生成系统的设计与实现

介绍了一种用于生成商业ＭＩＳ框架设计的专家系统（ＦＧＳＭ），给出了其总体结构设计、重点讨论了该系统的知识表示方法和推理系统的实现。     

Contextual reasoning distilled

In this paper we provide a foundation of a theory of contextual reasoning from the perspective of a theory of knowledge representation. Starting from the so-called metaphor of the box, we firstly show that the mechanisms of contextual reasoning proposed in the literature can be classified into three general forms (called localized reasoning, push and pop, and shifting). Secondly, we provide a justification of this classification, by showing that each mechanism corresponds to operating on a fundamental dimension along which context dependent representations may vary (namely, partiality, approximation and perspective). From the previous analysis, we distill two general principles of a logic of contextual reasoning. Finally, we show that these two principles can be adequately formalized in the framework of MultiContext Systems. In the last part of the paper, we provide a practical illustration of the ideas discussed in the paper by formalising a simple scenario, called the Magic Box problem.     

基于Web的智能教学系统的研究与实现

针对当前智能教学系统存在的不足,设计了一个基于WEB的智能教学系统模型。主要论述了系统的功能结构,学生模型和教师模型的构造以及知识表示方法和推理机运用知识进行推理的过程,侧重于方法与策略的研究与应用。旨在通过本系统的实现,为网络学习中的用户提供个性化、智能化的学习内容与指导。     

基于常识的亲属关系推理模型

常识知识的研究与发展得到了人工智能界的很大重视。文章建立了一个基于常识的人物亲属关系推理模型,研究了亲属关系常识以及人物信息的表示与存储。此外,对实际所要解决的问题进行了总结。     

基于自然语言理解的专家系统研究

在论述了面向自然语言文本的知识供应方法已有研究之后,提出了面向推理设计语义关系标记,将自然语言理解与推理技术相结合,使自然语言理解结果可转化为便于计算机推理的语句。立足科技文献开发语义关系树库,提出面向语义关系分析的语句相似度计算方法,实现基于统计与规则相结合的自然语言语义关系分析,使自然语言科技文献可成为专家系统知识库,解决专家系统知识库表现形式不统一及知识获取的瓶颈。     

视觉知识：跨媒体智能进化的新支点

回顾跨媒体智能的发展历程,分析跨媒体智能的新趋势与现实瓶颈,展望跨媒体智能的未来前景。跨媒体智能旨在融合多来源、多模态数据,并试图利用不同媒体数据间的关系进行高层次语义理解与逻辑推理。现有跨媒体算法主要遵循了单媒体表达到多媒体融合的范式,其中特征学习与逻辑推理两个过程相对割裂,无法综合多源多层次的语义信息以获得统一特征,阻碍了推理和学习过程的相互促进和修正。这类范式缺乏显式知识积累与多级结构理解的过程,同时限制了模型可信度与鲁棒性。在这样的背景下,本文转向一种新的智能表达方式——视觉知识。以视觉知识驱动的跨媒体智能具有多层次建模和知识推理的特点,并易于进行视觉操作与重建。本文介绍了视觉知识的3个基本要素,即视觉概念、视觉关系和视觉推理,并对每个要素展开详细讨论与分析。视觉知识有助于实现数据与知识驱动的统一框架,学习可归因可溯源的结构化表达,推动跨媒体知识关联与智能推理。视觉知识具有强大的知识抽象表达能力和多重知识互补能力,为跨媒体智能进化提供了新的有力支点。     

A new approach to applicable memory-based reasoning

To appropriately utilize the rapidly growing amount of data and information is a big challenge for people and organizations. Standard information retrieval methods, using sequential processing combined with syntax-based indexing and access methods, have not been able to adequately handle this problem. We are currently investigating a different approach, based on a combination of massive parallel processing with case-based (memory-based) reasoning methods. Given the problems of purely syntax-based retrieval methods, we suggest ways of incorporating general domain knowledge into memory-based reasoning. Our approach is related to the properties of the parallel processing microchip MS160, particularly targeted at fast information retrieval from very large data sets. Within this framework different memory-based methods are studied, differing in the type and representation of cases, and in the way that the retrieval methods are supported by explicit general domain knowledge. Cases can be explicitly stored information retrieval episodes, virtually stored abstractions linked to document records, or merely the document records themselves. General domain knowledge can be a multi-relational semantic network, a set of term dependencies and relevances, or compiled into a global similarity metric. This paper presents the general framework, discusses the core issues involved, and describes three different methods illustrated by examples from the domain of medical diagnosis.     

模糊认知图研究进展

模糊认知图(Fuzzy Cognitive Map, FCM)作为知识表示、推理和软计算方法,通过在传统认知图模型中引入模糊测度来量化概念(concept)间因果关系的影响程度,近年来已成为国内外的研究热点。从研究进展的视角,归纳了FCM的基本框架和推理机制,总结了主流研究中FCM的基本类型,分析了FCM学习算法的主要特征,提出了今后专题研究方向的基本设想,以期对后续研究有所助益。