圆柱平压头压电陶瓷压痕过程中接触应力和电场的奇异性

采用有限元方法,针对横观各向同性压电材料进行轴对称纳米压痕的机电耦合响应数值仿真。结果表明：当压入过程中不施加预设电压,压痕载荷与压痕位移之间呈线性关系;导电压头上电势与压痕位移也呈现相似关系,压头边缘附近的接触应力和电场存在奇异性,且二者均随压头下固体厚度呈指数变化。通过对不同压痕深度和材料厚度下,从压头内部到接触边缘向应力、法向电势和切向电势分布情况的拟合公式得到了不同压电材料厚度下电场和应力场的奇异常数,并对其变化规律进行了分析。     

Influence of indenter angle on cracking in Si and Ge during nanoindentation

The influence of indenter angle on the nanoindentation cracking behavior of single crystal Si and Ge was systematically explored through nanoindentation experiments with a series of triangular pyramidal indenters with different centerline-to-face angles in the range 35.3–85.0°. The relationships between indentation load, crack length and indentation size and their dependence on indenter angle were carefully examined and compared with previous indentation cracking studies. The results are discussed in terms of ways to estimate fracture toughness and indentation cracking threshold loads more precisely through nanoindentation.     

Cohesive interface simulations of indentation cracking as a fracture toughness measurement method for brittle materials

Cracks in brittle solids induced by pyramidal indenters are ideal for toughness evaluation since the indentation stress fields decay rapidly from the contact center and any cracks will be eventually arrested. Thus, if the applied energy release rate can be determined analytically, the material toughness can be deduced by measuring the crack length. However, such a driving force calculation is a nontrivial task because of the complex stress fields; only a number of limit cases can be solved, such as the long half-penny cracks (at least two times larger than the contact size) in the classic Lawn–Evans–Marshall (LEM) model. Important questions such as the evolution from short cracks to median/radial and then to half-penny cracks, the form of the scaling relationship that relates fracture toughness to material hardness and indenter angles, the threshold load for indentation cracking, etc., cannot easily be answered without a detailed knowledge of the co-evolution history of the stress fields and crack morphology. To this end, a finite element model of four-sided pyramidal indentation adopting cohesive interface elements is developed to study the effects of indenter geometry, load, cohesive interface parameters, and material properties on the initiation and propagation of the median/radial/half-penny crack systems. The validity and artifacts of the cohesive interface model are carefully examined, and the crack morphologies under various indentation and material parameters are systematically studied. Numerical predictions lead to a quantitative evaluation of the threshold load for indentation fracture, and an improved method for the evaluation of material toughness from the indentation load, crack size, hardness, elastic constants, and indenter geometry, which compare favorably to a large set of experiments in the literature. It is also found that the toughness evaluation method is very sensitive to Poisson’s ratio – an observation that has previously received little attentions. An approximate analysis for short cracks is developed based on the fracture mechanics of annular cracks and the embedded-center-of-dilatation model for indentation-induced residual stress fields.     

Determination of tensile properties by instrumented indentation technique: Representative stress and strain approach

Tensile properties can be evaluated by defining representative stress and strain with the parameters obtained from instrumented indentation tests using a spherical indenter. The accuracy of this approach depends strongly on how the contact depth is analyzed and how the representative stress and strain are defined. The primary factors influencing the determination of contact depth, pile-up/sink-in and elastic deflection, were quantified by analyzing indentation morphology by finite element simulation; then plastic pile-up/sink-in behavior was formulated in terms of the strain-hardening exponent and the ratio of indentation depth to indenter radius. For the representative strain, the definition by tangent function was determined to be more appropriate for assessing tensile properties based on derived behaviors of the strain-hardening exponent. This approach was experimentally verified by comparing tensile properties of 10 metallic materials from uniaxial tensile tests and instrumented indentation tests.     

Extraction of flow properties of single-crystal silicon carbide by nanoindentation and finite-element simulation

A method is presented for estimating the plastic flow behavior of single-crystal silicon carbide by nanoindentation experiments using a series of triangular pyramidal indenters with five different centerline-to-face angles in combination with two-dimensional axisymmetric finite-element (FE) simulations. The method is based on Tabor’s concepts of characteristic strain and constraint factor, which allow indentation hardness values obtained with indenters of different angles to be related to the flow properties of the indented material. The procedure utilizes FE simulations applied in an iterative manner in order to establish the yield strength and work-hardening exponent from the experimentally measured dependence of the hardness on indenter angle. The methodology is applied to a hard, brittle ceramic material, 6H–SiC, whose flow behavior cannot be determined by conventional tension or compression testing. It is shown that the friction between the indenter and the material plays a significant role, especially for very sharp indenters.     

SiCp/Al复合材料磨削加工去除机理的有限元分析

本文建立了SiCp/Al复合材料的二维实体模型,基于压痕断裂力学的方法,研究了压痕深度的变化对SiCp/Al复合材料磨削加工去除机理的影响。结果表明:随着压痕深度的增加,压头下方SiC颗粒的第一主应力逐渐变大,Al基体的von Mises等效应力也逐渐变大。当压痕深度大于等于0.15μm时,压头下方会形成塑形变形区;压痕深度大于等于0.292μm时,SiC颗粒会由于拉应力的作用而产生径向裂纹;当压痕深度超过0.34μm时,Al基体由于局部被压溃而影响SiCp/Al复合材料延性去除机理。     

摩擦系数对仪器化压入测试结果影响的有限元分析

针对材料弹性模量仪器化压入识别的两种代表性方法——Ma方法和Oliver-Pharr方法,应用有限元数值模拟,分析了金刚石压头与具有典型加工硬化特性的金属类被测材料之间接触面摩擦系数对弹性模量识别精度的影响,分析结果表明:摩擦系数介于0～0.2范围时,采用两种方法,弹性模量识别精度对摩擦系数的变化较敏感;摩擦系数大于0.2之后,两种方法对摩擦系数变化的敏感性降低,弹性模量的识别精度趋于稳定.对两种方法的测试精度进行比较可以看出,Ma方法测试结果的精度和相对于摩擦系数变化的稳定性均好于OliverPharr方法,仪器化压入实验应使用Ma方法识别材料的弹性模量.两种铝合金材料的实验数据表明,将摩擦系数对测试结果的影响进行修正,可有效提高Oliver-Pharr方法弹性模量的识别精度.     

球头压痕确定薄膜模量的等效膜厚法

针对名义成分为Ti-46Al-3.8(V,Cr,Ni) (at％)的挤压TiA1合金,研究了热处理工艺对高温时β相含量、形貌的影响,利用高温时β相对α相晶粒的钉扎作用获得了层片团尺寸均匀、细小的全层片组织,测试了具有该组织合金的拉伸性能.结果表明,在1320～1370℃范围内,随保温温度的升高,β相含量逐渐增加,使得合金的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小.实验合金经1340℃/5 min/AC热处理后可以获得层片团(尺寸平均为65 μm),B2相弥散分布的全层片组织.该组织的室温及高温拉伸性能均较好.少量B2相对合金的室温塑性无不利影响,对合金的高温强度可能有一定贡献.     

基于纳米压入技术表征金属材料塑性参数

基于球形压入的工作方式,重点研究金属材料塑性参数的表征方法。首先,选取压入总功和Meyer系数作为主要分析参数。其次,利用孔洞模型、相似解和数值模拟等工具,分别建立压入总功和Meyer系数与材料塑性参数之间的半解析关系式。由此,提出一种金属材料塑性参数表征方法,该方法可以避免对接触半径的测量,并能通过一次加载试验同时识别屈服强度和硬化指数,确保了方法的可操作性和便捷性。最后,选用4种常用金属材料进行压入和拉伸试验,通过将该方法的预测结果与拉伸试验结果比对可知,该方法能较准确地识别材料的塑性力学参数。     

Investigation of residual stress by the indentation method with the flat cylindrical indenter

Experiments and numerical simulations have been carried out to study residual stress of copper specimens by the identation method with a flat cylindrical indenter. Copper specimens were annealed at different temperatures for 35 min to obtain different residual stress levels. The experiments carried out on these specimens demonstrated the influence of residual stress on indentation behavior. The influence of annealing temperature on the elastic-plastic transition region is quite obvious. A method has been presented to determine material properties, such as elastic modulus and Poisson ratio. This method can also be applied to determine residual stress with the assumption of knowing the yield stress in advance. The advantage of this method is that it can avoid calculating the contact area. In the finite element modeling (FEM), residual stresses on copper specimens are simulated by preapplying stresses. The influence of residual stress on the indentation load-depth curves has been studied by FEM. There is good agreement between experimental and FEM numerical results. A numerical method has also been presented to determine residual stress. In addition, Mises stress and plastic distribution ahead of the indenter have also been studied to help us further understand the influence of residual stress.     

Application of a modified slip-distance theory to the indentation of single-crystal and polycrystalline copper to model the interactions between indentation size and structure size effects

Plasticity size effects offer both measurement challenges and opportunities for material engineering. We have used nano-indentation to study the relationship between different size effects. Hardness varies significantly with indent size in single crystals, and also in polycrystals, whenever indent sizes and structure sizes are within an order of magnitude of each other. We exploit the geometric self-similarity of a Berkovich indenter and apply slip distance theory to indents of different sizes at a constant indentation strain. We show that indent size, grain size and pinning defects combine in a single, length-scale-dependent deformation mechanism, to determine the yield strength (hardness) of a material. This provides an excellent foundation for: improved grain size determination by indentation, design rules for combining different methods of yield stress enhancement and using indentation to probe local stress–strain properties of a material, or for mapping residual stress.     

Size dependent nanoindentation of a soft film on a hard substrate

Nanoindentation experiments on Al/glass systems show that, as the indentation depth increases, the hardness decreases during a shallow indentation, and increases when the indenter tip approaches the film–substrate interface. We associate the rise in hardness during two stages with the strong strain gradient effects, the first stage is related with the small scale effects and the second stage with the strain gradient between the indenter and the hard substrate. Using the strain gradient theory proposed by Chen and Wang and the classical plasticity theory, the observed nanoindentation behavior is modeled and analyzed by means of the finite element method, and it is found that the classical plasticity cannot explain the experiment results but the strain gradient theory can describe the experiment data at both shallow and deep indentation depths very well. The results prove that both the strain gradient effects and substrate effects exist in the nanoindentation of the film–substrate system.     

Equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials based on spherical indentation response

Uniaxial strain hardening exponent is not suitable for describing the strain hardening behaviors of the anisotropic materials, especially when material deforms in the multi-axial stress states. In this work, a novel method was proposed to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials based on an equivalent energy method. By performing extensive finite element (FE) simulations of the spherical indentation on anisotropic materials, dimensionless function was proposed to correlate the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint parameters. And then, a mathematic expression on the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint was established to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials by directly solving this dimensionless function. Additionally, Meyer equation was modified to determine the yield stress of anisotropic materials. The effectiveness and reliability of the new method were verified by the numerical examples and by its application on the TC1M engineering material.     

压痕诱发单晶Si非晶化相变区的三维空间分布结构

利用航向电子显微术（ＴＥＭ）观察了单晶Ｓｉ维氏压痕区的结构转变。平视和截面像相结合给出了压痕诱导Ｓｉ非昌化的轮廓图。其区域为与压头相似的倒四棱锥金字塔形。但其棱边夹角小于相对应的压头相对棱夹角，残留的准确无误痕深度很浅。直接证明了Ｓｉ的压痕区具有很大的弹性回复量     

Ball indentation tests for a Zr-based bulk metallic glass

Zr_52.5Ti₅Cu_17.9Ni_14.6Al₁₀ bulk metallic glass was characterized using ball indentation tests. Comparison of the data with the expanding cavity model revealed that the deformation is pressure insensitive for compressive loading. The plastic flow curves obtained from indentation tests showed perfectly plastic response and no strain rate sensitivity up to 15% strain.     

侧面压入法评价涂层界面结合性能的影响因素

采用数值模拟与实验测量相结合的方法,以钢基镀铬层为对象,研究了侧面压入法评价涂层界面结合性能的影响因素,包括压头形状、压入点距离和涂层厚度等。结果表明:侧面压入导致涂层扇形脱落,脱落尺寸随压入点距离增大而增大,与有限元计算结果符合较好。经综合分析,推荐实验规范为:压头为90°圆锥,压入点距离为涂层厚度的2～3倍。     

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of Ni-base thermal spray coatings deposited by HVOF

The present work has been conducted in order to determine the microstructural features, hardness and elastic modulus of two different Ni-base coatings deposited by means of HVOF thermal spray, onto a SAE 1045 plain carbon steel substrate. The morphology and chemical composition of the phases that are present in the coatings were characterized by means of SEM, EDS and XRD techniques. Image analysis was used for the evaluation of the coatings porosity. Both conventional and instrumented indentation tests were also carried out on the surface and cross section of the coatings, in order to evaluate the effect of coating microstructure on hardness and elastic modulus. Conventional indentation tests were conducted using a Knoop indenter and a maximum load of 9.8 N. Instrumented indentation tests, in which the indenter depth and applied load were recorded continuously, were carried out employing a Vickers indenter and maximum loads of 0.49, 0.98, 1.96, 4.9 and 9.8 N. Instrumented nanoindentation tests (in a continuous stiffness measurement mode) were also conducted employing a Berkovich indenter with a maximum load of 9.8 N. The elastic modulus was computed by means of the Oliver and Pharr method and compared with the values determined by means of the method earlier advanced by Marshall et al. The results obtained indicate that the elastic modulus values determined on the cross section of the coatings are higher than those obtained on the surface, clearly indicating the anisotropy of the structure. Also, the values found employing a Berkovich indenter are very similar to those derived by means of the Vickers indenter. In addition, the these values are in agreement with those determined by taking into consideration the elastic recovery of the short Knoop diagonal after removal of the load.     

EB-PVD热障涂层的表观压痕尺寸效应

采用Knoop压痕法评价沉积于镍基单晶高温合金基体上的EB—PVD热障涂层的显微硬度。测试结果表明，热障涂层系统的显微硬度存在压痕尺寸效应，即表观显微硬度随施压载荷的增加而显著降低。用弹／塑性模型Knoop压痕能量平衡对表观压痕尺寸效应进行分析，并从实验测试结果分析得出与载荷无关的显微硬度值。     

Evaluation of the mechanical properties of conventionally-cast Al matrix composites reinforced by quasicrystalline Al-Cu-Fe particles using continuous ball indentation technique

Room temperature mechanical properties of the Al/(AlCuFe)_p and Al₉₆Cu₄/(AlCuFe)_p cast composites were estimated from uniaxial compressive test and continuous ball indentation technique. Values of the Young’s modulus and yield stress determined from continuous ball indentation tests were slightly overestimated, suggesting a surface effect on the mechanical properties. However, it was shown that the Al-Cu-Fe particles provided a significant increase of the elastic modulus, yield stress, and strain hardening, especially in the range up to 10% volume fraction of reinforcements. Also, determination of the hardness by continuous-ball-indentation tests revealed a strong influence of the matrix strength on the mechanical properties of the conventionally cast composites.     

Effects of indenter geometry and material properties on the correction factor of Sneddon’s relationship for nanoindentation of elastic and elastic–plastic materials

Finite element simulations of indentations on elastic and elastic–plastic materials have been performed to systematically study the effects of indenter geometry and mechanical properties, namely Poisson’s ratio and the E/σ_y ratio, on the correction factor for Sneddon’s equation used for analysis of nanoindentation data. Two indenter geometries, namely conical and Berkovich indenters, have been considered. It has been shown that the first-order correction for conical indentation on elastic materials previously developed by Hay et al. [Hay JC, Bolshakov A, Pharr GM. J Mater Res 1999;14:2296–305] can be applied only to conical indentation of elastic deformation-dominated materials but not to Berkovich indentation. A new general relationship for the estimation of the correction factor for Berkovich indentation is proposed based on the finite element simulation results. This relationship gives a better estimation of correction factor for Berkovich indentations on both elastic and elastic–plastic materials.