Increasing the reliability of welded joints in high-strength V-1461 aluminium–lithium alloy

Filler materials for welding V-1461 alloy, ensuring high cracking resistance, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, are selected. The results of tests of the welded joints in static tensile loading and bending and the impact toughness of the weld metal and low-cycle fatigue strength are presented. The experimental results show that the application of impact ultrasound treatment increases by an order of magnitude the values of low-cycle fatigue resistance of the welded joints as a result of the formation of the nanostructured surface layers. The level of residual stresses in welded joints is determined.     

Effect of the surface roughness of friction stir welded joints on the fatigue characteristics of welded joints in V-1461 and V-1469 aluminium–lithium alloys

Investigations were carried out into the effect of friction stir welding conditions of V-1461 and V-1469 aluminium–lithium alloys on surface roughness and mechanical properties of welded joints. The general parameter of the welding conditions was the heat input coefficient determined by the ratio of the speed of rotation of the tool to the welding speed. The optimum range of friction stir welding conditions of sheets of the investigated alloys was determined. In this stage, the surface finish of the welded joint after welding is much better (required for increasing the fatigue characteristics and high-quality deposition of protective coatings), there are no defects and the strength of the welded joint is equal to 0.75–0.85 of the strength of the parent material. The production of the welded joints with reduced surface roughness (R_z ≤ 40 μm) greatly increases the fatigue characteristics of the welded joints (low-cycle fatigue strength equals more than 300,000 cycles without fracture).     

基于局部应变法的焊接微区低周疲劳性能

针对忽略焊接力学不均匀性的名义应变法评价焊接接头低周疲劳性能不准确的问题,提出一种考虑焊接接头力学不均匀性、基于弹塑性有限元计算的局部应变法,对焊接接头的低周疲劳性能进行准确评价.通过耐热钢电弧焊接头光滑试样和焊缝光滑试样的低周疲劳试验,以及焊接接头光滑试样在加载过程中的弹塑性有限元计算,采用名义应变法和局部应变法分别对耐热钢电弧焊接头光滑试样进行低周疲劳性能评价.结果表明,耐热钢电弧焊接头在低周疲劳载荷下断裂于焊缝区域.采用名义应变法评价该焊接接头时,结果偏保守.由于局部应变法考虑了焊接接头的力学不均匀性,基于断裂微区的局部应变进行疲劳性能评价,发现采用局部应变法得到的焊接接头应变—寿命曲线与断裂微区焊缝的应变—寿命曲线一致.     

焊趾处理工艺对10Ni5CrMoV钢低周疲劳性能的影响

对原始焊态、焊趾氩弧熔修、焊趾打磨和焊趾针击处理的10Ni5CrMoV钢堆焊试板分别进行了四点弯曲低周疲劳试验、焊接残余应力测量和焊趾应力集中系数计算.结果表明,焊趾氩弧熔修对低周疲劳性能改善作用明显,疲劳寿命提高幅度平均达98%;焊趾打磨对低周疲劳性能无明显改善作用;焊趾针击处理对低周疲劳性能有一定改善,但改善幅度不如焊趾氩弧熔修,其对疲劳寿命的提高幅度平均为45%.对低周疲劳寿命、残余应力和应力集中系数的综合分析结果表明,应力集中是影响焊接接头低周疲劳性能的关键因素,改善应力集中是提高焊接接头低周疲劳性能的有效途径.     

Rational selection of semi‐finished products made from aluminium and magnesium alloys for welded structures

The results of investigation of the effect of various defects of welded joints on the fatigue resistance of welded joints are presented and used to normalize the defects taking strength characteristics into account.     

中低强度钢超声冲击处理焊接接头热点应力设计曲线

用ANSYS计算了对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力集中系数K_hs,根据Q235B和Q345B的超声冲击处理焊接接头的相关疲劳试验数据得出经过应力比、板厚和几何不平度修正后的超声冲击处理焊接接头的热点应力设计S-N曲线. 结果表明,经过超声冲击处理后,中低强钢(R_m≤355 MPa)对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力S-N曲线的分散性降低,与接头形式无关,可以用一条热点应力设计S-N曲线表达. 在采用热点应力法进行疲劳设计时,选取m=10.0,上述三种类型焊接接头在2×106次疲劳强度级别可统一采用FAT135来表示.     

Fatigue properties of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth

It has been generally recognized that the fatigue life of welded joints is little influenced by the strength of steels owing to the high-stress concentration and the tensile residual stress near the weld toe. In this paper, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth (ferrite/martensite (F/M) steel) is investigated. F/M steel has a microstructure with an elongated and banded martensite phase distributed in a ferrite matrix and a fatigue crack growth rate of about one-half to one-tenth in the thickness direction, compared with conventional steel. As a result, the fatigue life of an out-of-surface gusset-welded joint increases with the decrease of the fatigue crack growth rate. The fatigue life of welded joints using F/M steel with the highest resistance to fatigue crack growth increases to about twice that of joints using conventional steel. Whereas the fatigue crack growth rate decreases significantly, the fatigue life of welded joints increases only slightly. This can be attributed to the stress ratio independent of the fatigue crack growth rate. In other words, the fatigue crack growth rate of F/M steel increases with the increase of the stress ratio, approaching that of conventional steel. In the case of welded joints, even if a fatigue test is carried out at a low-stress ratio, the region near the weld toe is under a high-stress ratio due to tensile residual stress. Therefore, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints becomes comparatively small so that the effect of fatigue crack retardation of F/M steel decreases.     

Low-cycle fatigue lifetime estimation of Ti–6Al–4V welded joints by a continuum damage mechanics model

The low-cycle fatigue(LCF)behavior of directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy Ti–6Al–4V was studied under bare and electron beam welding conditions at room temperature.Results show that:(1)under the same test conditions,all the joints exhibit lower LCF lifetime than Ti–6Al–4V;(2)the failure of welded structures is mainly ascribed to the welding defect.A novel lifetime prediction methodology based on continuum damage mechanics is proposed to predict the lifetime of Ti–6Al–4V and its welded joints.     

Fatigue crack growth behaviour of pulsed current gas tungsten arc, friction stir and laser beam welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints

The laser beam welded joints offered better resistance against the growing fatigue cracks compared to friction stir welded and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints. The formation of very fine grains in weld region, higher fusion zone hardness, uniformly distributed fine precipitates and favourable residual stress field of the weld region are the main reasons for superior fatigue performance of laser beam welded joints of AZ31B magnesium alloy.     

奥氏体型合金熔化焊接头微观组织不均匀性及对疲劳性能影响的研究

研究了１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ和ＧＨ１５０合金熔化焊接头微观组织的不均匀性及其对疲劳性能的影响。由金相分析方法得出它们热影响区组织的特殊性和接头各区域组织分布特点。结果表明,该焊接接头的熔合区组织不均性最为严重,是该接头疲劳性能最为薄弱的部位。用１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ对接氩弧焊试样做低周疲劳试验得到：焊接试样的应变疲劳寿命比相应的光滑试样降低５０％左右,并且疲劳源几乎全部产生在熔合区     

6005A铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接接头超高周疲劳性能试验研究

对18 mm 6005A铝合金厚板进行多层多道激光-MIG复合焊接,采用超声疲劳试验技术对板状焊接接头与母材的超高周疲劳性能进行试验研究。结果表明,焊接接头和母材在10~9循环周次后均会发生疲劳断裂。焊接接头的高周疲劳数据点分散性较大,母材和焊接接头的S-N曲线均呈连续下降趋势,在10~6~10~9周次范围内焊接接头的疲劳强度为母材的50%~80%。对比IIW标准疲劳曲线发现,焊接接头的疲劳性能在N=10~4循环周次下与IIW标准基本一致,在高周范围内表现优于IIW标准。经扫描电镜微观分析发现,焊接接头的裂纹通常萌生在表面气孔处,疲劳裂纹断裂形式为穿晶断裂,主要表现为准解理断裂特征。     

7050-T7451铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能与疲劳断裂

针对7xxx高强铝合金的焊接研究现状,主要从TIG,MIG,激光焊及激光−电弧复合焊4类熔化焊工艺进行了介绍;从焊接缺陷、焊缝成形、接头软化、疲劳性能及耐蚀性等方面详述了7xxx高强铝合金熔化焊过程中存在的问题。对于7xxx高强铝合金的TIG,MIG,激光焊及激光−电弧复合焊,焊接缺陷、焊缝成形质量差及接头中强化相熔解等因素都会导致接头发生软化、耐蚀性变差及疲劳寿命降低;通过优化焊接工艺参数,减少焊接缺陷,改善焊缝成形质量,有利于改善接头的软化、耐蚀性差及疲劳寿命低等问题。选用合适的焊丝（含Ti,Zr元素及Er,Sc稀土元素）使焊缝产生沉淀强化、细晶强化及固溶强化,可改善接头软化的问题;采用适当的焊后热处理,改善强化相的尺寸、形态及分布状态,也可改善接头软化的问题;而采用适当的焊后热处理,还可以改善接头的耐蚀性。

     

Microstructure and fatigue crack growth behaviour of electron beam welding in 30CrMnSiNi2A steel

The effects of two post-weld heat treatment processes on the microstructure and fatigue properties of the electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel were studied. Electron beam local post-weld heat treatment ( EBLPWHT) , in a vacuum chamber, immediately after welding and a traditional furnace whole post-weld heat treatment (FWPWHT) were accepted. The experimental results show that, after EBLPWHT, the main microstructure of weld is changed from coarse acicular martensite into lath martensite, and base metal is changed from ferrite and perlite into upper bainite and residual austenite, however the microstructures of different zones of joints in FWPWHT conditions are tempered sorbite. The fatigue crack growth rate da/dN of welds and base metal are not obviously changed among EBLPWHT, FWPWHT test and as-welded (AW) test, as the mechanical properties of materials have a certain but not large effect on the da/dN of welded joints. The resistance to near threshold fatigue crack growth data of welded joints can be largely improved by EBLPWHT and it is related to microstructure and crack closure effect.     

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Gas Metal Arc Welded AISI 409 Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The effect of filler metals such as austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, and duplex stainless steel on fatigue crack growth behavior of the gas metal arc welded ferritic stainless steel joints was investigated. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single ‘V’ butt welded joints. Center cracked tensile specimens were prepared to evaluate fatigue crack growth behavior. Servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine with a capacity of 100 kN was used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behavior of the welded joints. From this investigation, it was found that the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal showed superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared to the joints fabricated by austenitic and ferritic stainless steel filler metals. Higher yield strength and relatively higher toughness may be the reasons for superior fatigue performance of the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal.     

Fatigue Performance of Gas Tungsten Arc, Electron Beam, and Laser Beam Welded Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Joints

Titanium alloys have been successfully applied for aerospace, ship, and chemical industries because they possess many good characteristics such as high strength to weight ratio, superior corrosion resistance, and excellent high temperature resistance. Though these alloys show reasonable weldability characteristics, the joint properties are greatly influenced by the welding processes. The evaluation and prediction of fatigue life are very important for the welded joints to avoid catastrophic failure particularly in titanium alloys. This article compares the fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by gas tungsten arc welding, laser beam welding, and electron beam welding processes. The resultant fatigue properties of the welded joints are correlated with the tensile properties and microstructural characteristics. Of the three processes considered the joint welded by laser beam welding exhibits higher fatigue limit when compared with the other two processes due to the presence of fine lamellar microstructure in the weld metal region.     

等离子喷涂法改善焊接结构的疲劳性能

采用低碳钢涂层对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢横向与纵向角焊缝接头进行喷涂处理,测试了涂层的显微硬度和结合强度,并分别在焊接状态和喷涂处理状态下进行疲劳对比试验.试验结果表明,等离子喷涂层的显微硬度、结合强度约为火焰喷涂层的2倍.等离子喷涂后1Cr18Ni9Ti接头疲劳性能明显改善.横向接头焊接状态试件的疲劳强度为169.8 MPa,火焰喷涂试件为186.2 MPa,等离子喷涂试件为213.8 MPa,与焊接状态试件相比,等离子喷涂试件的疲劳强度提高25.9%,火焰喷涂试件提高9.7%.纵向接头焊接状态试件的疲劳强度为91.1 MPa,等离子喷涂试件为100.4 MPa,等离子喷涂后疲劳强度提高10.2%.     

Improving the fatigue performance of longitudinal welded joints by low transformation temperature electrodes

0　IntroductionAfatigueisoneofthemainfailurescausesofweldedstructures.Manyexperimentshaveshownthatfatiguestrengthsofweldedjointsaremuchlowerthanthoseofbasemetal.Thefatiguecrackmainlyinitiatesatweldtoe ,becausetherearetensileresidualstressesandstressconcentrationinthisregion ,sothatthefatiguestrengthcanbeincreasedbybothmodifyingstressdistributionatweldtoeanddecreasingstressconcentration .Therearemanymethodstoimprovethefatiguestrengthsofweldedjoints[1,2 ] ,forexample ,TIGdress ing,hammerpeenin…     

Zur Schwingungsrißkorrosion feuerverzinkter Schweißverbindungen unter Dauertauch- und Wechseltauchbeanspruchung

Corrosion fatigue of hot dip galvanized welded joints with permanent and alternate immersion Zink-coatings as corrosion protection of fatigue loaded welded constructions are of increasing importance. As corresponding design concepts in general are not available, corrosion fatigue tests with constant and variable amplitudes at filled welded joints are carried out under permanent immersion in artificial seawater or under alternate immersion in 5%-NaCl-solution including a lot of material, geometrical and fabricating parameters. The analysis of the results yields reliable informations with respect to the influence of hot dip galvanizing on the corrosion fatigue of welded joints.     

TC4钛合金窄间隙激光填绞股焊丝焊接接头组织及性能

文中对比研究了30 mm厚TC4钛合金电子束焊接头和母材的高周疲劳性能,发现接头的高周疲劳性能与母材非常接近。在文中试验条件下,电子束焊接头在循环周次为2×10⁶时的高周疲劳强度为474 MPa,达到母材的94.2%。观察电子束焊接头和母材的高周疲劳断口形貌,发现接头和母材的疲劳源均位于试样表面。疲劳裂纹扩展区都发现疲劳辉纹,相同载荷条件下,母材高周疲劳断口中辉纹的间距较小,约为1.49 μm,电子束焊接头的相邻辉纹间距为2.14 μm。在接头和母材的疲劳瞬断裂区还发现大量韧窝,呈现出典型的韧性断裂特征。文中还对比了母材、热影响区和焊缝区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,发现热影响区的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能最弱。分析认为,热影响区的高硬度是导致其抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能弱于其他区域的重要原因。

     

高频机械冲击处理的焊接接头疲劳强度评定

目的研究结构应力法和缺口应力法评估经高频机械冲击处理的高强度钢焊接接头疲劳强度。方法在名义应力法相关的研究基础上,采用结构应力法和缺口应力法,分析四种常见焊接接头经高频机械冲击焊后处理的疲劳测试数据,通过统计分析得出各评估应力系统下合适的特征强度FAT值。将统计结果分别与各种焊接接头的疲劳测试数据对比,分析其FAT值的适用性。结果分别在结构应力系统和缺口应力系统下导出了特征疲劳强度推荐FAT值。它们采用随材料屈服强度变化的FAT等级和m=5的S-N斜率指数,且与各种接头的疲劳数据符合较好。结论经高频机械冲击处理后,钢材的焊接接头疲劳强度对材料屈服强度有明显的统计差异,需要采用随材料屈服强度变化的FAT等级。采用文中分析得出的结果,可以在不失安全的情况下,充分利用高强度钢材经高频机械冲击焊后处理的优异特性。