Effect of welding conditions on reduction in angular distortion by welding with trailing heat sink

Abstract

The effectiveness of welding with a trailing heat sink in reducing the angular distortion of a weld has been experimentally investigated with focus on the cooling position. A numerical model of welding with a trailing heat sink is constructed through the comparison of measured values of weld penetration, thermal cycles and angular distortion with those calculated. On the basis of this model, the effect of welding heat input conditions on the reduction in angular distortion is discussed to evaluate the versatility of welding with a trailing heat sink. The results indicate that the choice of an appropriate cooling position behind the welding heat source is essential for the effective reduction in angular distortion. The reduction in angular distortion by the heat sink at the appropriate cooling position increases with the heat input parameter Q_net/h, where Q_net is the weld heat input and h is the thickness of the plate.     

Temperature distribution effect on relation between welding heat input and angular distortion

Conventional and activated tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding were conducted under the same welding conditions in an experiment to compare the weld penetration, temperature distribution and angular distortion. The results showed that the quantities of heat input per unit welding length were almost the same, but the shapes of the weld penetration and heat-affected zones changed drastically. The difference in angular distortion between conventional and activated TIG welding was strongly dependent on the thickness of the welded plate. A distortion analysis was developed by considering convective heat transfer in the weld pool to obtain a more detailed understanding of the temperature distribution effect on the relation between welding heat input and angular distortion. The resulting distinguishable curves for conventional and activated TIG welding, which can lead to the thickness dependence of differences in angular distortion, showed the traditional relation between the heat input parameter and the angular distortion.     

厚板FAB法单丝埋弧焊温度场的有限元分析

从宏观传热学出发,综合考虑坡口形式对焊接热输入影响及焊缝横断面形状特征,建立了厚板FAB法单丝埋弧焊温度场三维数值分析模型. 利用ANSYS软件对不同厚度D32钢FAB法单丝埋弧焊焊接温度场及热循环曲线进行模拟计算,对其热场特征进行了分析. 结果表明,不同焊接条件下横断面形状尺寸及热循环曲线计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,从而证明了模型的准确性和适用性;在获得良好焊缝成形条件下,随着板厚的增加,焊件上、下表面的热影响区宽度有所减小,而热循环冷却时间t_8/5变化规律不明显.     

厚板多层多道焊温度场的有限元分析

考虑坡口形式对焊接热输入分布的影响及焊缝横断面形状特征,建立了超细晶Q460高强钢厚板多层多道GMAW焊有限元分析模型.利用ANSYS软件对超细晶钢多层多道焊焊缝及热影响区形状尺寸进行了模拟计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.对超细晶钢多层多道焊温度场及热循环曲线进行了计算和定量分析.结果表明,后续焊缝对整个厚度方向上热影区热循环的峰值温度、高温停留时间及冷却时间有重要影响,应严格控制后续焊缝热输入或层间温度.     

电渣焊接头焊接残余应力与变形的数值模拟

为研究电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布规律及变形特征,基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟电渣焊接头温度场、残余应力与焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 在所开发的计算方法中,采用全椭球等密度体积移动热源模型来模拟电渣焊的热输入,并以生死单元技术考虑焊缝成形,数值模拟了箱型柱中的腹板与隔板处电渣焊接头的焊接残余应力与变形. 同时,采用试验方法实测了电渣焊接头的横向收缩及角变形. 结果表明,横向收缩和角变形的计算结果都与试验值比较吻合,验证了所开发的数值计算方法的妥当性. 此外,利用数值模拟方法详细研究了电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布特征.     

Influence of thickness of flange plate on the reduction of angular distortion by welding with trailing reverse-side flame line

In manufacturing of the steel bridge, fillet welded T-joint is widely used and angular distortion is often generated. So, reduction or control of angular distortion without additional processes to welding is strongly demanded because it takes great time and effort to correct the angular distortion. In this study, the effectiveness of welding with trailing reverse-side flame line heating for preventing angular distortion was investigated through the welding experiment and numerical simulation in submerged arc welding of fillet T-joint with three different thick flange plate. First, the heat source models for numerical analysis of both submerged arc welding and flame line heating were constructed based on the comparison with the measured temperature histories and angular distortion. And then, these heat source models were used in combination with various kinds of distance between two heat sources to make clear the appropriate distance condition for smallest angular distortion was 150 mm, and it does not depend on thickness of flange plate. It was also confirmed that the experimental angular distortions were in good agreement with those calculated. With a focus on the influence of thickness of flange plate, the reduction of angular distortion by welding with trailing reverse-side flame line heating becomes smaller with increasing thickness of flange plate. However, angular distortion could be adequately prevented under the appropriate flame line heating condition in either thickness of flange plate because the welding-induced angular distortion also becomes smaller with increasing thickness of flange plate. Thus, it was concluded that welding with trailing reverse-side flame line heating could be useful for preventing angular distortion of fillet T-joint, which is a component of steel bridge, enough not to correct it after welding.     

线能量对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形的影响

利用有限元分析和实验测试，研究了TC4钛合金平板激光焊接线能量对变形和残余应力的影响规律，并通过焊缝金相实验分析了线能量与焊接残余应力和变形的内在关系。结果表明：钛合金激光焊接产生的纵向残余拉伸应力约700MPa～850MPa，而横向残余拉伸应力只有50MPa～80MPa。激光焊接线能量增加时，纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽，峰值应力降低，而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高。在临界焊透规范以上焊接时，角变形随线能量的增大而减小，但横向收缩变形增大。试件被完全穿透焊接时，线能量对角变形的影响作用降低。     

Analysis of angular distortion in weldments using laminated plate theory

Abstract

The problems of distortion and residual stresses in and around a welded joint are of major concern in heavy industry. In the present work, a formula for weld induced angular distortion, in terms of weld parameters such as heat input and plate thickness, is developed analytically using an infinite laminated plate theory to consider an elliptical cylindrical inclusion with an eigenstrain. The source of angular distortion in weldments is the plastic strains that are caused by non-uniform temperature gradient. The distributions of the plastic strain corresponding to the eigenstrain are determined using Rosenthal's solution, which describes temperature distributions. Comparison of the calculated results with the experimental data shows the accuracy and validity of the proposed method.     

GH4169合金薄板与凸台件的焊接变形分析

采用真空电子束焊接进行了凸台与GH4169合金薄板的焊接,研究了焊接热输入、板厚及凸台数量对焊接件变形的影响。结果表明,薄板与凸台的焊接件经焊后会产生平面内收缩变形量和平面外失稳变形。焊接件沿板边的收缩变形量呈中间大、两侧小;随热输入增大,中间内凹程度增大。收缩变形量与热输入成正比,与板厚度成反比。2 mm厚的薄板焊接单凸台时,焊接热输入由54 J/mm增加至84 J/mm时,收缩变形量由0.20 mm增加至0.48 mm;同时当焊接热输入为54 J/mm,板厚2 mm,收缩变形量为0.20 mm,板厚5 mm时,变为几乎无变形。焊接单凸台试板的失稳变形表现为试板板边呈绕环形焊缝无规律的上翘、下翘,其主要是焊缝的角变形引起。双凸台焊接试板产生的失稳变形呈上翘、下翘交替变化的波浪变形,其产生主要原因由角变形和扭曲变形造成。板越薄,热输入越大,其上翘、下翘的变形量越大;焊接双凸台产生的失稳变形较焊接单凸台的大。     

Brazing of metals – consumables,technologies and standardisation

For predicting welding distortion and residual stress generated by laser–arc hybrid welding, a series of experiments and analyses were carried out. A bead-on-plate welding was performed on SM490 steel by using a fibre laser and CO₂ arc welding by changing their heat input ratio. The experiment was simulated by thermal elastic–plastic analysis with the proposed simulation model considering the penetration shape by laser and arc separately. By using this model, the experimental results could be simulated with high accuracy. Therefore, the validity and generality of the numerical simulation model could be verified. The tendency and magnitude of angular distortion varied with the heat input ratio of laser and arc. The results indicated the possibility of the ideal heat input ratio of laser and arc for controlling angular distortion generated by hybrid welding. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the heat input ratio of laser and arc did not affect residual stress generated by hybrid welding.     

铝合金加筋板焊接温度场和残余应力数值模拟

数值模拟作为一种高效可靠的技术手段,可分析焊接过程中温度场的分布情况。在数值模拟中,采用热源模型代替焊接热输入,使用热源模型是获取温度场的基础。梳理了现有的热源模型,并进行分类归纳,分析和总结了不同热源模型的特点、局限性及适用焊接场景。结果表明,高斯热源适应于焊接速度小、电弧冲击力小、焊接板材厚度不大的焊接方法;双椭球热源适用于焊接速度大、电弧冲击力大、焊接板材厚度较大的焊接方法;在大型构件的数值模拟中,采用带状分段移动热源可以大幅提升计算效率;针对焊接熔池形状复杂和焊接热输入需分成2部分的情况下,采用组合热源比单一热源得到的模拟结果更准确;对于动态特性明显的焊接过程,动态热源模型相比静态热源模型更具优势。

     

Dynamic process of angular distortion between aluminum and titanium alloys with TIG welding

The dynamic process of welding angular distortion in the overlaying welding of 5A12 aluminum alloy and BT20 titanium alloy was investigated. Information of dynamic distortion was got via self-made welding dynamic measuring system. Research results show that the characteristics of dynamic distortions at various positions of the plate edge parallel to the weld of 5A12 and BT20 alloy are different. Comparison between 5A12 and BT20 alloy shows that transverse shrinkage and downward longitudinal bending are main factors influencing the dynamic angular distortion processes of 5A12 and BT20 alloy under welding heat input of 0.32 kJ/mm. The angular distortion of 5A12 alloy is completely inversed with welding heat input increasing to 0.4 kJ/mm, and the position of weld center and buckling distortion become the primary factors.     

A theoretical and experimental analysis of variances in weld bead morphologies

Predictable and reproducible weld bead morphologies and dimensions are a major concern in welding. In bead-on-plate welding, the heat flow is controlled by the heat source parameters (power, speed, and radius) and the physical properties and dimensions of the workpiece, especially its thickness. Complex models that account for weld pool circulation have been developed to quantify welds. However, to some extent, fluctuations in weld dimensions can be explained with conduction models of moving Gaussian heat sources. In early investigations with point and line heat sources, relationships between process parameters and plate thickness were derived to differentiate between two- and three-dimensional heat flow. To date, the heat source radius (R) has not been taken into account. The dimensionless ratio (D*) of the plate thickness (D) to the heat source radius (R) is actually a variable to consider. With the introduction of additional dimensionless parameters (*)—speed (v*), power(q*)— relationships among governing variables, heat flow dimension, and weld bead dimensional fluctuations can be derived. Weld bead fluctuations are found to depend on dimensionless variables (v*, q*, D* ) and occur when the heat flow dimension is intermediate between two- and three-dimensional. Occasionally, experimental data exhibit trends that differ from predictions. This article presents a dimensionless version of a heat flow model and discusses the discrepancies between experimental and theoretical results. Formerly with ECN.     

AZ31B变形镁合金CO2激光焊接模式及焊缝成形特点

用CO2激光对4 mm厚的AZ31B变形镁合金进行了焊接试验,试验中出现了三种焊接模式:小孔焊、热导焊、模式不稳定焊.分析发现在一定参数范围内激光功率是焊接模式的决定因素.提出用正面熔宽与纵深段熔深的比值来表征小孔焊焊缝的形状特点,并对焊缝形状参数的影响因素进行了分析.发现焊接热输入是控制焊缝形状的最主要因素,而焊接速度变化引起的激光能量利用率的变化和激光功率变化引起的等离子体羽翼导热影响范围的变化也是焊缝形状的影响因素.在保证熔透的前提下,选择较低的激光功率、较高的焊接速度和较弱的焊接规范有利于获得深而窄的焊缝.     

HQ130钢焊接区扩散氢分布的数值分析

用有限元法对HQ130高强钢焊接区扩散氢分布进行了模拟计算,分析了扩散氢对焊接裂纹的影响。编制了焊接区氢扩散的有限元程序,该程序中考虑了焊接线能量、温度、氢的表面逸出系数等对氢扩散分布的影响。数值分析表明,氢在焊缝根部熔合区附近聚集是该区域产生裂纹的重要原因。提高焊接线能量和增大氢的表面逸出系数可降低氢在焊缝表面熔合区的聚集,但对焊缝根部氢的聚集影响不大。HQ130高强钢焊接控制焊接线能量在20kJ/cm以下可减小氢的局部聚集,有利于防止根部焊接裂纹的产生,     

Study on stress and deformation of keyhole gas tungsten arc-welded joints

Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding(K-TIG)of Q345 low alloy steel plates was simulated by using SYSWELD software.The temperature field of the K-TIG welding process was simulated with three different combined heat sources and was compared with the weld profile that was obtained experimentally.The temperature field that was obtained by a combination of a double ellipsoid heat source on the upper half and a three-dimensional Gauss heat source on the lower half was similar to the real situation.The effects of plate thickness,gap and welding speed on the deformation and stress of the K-TIG welded joints were investigated by K-TIG welding numerical simulation.A reduction in the thickness of the weld plates reduced the z-direction deformation and transverse residual stress;an appropriate gap reduced the residual stress and an increase in the welding speed reduced deformation after welding,but did not help to control the residual stress after welding.     

CO2激光焊接的同轴检测与熔透控制I.熔透状态特性及其同轴检测

对激光深熔焊的熔透状态进行了分类,指出了“仅熔池透”和“适度熔透”的形成条件和焊缝成形特征。建立了一套CO2激光深熔焊熔透状态的同轴检测系统,研究了焊接工艺参数和熔透状态发生变化时等离子体同轴光信号的变化规律。发现在板厚不变的条件下,随热输入的变化,焊接过程由“仅熔池透”达到“适度熔透”时,同轴等离子体光信号强度的增量绝对值最大。     

板壳单元在焊接热弹塑性有限元计算中的应用

基于有限元软件Abaqus,采用板壳单元对薄板对接焊进行热弹塑性数值模拟. 建立具有截面积分特性的板壳单元二维有限元模型,采用高斯面热源与均匀体热源组合的混合移动热源,考虑材料随温度的变化特性,对薄板的接温度场与变形场进行了计算,并与相当网格尺寸的三维实体单元计算结果进行了对比. 结果表明,板壳单元与实体单元计算所得温度场与变形结果比较一致;采用非均匀板厚模拟加强高的板壳单元能够进一步改进焊接变形预测结果;在保证计算精度的条件下,板壳单元比实体单元具有更高的计算效率,计算结果为改进大型结构焊接变形预测方法提供了参考意义.     

Microstructural characteristics in friction stir welded aluminium alloys

In order to elucidate distortion and residual stress generated by welding of high strength steel (HT780) by laser beam, a series of experiments and analyses were carried out. The angular distortion generated by bead-on-plate welding was V-shaped and its magnitude was about 2 mm. The longitudinal bending distortion was extremely small. On the surface of the plate, the residual stress component in the welding direction was tensile and it was smaller than the yield stress in the weld metal. The residual stress was almost zero outside the weld metal. The phase transformation range in the cooling stage and the temperature dependency of mechanical properties were obtained. The mechanical properties in the phase transformation range in the cooling stage could not be specified due to transformation expansion. Therefore, they were idealized by considering transformation expansion and transformation superplasticity. The validity of the idealized mechanical properties was verified by simulating the experiment by the thermal elastic–plastic analysis. It was elucidated that the welding out-of-plane distortion and tensile residual stress were largely controlled by phase transformation in the cooling stage, although the bead width of laser beam welding was extremely narrow.     

Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的分析

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法用于模拟Q345/SUS304异种钢多层多道焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形. 同时,采用试验方法测量了焊接接头的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形. 计算得到的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形与实测值吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性. 结果表明,Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布有明显的不连续性,靠近交界处Q345侧的较窄范围内纵向拉伸应力明显低于该区的两侧;SUS304侧的高纵向拉伸应力区明显宽于Q345侧. 此外,试验和数值分析表明,Q345/SUS304异质接头有较明显的角变形.