2D-C/SiC复合材料偏轴拉伸力学行为研究

通过对2D-C/SiC复合材料试件进行不同偏轴角度的拉伸实验,研究了偏轴角度对材料拉伸力学特性的影响。通过应变片分别测得了材料加载方向和纤维束方向上的应力-应变行为,对比分析了偏轴角度对上述应力-应变行为的影响;并结合试件断口扫描电镜照片,阐释了纤维束方向上拉伸和剪切损伤间的相互耦合效应。实验结果表明,材料的拉伸模量和强度随偏轴角度的增大出现明显下降;材料纤维束方向上的拉伸损伤和剪切损伤具有显著的相互促进作用。最后,以材料0°拉伸和45°拉伸实验数据为基础,建立了材料的偏轴拉伸应力-应变行为预测模型,模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

2D-SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸加卸载行为

为了研究国产2D-SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤行为以及低周循环载荷作用下的力学性能,通过试验和建立加卸载细观力学模型,对其拉伸加卸载行为进行了探讨。建立了单向连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料加卸载细观力学模型,得到了初始加载、卸载和重新加载时的应力-应变关系;利用断裂统计方法得到了基体裂纹数随应力变化的关系和复合材料失效判断条件。经过应力转化,将该模型应用于国产二维编织SiC/SiC复合材料。对单向加载试件,采用正交试验方法和最小二乘法得到基体Weibull模量和界面剪切阻力,通过控制材料失效强度与试验结果一致,得到纤维Weibull模量。由上述参数确定的2D-SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸循环加卸载应力-应变曲线与实测曲线吻合很好。通过Matlab编程得到2D-SiC/SiC复合材料单向加载时基体开裂过程图。结果表明,2D-SiC/SiC复合材料失效时,基体裂纹分布相对比较均匀;基体裂纹数随应力单调增加,未出现持平段,表明材料失效时,基体裂纹还没有达到饱和。     

2D-C/ SiC 复合材料的宏观拉压特性和失效模式

通过拉伸、压缩实验, 从宏观上研究了平纹编织C/ SiC 复合材料在简单载荷作用下模量、残余应变及泊松比的变化。通过断口观察, 分析了材料在面内拉、压载荷作用下的损伤与失效模式。实验结果表明, 拉伸载荷作用下, 材料在低应力就开始损伤。0°纤维束表面基体开裂和层间裂纹是主要损伤形式。损伤后, 随着应力增加, 拉伸卸载模量、泊松比线性减小, 残余应变增加; 压缩应力-应变基本呈直线关系, 模量、泊松比基本不变。拉伸破坏表现为韧性断裂, 断裂机理为分层后0°纤维束的断裂、携带90°纤维束拔出; 压缩破坏形成一个与加载方向成13°的断裂平面, 破坏机理为层间裂纹、0°/ 90°纤维束之间裂纹和90°纤维束内裂纹的产生和迅速扩展、最后0°纤维束剪切断裂。      

复杂面内应力状态下平面编织高铝纤维增强氧化铝基复合材料强度及疲劳寿命预测方法

针对平面编织氧化铝基复合材料提出了一种复杂面内应力状态下的强度准则和疲劳寿命预测方法。通过拉伸、压缩及纯剪切试验,分别获得了材料的静强度指标。考虑材料拉、压性能的差异和面内拉-剪联合作用对材料强度的影响机制,提出了修正的Hoffman强度理论。采用该强度理论预测得到的偏轴拉伸强度与试验结果基本一致,偏差不超过10%。开展了偏轴角θ=0°、15°、30°、45°,应力比R=0.1,频率f=10 Hz的拉伸疲劳试验,试验结果表明随着偏轴角的增加,相同轴向拉伸载荷下的疲劳寿命逐渐降低。由于面内剪切应力分量的作用,疲劳失效由纤维主导逐渐过渡到纤维和基体共同主导的模式。基于单轴疲劳寿命曲线,采用Broutman-Sahu剩余强度模型表征剩余强度随疲劳循环次数的变化规律,结合剩余强度演化模型和修正的Hoffman强度理论,提出了一种面内复杂载荷条件下的疲劳寿命预测模型,并引入疲劳剪切损伤影响因子表征拉-剪应力联合作用对材料疲劳行为的影响。采用本文提出的疲劳寿命预测模型,预测不同偏轴角拉伸疲劳寿命,预测结果与试验结果基本一致,偏差在1倍寿命范围内。比较结果表明在给定应力比、温度和疲劳载荷频率条件下,该疲劳寿命预测模型可以用来预测平面编织氧化铝基复合材料拉-剪复杂面内载荷条件下疲劳寿命。      

纤维束波动效应对平纹编织复合材料损伤行为的影响

平纹编织复合材料中纤维束波动效应会引起随动材料主方向变化及面外剪切应力集中,为了研究其对平纹编织复合材料力学性能及损伤行为的影响,提出改进的像素法细观有限元单胞模型。模型根据纤维束波动曲线定义了材料主方向的变化,采用Hashin准则模拟纤维束的损伤起始,并引入剪切修正因子考虑面外剪切应力对面内拉伸损伤的影响。模型可以预测平纹编织复合材料的面内拉伸强度和损伤演化过程,结果表明:纤维束材料主方向波动会引起平纹编织复合材料面内拉伸强度下降;面外剪切应力集中是导致复合材料最终失效的主要原因,且随着剪切修正因子增大,复合材料面内拉伸强度显著降低;纤维束材料主方向波动和面外剪切应力集中均对平纹编织复合材料的损伤行为和破坏机理产生了影响,需要在数值分析中对其进行准确描述。      

陶瓷基复合材料三维有效应力强度失效模型

基于陶瓷基复合材料在多轴应力作用下的各向异性损伤演化机制,提出损伤解耦分析的模型和方法,实现定量描述损伤分量之间的耦合影响效应。考虑损伤引起的内应力强化,通过引入有效应力的概念,对微细观损伤造成的材料承载性能衰减进行了表征,并提出复杂应力条件下强度失效判别的最大有效应力判据和二次有效应力判据。采用平纹编织C/SiC复合材料,开展了轴向拉伸加卸载、偏轴拉伸加卸载和面内剪切加卸载试验,进行了损伤演化和强度失效分析。模型和试验结果对比分析表明,本文提出的强度理论具有合理性,预测结果准确。      

2D-C/SiC复合材料轴向加载泊松效应

基于单调和循环加卸载实验,测试获得了不同加载过程中2 D-C/SiC复合材料在纤维束轴向方向上的泊松曲线,并对比分析了轴向损伤演化进程对材料泊松效应的影响.结果表明,在拉伸损伤加剧过程中,材料表现出显著的负泊松比行为;在加载损伤停滞状态下,材料则表现为近似线性正泊松比行为.加载过程中材料的泊松效应随着损伤程度的增加而不断减弱.结合扫描电镜断口结果分析可知,拉伸损伤加剧过程中材料内部沿加载方向上不断产生的基体开裂和界面脱粘损伤引起的材料沿垂直加载方向上的伸长变形,大于并掩盖了拉伸载荷在垂直加载方向上引起的弹性收缩变形,是导致2 D-C/SiC复合材料表现出显著负泊松比行为的主要原因;加载损伤加剧过程中产生的大量开裂损伤导致的材料整体连续性的降低是导致其泊松效应不断减弱的主要影响机制.     

不同界面SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸力学行为

利用国产三代SiC纤维通过化学气相渗透工艺(CVI)制备不同界面厚度和基体体积分数的SiC纤维束复合材料,并对其拉伸力学行为进行研究;同时,通过有限元方法研究界面厚度和基体体积分数对SiC纤维束复合材料热残余应力的影响。有限元分析结果表明:该纤维束复合材料的界面存在较为明显的径向和环向热残余应力,而且这两种应力均随着界面厚度增加而减小,随着基体体积分数的增加而增加。拉伸实验结果表明:随着界面厚度增加SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸强度有增大趋势,且纤维拔出长度也相应增加;但在界面厚度相同的情况下,过高的基体体积分数将导致复合材料拉伸强度和韧性下降。     

三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸和弯曲损伤机制

为了研究三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料损伤机制,开展了室温条件下的单调拉伸和三点弯曲试验。实验前,利用CT扫描手段,明确了三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料试样的编织组织形态。对拉伸和三点弯曲试样的微观分析表明:原生孔洞和微裂纹导致了材料在单调拉伸过程中形成局部应力集中,随着拉伸载荷的增大,基体的横向开裂和纤维束间纵向层间裂纹逐渐演化形成纤维内部裂纹,导致材料最终的脆性断裂失效;在三点弯载荷作用下,表现为剪切、拉压共生的多耦合破坏模式,拉应力一侧首先发生失效,随后在中性面处发生剪切破坏,紧接着失效迅速向上下两侧扩展,直至截面在整个厚度方向发生失效;断口与纤维束的走向相关性很大,裂纹基本上沿着纤维束之间的界面进行扩展,导致最终失效未发生在理论失效位置处。      

针刺C/SiC复合材料应力-应变模型及试验验证

研究了室温下针刺C/SiC复合材料的静拉伸应力-应变行为。基于显微CT技术重构的微观型貌,选取恰当的代表体积单元,建立了针刺C/SiC复合材料应力-应变性能预测的单胞模型。基于可实现任意加卸载下单向纤维增强C/SiC复合材料应力-应变计算的界面摩擦模型,由材料的细观组分性能计算出单向纤维束层的应力-应变响应,然后将单向纤维束层的应力-应变响应代入到单胞模型中,通过有限元法计算得到针刺C/SiC复合材料的整体应力-应变响应。进行了针刺C/SiC复合材料静拉伸试验,测得材料的应力-应变响应,计算结果与试验吻合较好。      

Effect of on-axis tensile loading on shear properties of an orthogonal 3D woven SiC/SiC composite

The present study examines in-plane and out-of-plane shear properties of an orthogonal 3D woven SiC fiber/SiC matrix composite. A composite beam with rectangular cross-section was subjected to a small torsional moment, and the torsional rigidities were measured using an optical lever. Based on the Lekhnitskii’s equation (Saint–Venant torsion theory) for a orthotropic material, the in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli were simultaneously calculated. The estimated in-plane shear modulus agreed with the modulus measured from ±45° off-axis tensile testing. The effect of on-axis (0°/90°) tensile stress on the shear stiffness properties was also investigated by the repeated torsional tests after step-wise tensile loading. Both in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli decreased by about 50% with increasing the on-axis tensile stress, and it is mainly due to the transverse crack propagation in 90° fiber bundles and matrix cracking in 0° fiber bundles. It was demonstrated that the torsional test is an effective method to estimate out-of-plane shear modulus of ceramic matrix composites, because a thick specimen is not required.     

2.5D C/SiC复合材料连续损伤本构模型

基于连续损伤力学建立了一种包含拉伸与剪切损伤变量的2.5D C/SiC复合材料连续损伤本构模型。分别开展了拉伸和剪切试验,获得应力-应变曲线,并通过拟合试验曲线获得各损伤变量的演化参数。采用子程序技术将本构模型嵌入商用有限元软件ANSYS,应用有限元法计算了材料的应力-应变曲线。考虑了拉剪损伤耦合效应,计算了偏轴拉伸情况下的应力-应变曲线。结果表明:沿经纱拉伸、沿纬纱拉伸以及面内剪切的应力-应变曲线与试验结果吻合,最大偏差依次为4.30%、3.09%及3.73%;偏轴拉伸计算与试验应力-应变曲线也吻合较好。      

Development of damage in a 2D woven C/SiC composite under mechanical loading: I. Mechanical characterization

An investigation has been undertaken to determine the damage mechanisms and the associated mechanical response of a 2D reinforced composite of carbon fibers in an SiC CVI-processed matrix subjected to uniaxial tensile and compressive loadings at room temperature. Under tension loading, an extended non-linear stress/strain response was evidenced and related to a multi-stage development of damage involving transverse matrix microcracking, bundle/matrix and inter-bundle debonding as well as thermal residual stress release. This tensile behavior proved to be damageable-elastic with respect to a fictitious thermalstress-free origin of the stress/strain axis lying in the compression domain. In compression, after an initial stage involving closure of the thermal microcracks present from processing, the composite displayed a linear-elastic behavior until failure. The extent of damage over the material was characterized quantitatively at the microscale by the decrease of the average transverse microcrack spacing and at the macroscale by the decrease of both the longitudinal Young's modulus and the in-plane Poisson's ratio.     

A survey of test methods for multiaxial and out-of-plane strength of composite laminates

This review paper gives an overview of test methods for multiaxial and out-of-plane strength of composite laminates, with special consideration of non-crimp fabrics (NCF) and other textile systems. Tubular and cruciform specimens can provide arbitrary in-plane loading, while off-axis and angle-ply specimens provide specific biaxial loadings. Tensile and compressive out-of-plane strength may be determined by axial loading of specimens with a waisted gauge section, while bending of curved specimens allow determination of the out-of-plane tensile strength. Tests suited for out-of-plane shear strength include the short beam shear test, the inclined double notch test and the inclined waisted specimen. Testing of arbitrary tri-axial stress states using tubular or cruciform specimens with superimposed through-the-thickness loading is highly complex and significant problems have been reported in achieving the intended stress states and failure modes. Specific tri-axial stress states can be obtained by uniaxial loading of specimens with constrained expansion, as in the die channel test.     

Statistical prediction of fatigue failure of fibre reinforced composite materials

A statistical approach is proposed to evaluate the residual strength and life of unidirectional and angle-ply composite laminates subjected to in-plane tensile cyclic stresses. The method is based on the extension of previous static failure criteria describing independently the fibre failure and matrix failure modes, combined with the statistical nature of fatigue failure of fibre-reinforced composites. The static and fatigue strengths of composite laminates at any off-axis angle are evaluated using the fatigue failure functions for the three principal failure modes, which are determined from the fatigue behaviour of unidirectional composites subjected to longitudinal and transverse tension as well as in-plane shear stresses. The evaluations of the fatigue strength of unidirectional E-glass/epoxy laminates under off-axis fatigue loading and angle-ply S-glass/epoxy laminates under in-plane fatigue loading show good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results.     

三维机织陶瓷基复合材料的面内剪切性能及损伤研究

采用IOSIPESCU纯剪切试件, 考虑纤维的编织结构和失效机理, 研究了三维机织碳/碳化硅(C/SiC)复合材料在面内剪切载荷作用下的力学性能和损伤过程. 材料具有明显的非线性应力-应变行为和残余变形等特性. 材料主要的损伤机制为基体微裂纹开裂, 界面脱粘和纤维断裂, 其中界面裂纹是材料应力-应变等力学行为的主要影响因素. 基于连续介质损伤力学分析方法, 提出了简单的损伤演化模型并对损伤演化过程进行了描述.