凹坑体积对中碳钢织构表面摩擦磨损特性的影响

为了改善高速钢表面的摩擦磨损性能,采用钻削加工的方法,在45钢表面加工出不同深度的凹坑织构,进行凹坑织构表面与GCr15的摩擦磨损试验,测量了摩擦系数和磨损量,观察了试件磨痕表面,分析了凹坑体积对织构表面摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:凹坑织构表面的摩擦系数和磨损量首先随着凹坑体积的增加而减小,当凹坑体积达到某一值后,摩擦系数和磨损量不再随着体积的增加而减小;凹坑织构的容屑作用有助于提高织构表面的摩擦磨损特性; 45钢在磨损过程中存在磨屑的搭桥覆盖现象,影响了凹坑的容屑能力,限制了凹坑织构表面耐磨性能的提高。     

浸植物油激光凹坑填充试件表面的摩擦磨损性能

为研究浸植物油激光凹坑填充PI/5%PTFE 45钢表面的摩擦磨损性能,采用激光焊接机在45钢试件表面制备凹坑织构,将PI、PTFE混合粉末填充至凹坑内,选用蓖麻油、大豆油、玉米油浸渍凹坑填充试件,制得浸植物油凹坑填充试件,并进行销盘式摩擦磨损试验,通过观察磨损表面,测量表面磨痕宽度和深度及摩擦系数、磨损量、表面微观形貌表征浸油凹坑填充试件表面的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：与凹坑填充试件相比,浸植物油凹坑填充试件的摩擦学性能更好;与浸玉米油和浸大豆油凹坑填充试件相比,浸蓖麻油凹坑填充试件表面的磨损量分别降低了94.12%、85.29%,表面磨损最轻微;与大豆油和玉米油相比,蓖麻油的黏度、饱和脂肪酸比例最高,而且蓖麻油酸存在2个极性基团,蓖麻油的上述特点提高了浸蓖麻油试件表面的抗磨和承载能力,因此浸蓖麻油试件表面呈现出较好的摩擦学性能。     

W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢WC/Co激光熔覆表面的摩擦磨损性能

为了改善高速钢表面的摩擦磨损性能,应用激光熔覆技术在W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢表面制备出WC/Co熔覆道。采用三维数码显微镜观察熔覆试件的金相组织并借助显微硬度计测试其显微硬度。采用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机分别对高速钢和WC/Co熔覆试件进行了摩擦磨损试验,并采用三维数码显微镜观察磨损形貌。结果表明:与高速钢基材相比,WC/Co熔覆道硬度提高,熔覆试件的摩擦系数和磨损量降低;WC/Co熔覆道的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,熔覆道间隔以磨粒磨损和黏着磨损为主;熔覆道的硬度提高、减摩效果、散热作用以及试件表面熔覆道与间隔面的软硬交替,有助于提高WC/Co熔覆试件的摩擦磨损性能。     

新型填料对高摩复合材料摩擦磨损性能影响及机制

采用干法热压成型工艺制备高摩复合材料,研究了基体材料腰果壳油改性酚醛树脂(CPR)与丁晴橡胶(NR)的质量比和新型高性能填料(主要成分为石墨粉Al2O3、MoS2、Fe粉)含量对高摩复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。在摩擦磨损试验机上测试了高摩复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,利用激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜对摩擦表面形貌、磨屑进行观察和分析,借助EDS测定摩擦表面成分的变化。结果表明,随着CPR与NR质量比的增加,高摩复合材料的耐热性能、结合性能大幅提高,且具有较好的摩擦磨损性能。当高性能填料含量较低时,磨损表面出现大量连续的真实接触面,磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;当高性能填料含量较高时,真实接触面积减少,磨损表面剥落严重,并出现较多的裂纹,其主要磨损形式转变为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。随着高性能填料含量的增加,摩擦表面的元素从均匀分布逐渐转变为局部富集,磨粒的尺寸逐渐变大。     

电流密度对Ni-W合金镀层摩擦磨损性能的影响

现有的Ni-W合金镀层摩擦磨损性能研究较少涉及镀层制备条件的影响。在不同电流密度下采用脉冲电沉积法在45钢表面制备了Ni-W合金镀层,测试了Ni-W合金镀层在干摩擦及油润滑摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并观察磨损形貌,分析其磨损机理。结果表明:在干摩擦状态下,随着电流密度增加,Ni-W合金镀层的磨损量逐渐降低,但摩擦系数逐渐升高,45钢的磨损主要是黏着磨损中的擦伤磨损,Ni-W合金镀层主要为磨粒磨损,个别存在少量疲劳磨损;在油润滑摩擦状态下,随着电流密度增加摩擦系数保持稳定,磨损量逐渐降低,Ni-W镀层与45钢的磨损形式均为磨粒磨损,45钢存在少量疲劳磨损。     

21-4N气门钢的高温性能

研究了21-4N气门钢在选定温度下的拉伸和摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明:随温度提高,21-4N钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度下降,塑性先增后减。在室温～650℃区间,21-4N钢的摩擦系数和磨损量都表现为先减后增,在500℃时达到最小值。室温下21-4N钢的磨损量较大,磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;400～600℃时,试样磨损量较小,氧化磨损和黏着磨损为主要磨损机制;600～650℃时,21-4N钢磨损量急剧增加,表现为严重的氧化磨损和磨料磨损,附带有轻微的黏着磨损。     

新型铜钛硅碳石墨合金材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用冷压烧结粉末冶金法制备铜钛硅碳石墨合金材料,通过摩擦磨损试验机和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段研究了铜钛硅碳石墨合金材料的磨损性能和磨损机制,以及速度和载荷对滑块摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,在速度较大或载荷较小的条件下磨损量随着滑移距离呈现线性增长,在试验参数范围内磨损量整体上随着滑移距离的变化曲线有一定的规律性。微观分析表明,钛硅碳和石墨零星分布在磨损表面极大地提高了铜基材料的耐磨性能。磨损的主要形式,是黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。     

Si3N4和52100钢对磨副材料对CrN薄膜干摩擦学行为的影响

利用阴极电弧离子镀技术在316L不锈钢基体上制备了CrN薄膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、纳米压痕仪对CrN薄膜的形貌、成分和力学性能进行了表征。为了研究Si_3N_4和52100钢对磨副材料对CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢干摩擦行为的影响,在2N、5N、8N三种载荷下,将CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢基体与Si_3N_4陶瓷球和52100钢球分别进行了往复式滑动干摩擦实验。采用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨痕的微观形貌,并对CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢基体的磨损机制进行了分析。结果表明:CrN薄膜表面平整,缺陷较少;CrN薄膜的纳米硬度约为28GPa,弹性模量约为350GPa;与Si_3N_4陶瓷球相比,CrN薄膜与52100钢球摩擦时摩擦因数相对较小(保持在0.7左右)且更加稳定;316L不锈钢的摩擦因数远大于CrN薄膜且波动较大;对磨球为Si_3N_4陶瓷球时,CrN薄膜的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损,伴有少量的氧化和黏着磨损,316L不锈钢的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和塑性变形,伴有少量的氧化和黏着磨损;对磨球为52100钢球时,CrN薄膜的主要磨损机制为黏着磨损,伴有少量的氧化,316L不锈钢的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损,伴有少量的氧化和磨粒磨损。CrN薄膜与两种对磨球的磨损量均小于316L不锈钢基体的磨损量,说明CrN薄膜有效提高了基体的耐磨性。     

混杂填料增强PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

利用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机考察了载荷以及纳米TiO2/SiO2与玻璃纤维的混合填料对PTFE复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料磨损后的表面形貌.结果表明:纳米材料与玻璃纤维的协同作用显著改善了材料的摩擦磨损性能,其中纳米TiO2与玻纤填充复合材料的耐磨性较好,磨损量降低了2～3个数量级,其磨损机制是低载荷下为磨粒磨损.高载荷下为疲劳磨损;纳米SiO2与玻纤填充复合材料的摩擦系数与PTFE相近,磨损机制是低载荷下为磨粒磨损,高载荷下为粘着磨损和表面微犁削磨损.     

玻璃纤维增强聚醚醚酮复合材料在水润滑下的摩擦学性能

利用球盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了玻璃纤维(GF)增强聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明:在干摩擦和水润滑条件下,PEEK和GF/PEEK的摩擦因数和磨损率均随载荷和对磨时间的增加逐渐增大并趋于稳定,GF的加入可以显著降低GF/PEEK复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率;在水润滑条件下,PEEK和GF/PEEK的摩擦因数和磨损率比干摩擦下显著降低。干摩擦下,PEEK以黏着磨损和磨粒磨损的混合磨损形式为主,水润滑条件下,磨损方式主要是以轻微的黏着磨损为主;干摩擦下,GF/PEEK磨损表面有大量的微观断裂裂纹和破碎,以磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损为主,水润滑条件下,磨损表面仅有微观切削的痕迹,磨损方式以轻微磨粒磨损为主。由于水的冷却和润滑作用,使得复合材料向对偶钢球的黏着转移明显减弱,同时阻止了对偶钢球上的Fe向复合材料磨损表面转移,从而减轻摩擦、降低摩擦表面温升,显著改善复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。     

铁尾矿对树脂基复合材料性能的影响

采用热压成型的方法制备了不同含量铁尾矿增强的树脂基复合材料,并对其力学性能和摩擦学性能进行了研究.结果表明,铁尾矿含量小于20%时,树脂基复合材料的各项物理力学性能和摩擦磨损性能较优,其中含铁尾矿10%的样品性能最佳;当含量超过20%时,复合材料的性能随着铁尾矿含量的增加有所降低,但仍符合国内外相应的标准.扫描电镜分析表明,样品中铁尾矿保持低含量(小于20%)时,磨损表面相对平整,磨损主要以磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和疲劳磨损为主;高含量(超过20%)时,随着铁尾矿含量的逐步增加,沟犁效应加剧,且样品磨损表面出现大量磨损粒子,此磨损主要为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损.     

直流稳恒磁场对45钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

大气条件下,研究不同强度的直流稳恒磁场对45钢干滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:与无磁场条件下相比,材料的摩擦系数降低,磨损量明显减少,磨损表面光滑,磨屑细化.微观分析表明,45钢在磁场条件下磨损后,表面生成更多的氧,认为氧化磨损及磨屑的润滑作用是磁场降低摩擦系数、减轻磨损的主要原因.     

Failure analysis of a railway copper contact strip

The present work investigated the causes of premature wear of the contact strips of a railway line working under voltage of 1.500 Vcc, current of 1120 A, normal force of 70 N and presence of graphite in the wire/strip interface. In all investigated regions (without apparent wear, moderate wear and severe wear), the presence of cracks in the hardened tribo-surface of the Cu-strip – which is caused either by work hardening or thermal cycling is usually followed by material detachment and production of hard abrasive debris. The presence of hard abrasive particles (such as SiO₂ and Al₂O₃,) and wear debris (Cu₂O and hardened Cu) promotes a regime of severe abrasion. The debris showed preferentially a flake-like morphology, being composed of graphite and highly deformed copper, suggesting the dominant action of mechanical wear mechanisms. The presence of some raindrop-like debris featuring an as-cast microstructure confirmed the occurrence of incipient fusion on the copper strip tribo-interface, possibly caused by electrical discharge (electrical induced wear). The results indicated that the wear mechanism of the Cu strip is divided into different stages. First, there is a mixed wear regime (adhesive and abrasive wear) of the graphite layer associated with lubricated adhesive wear of the Cu strip. After, there is the occurrence of a mixed wear regime between the strip/wire tribo surfaces, with simultaneous action of unlubricated adhesive wear, third body abrasive wear and electrical induced wear (local fusion). Finally, once the graphite has been completely consumed, the wear grooves are parallel to the sliding direction and the centre of the strip shows a much more severe wear rate.     

Effect of the SiC particle size on the dry sliding wear behavior of SiC and SiC–Gr-reinforced Al6061 composites

The effect of size of silicon carbide particles on the dry sliding wear properties of composites with three different sized SiC particles (19, 93, and 146 μm) has been studied. Wear behavior of Al6061/10 vol% SiC and Al6061/10 vol% SiC/5 vol% graphite composites processed by in situ powder metallurgy technique has been investigated using a pin-on-disk wear tester. The debris and wear surfaces of samples were identified using SEM. It was found that the porosity content and hardness of Al/10SiC composites decreased by 5 vol% graphite addition. The increased SiC particle size reduced the porosity, hardness, volume loss, and coefficient of friction of both types of composites. Moreover, the hybrid composites exhibited lower coefficient of friction and wear rates. The wear mechanism changed from mostly adhesive and micro-cutting in the Al/10SiC composite containing fine SiC particles to the prominently abrasive and delamination wear by increasing of SiC particle size. While the main wear mechanism for the unreinforced alloy was adhesive wear, all the hybrid composites were worn mainly by abrasion and delamination mechanisms.     

Metallurgical re-examination of wear modes II: adhesive and abrasive

Adhesive and (three-body) abrasive wear modes in the interface between a 303 steel shaft and a 52100 steel ball-bearing inner race were studied. Scanning electron micrographs showed significant differences in the different stages of adhesive and abrasive wear modes. Further scanning electron microscopy examinations of the cross section of the worn samples showed severely strained layers on the shafts from adhesive wear and heat-affected transformed surface layers on the bearing races from both adhesive and abrasive wear tests. Transmission electron microscopy examinations also showed a severely strained layer in the case of the adhesively worn shaft. A significant increase in hardness was measured on shafts from both wear modes. Auger analysis of worn surfaces detected the existence of modified layers and material removal. The metallurgical techniques described in this paper can be successfully used to diagnose wear.     

Unlubricated sliding of a titanium aluminide alloy against M2 tool steel

Abstract

This study is an extension of continuing research on the wear behaviour of gamma-TiAl base alloys, which has demonstrated how a surface reaction layer, made of native oxides, can dramatically improve the dry sliding wear resistance of the Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb-1B at.- alloy. The results presented provide a further insight on the wear behaviour of the coated alloy under different loading conditions. Moreover, specific attention has been paid to the study of the tribological coupling and of the wear mechanisms affecting an M2 steel counterface disc. The steel counterface is abrasively worn by the oxide asperities present on the alloy surface. Wear debris remains trapped between the sliding surfaces and gets oxidised. Therefore, wear debris may contribute to further accelerate the wear rate before leaving the system or being compacted on the wear tracks to form protective glazes. Once the main wear mechanism was clearly identified, some tests were conducted on alloy specimens which had their surface oxide mechanically smoothed. This operation proved to be very successful indeed. In fact as a result, not only did the gamma-TiAl alloy have a zero wear rate, but also a significant reduction of the abrasive contribution to the wear rate of the steel counterface was detected. Both these improvements were observed even at the highest load employed in the investigation 500 N.     

Effect of laser surface texturing on Si3N4/TiC ceramic sliding against steel under dry friction

In efforts to investigate the influence of the surface texturing on the Si₃N₄/TiC ceramic, laser surface texturing (LST) was performed on the Si₃N₄/TiC ceramic by an Nd:YAG laser and different geometrical characteristics of regular-arranged micro-grooved textures were fabricated on the surfaces. The tribological properties of the textured and smooth samples were investigated by carrying out sliding wear tests against steel balls under dry condition using a ball-on-disk tribometer. Effect of surface texturing on the stress distribution was studied by finite element method (FEM). Results show that the textured surfaces exhibited lower friction coefficient and excellent anti-wear properties compared with smooth surfaces. The tribological characteristics depended greatly on the size and density of the micro-grooves, and the geometrical characteristics of the surface textures have a significant effect on the tribological behavior. Among the patterns investigated, the wavy-grooved samples exhibit the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate; and a large texture density may be the best for reduction of friction and wear of textured samples. While, the wear rate of balls sliding against textured surfaces is larger than that of balls sliding against smooth surfaces. FEM results show that surface texturing can improve the stress distribution of contact interfaces and reduce stress concentration.     

电刷镀Ni-CNTs/PTFE纳米复合镀层的摩擦磨损与耐腐蚀性能

再制造工程中很多表面镀层要求具有优异的摩擦磨损与耐腐蚀性能,利用纳米电刷镀技术在45钢基材上制备NiCNTs、Ni-CNTs/PTFE、Ni-WC/PTFE-CNTs复合镀层。采用XRD和SEM观察电刷镀复合镀层表面相结构和微观形貌,采用球盘式摩擦磨损试验机测试其在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,采用动电位极化曲线研究其在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:Ni-WC/PTFE-CNTs复合镀层耐磨性能最优,其次为Ni-CNTs/PTFE、Ni-CNTs复合镀层,均强于纯镍镀层;当CNTs质量浓度分别为1.5g/L和1.0g/L时,Ni-CNTs复合镀层分别表现出最优的摩擦磨损性能和最佳的耐腐蚀性能,Ni-WC/PTFE-CNTs、Ni-CNTs/PTFE复合镀层次之。纯镍镀层和Ni-CNTs复合镀层的磨损机制是粘着磨损,Ni-CNTs/PTFE复合镀层的磨损机制主要是粘着磨损,其次为磨粒磨损,Ni-WC/PTFE-CNTs复合镀层的磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损和接触疲劳磨损。