时效处理对NiW750高密度合金组织与性能的影响

基于面心立方结构及细小弥散强化相原理,本文设计了一种新型高密度合金NiW750.将NiW750合金经不同温度时效处理后,测试其准静态力学性能,并用分离式Hopkinson压杆实验(SHPB)测试材料在动态加载条件下的性能,利用SEM、TEM对微观组织进行观察,同时测试组织的显微硬度.结果表明:在650～900℃范围内,随着时效温度的升高,合金的强度先升高,而后降低,韧性变化则相反.在750℃时效后其性能具有最佳配合.在动态加载条件下,合金存在应变率硬化效应,材料发生协同变形,试样内部形成绝热剪切带;而750℃时效后合金硬度升高,变形带周围应力更集中,在应变率为6 800 s~(-1)下试样出现断裂.     

纯钒的动态压缩力学性能实验研究

为研究纯钒在常温下的动态压缩力学性能,采用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)对其进行应变率效应实验并采用应变冻结法对其进行应变累积实验,给出纯钒在常温下的动态压缩应力应变曲线,研究应变历史对材料性能的影响,并与电弧熔炼钒合金进行比较,结果表明:在应变率为4 430 s-1时,纯钒的流变应力为564 MPa,比应变率810 s-1时的437 MPa提高29%,纯钒具有明显的应变率效应;应变历史虽然对纯钒有影响,但其影响并不强烈;电弧熔炼钒合金的强度远高于纯钒。     

AerMet100超高强度钢的动态力学性能研究

对AerMet100超高强度钢淬火后深冷处理,然后在不同温度下回火,利用OM,SEM,TEM对处理后的组织进行观察。采用分离式Hopkinson压杆研究不同热处理工艺对其动态力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:深冷处理可降低残余奥氏体的含量,提高材料的动态塑性,改善材料的综合性能;在高应变率(1000~4200s~(-1))下,与准静态相比,材料表现出明显的应变率硬化效应。随着回火温度的升高,材料的动态压缩强度呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,在482℃时出现峰值,约为2800MPa。在动态加载条件下,材料的断裂形式均是剪切断裂。     

电子束熔炼钒合金动态压缩实验及细观分析

本文利用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)进行了动态压缩实验,获得了电子束熔炼钒合金V-5Cr-5Ti的动态压缩应力应变曲线。采用应变冻结的方法,对材料进行不同变形量的动态加载,并对加载后的试件进行观察,研究不同变形范围下材料的细观变形机制,考察变形量对变形机制的影响,并与电弧熔炼钒合金的细观变形机制进行了比较。结果表明:当动态压缩应变率为3600s-1时,电子束熔炼钒合金的流变应力约为700MPa;该材料在常温下的塑性变形机制为位错滑移。     

高应变率条件下山西黑花岗岩的动态力学性能研究

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆试验技术,对山西黑花岗岩进行了一系列不同应变率(315.53s-1~1349.87s-1)的动态压缩试验。试验结果表明：山西黑花岗岩在高应变率条件下,动态抗压强度表现出突变特性：应变率从460.09s-1上升到860.20s-1的时候,山西黑花岗岩的动态抗压强度从272.33MPa提高到371.78MPa;在高应变率条件下,山西黑花岗岩材料的破碎机理为在初始冲击波作用区先产生体积破碎,而后在试样后半部分产生赫兹破碎;山西黑花岗岩在高应变率下的弹塑性变形能随应变率的增大而减小,高应变率条件下材料失效和裂纹扩展消耗更多能量,对应更加严重的材料破碎。     

形变热处理工艺对2519A铝合金动态变形行为的影响

通过霍普金森压杆实验研究2519A铝合金T87,T8,T9和T9I64种形变热处理状态在1040~5900s^-1应变率范围的动态冲击变形行为,并利用金相、透射电镜等手段分析在动态变形中合金微观组织的演变规律,研究不同形变热处理工艺对2519A铝合金动态变形行为的影响。结果表明:与T87态合金相比,强冷变形的T8和T9态合金高速冲击的动态屈服强度大幅提升,但是合金的绝热剪切敏感性也显著增加,更容易发生绝热剪切开裂。断续时效T9I6工艺可以提高2519A合金强化析出相的密度,使θ'相(Al₂Cu)更细小弥散分布。这样降低了θ'析出相在高应变率下被位错切割分解的速率,提高合金在高速变形过程中的稳定性。2519A-T9I6铝合金在高应变率下拥有较高的动态屈服强度和较低的绝热剪切敏感性,在高速变形过程中表现最佳。     

变形条件对2519A铝合金动态力学性能与组织演化的影响

为研究温度与应变率对2519A铝合金动态力学行为及组织演化的影响,采用霍普金森压杆对2519A铝合金进行了不同温度(-90~350℃)、不同应变率下的动态冲击压缩实验,分析了该合金的动态力学性能,并结合金相显微镜与透射电镜对合金在冲击变形后的微观组织进行分析。结果表明:在250~350℃的高温环境冲击下,合金的流变应力迅速下降,组织以形变带为主,同时组织内伴随有明显的动态回复和动态再结晶。在20~150℃的环境中进行动态冲击,合金变形时组织出现了典型的绝热剪切带特征。在室温、应变率达到8200s-1时,应变率强化效果发生转变。随着温度降至-90℃,在绝热剪切带内的组织出现了长度较短、连续性差的微裂纹,同时组织内的长条状第二相粒子发生不同程度的脆性断裂。     

挤压-T5态Mg-8Gd-4Y-Nd-Zr合金的动态冲击行为

本研究采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置,结合硬度测试、金相观察、扫描电镜观察、透射电镜观察等手段,研究了挤压-T5态Mg-8Gd-4Y-Nd-Zr合金在不同应变速率条件下的动态冲击行为。结果表明:合金挤压-T5态具有优异的抗冲击性能,当应变速率为771s~(-1)时,其抗压强度可达502 MPa,与2519A铝合金的抗压强度相当;当应变速率为2 645s~(-1)时,合金的抗压强度可达682 MPa。在不同应变速率下,合金的主要断裂方式均为解理断裂,当应变速率低于1 244s~(-1)时,解理面之间以小尺寸浅平韧窝连接,当应变速率高于1 808s~(-1)时,冲击带来的绝热温升导致细晶区晶界弱化,出现沿晶断裂,形成网状组织。     

高熵合金动态载荷下变形机制的研究进展

因具有一系列特殊的结构和性能,高熵合金在短短十几年间就从一种新型的合金设计理念成为了高性能结构材料的明日之星.近年来,研究者们相继开展了高熵合金的动态力学行为和变形机制的研究,旨在推进高熵合金的实用化进程、夯实高熵合金动态力学行为的理论基础并进一步丰富高熵合金的内涵.本文综述了高熵合金动态变形机制的研究进展,对高熵合金在动态载荷下的位错运动、孪生变形、应变诱发相变以及绝热剪切效应进行了总结和分析.在此基础上,本文认为高熵合金在动态载荷下的变形机制与其在准静态载荷下的变形机制之间,既有相互关联的相似性,又有值得关注的差异性.具体而言,动态变形由位错运动主导的高熵合金,因受到热激活机制、拖曳机制和位错间强相互作用的影响,而具有显著的应变率效应、应变敏感性和强应变硬化能力.其中,动态载荷下的位错运动会受到晶格畸变、短程有序、第二相等一系列微结构的影响.此外,层错能较低的面心立方型高熵合金的动态变形过程、亚稳高熵合金的动态变形过程以及难熔高熵合金的动态力学行为,还会分别受到孪生变形、应变诱发相变效应以及热效应和变形局域化引发的绝热剪切效应的显著影响.     

GH2901镍基合金蠕变及疲劳的实验和数值研究

以GH2901高温合金为研究对象,通过实验测定了其在500℃下,730 MPa和850 MPa的恒定单轴拉伸力作用下的蠕变应变与时间的关系曲线。然后基于该曲线采用组合时间强化蠕变本构方程对其进行函数拟合,并获得相应的蠕变本构方程。通过该方程采用蠕变有限元计算和疲劳寿命的计算,获得了该合金的应变规律及使用寿命情况。分析结果表明:该合金在500℃,730 MPa恒定应力作用10h,蠕变应变值为0.002553~0.010767,总应变值为0.0027544~0.012411。该数据表明,率无关应变值(弹性应变加率无关塑性应变)相对于蠕变应变值(率相关塑性应变)来说非常微小,约为其1/10。     

Effect of grain size on strain rate sensitivity of cryomilled Al–Mg alloy

Al–Mg alloy powder was cryomilled to achieve a nanocrystalline (NC) structure having an average grain size of 50 nm with high thermal stability, and then consolidated by quasi-isostatic forging. The consolidation resulted in a bulk material with ultrafine grains of about 250 nm, and the material exhibited enhanced strength compared to conventionally processed Al–Mg alloy. The hardness of as-cryomilled powder, the forged ultrafine-grained (UFG) material, and the conventional coarse-grained (CG) alloy were measured by nanoindentation using various loading rates, and the results were compared with strain rate sensitivity (SRS) from uniaxial compression tests. Negative SRS was observed in the cryomilled NC powder and the forged UFG material, while the conventional alloy was relatively insensitive to strain rate. The dependence on loading rate was stronger in the NC powders than in the UFG material.     

Effects of strain rates on dynamic deformation behavior of Cu-20Ag alloy

Copper alloy is widely used in high-speed railway,aerospace and other fields due to its excellent electri-cal conductivity and mechanical properties.High speed deformation and dynamic loading under impact load is a complex service condition,which widely exists in the field of national defense,military and industrial application.Therefore,the dynamic deformation behavior of the Cu-20Ag alloy was inves-tigated by Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) with the strain rates of 1000-25000 s-1,high-speed hydraulic servo material testing machine with the strain rates of 1-500 s-1.The effect of strain rate on flow stress and adiabatic shear sensitivity was analyzed.The results show that the increase of strain rate will increase the flow stress and critical strain,that is to say,the increase of strain rate will reduce the adiabatic shear sensitivity of the Cu-20Ag alloy.The Cu-Ag interface has obvious orientation relationship with (111)Cu//(111)Ag;((1)11)Cu//((1)11)Ag;((2)00) Cu//((2)00)Ag and[0(1)1]Cu//[0(1)1]Ag with the increase of strain rate.The increase of strain rate promotes the precipitation of Ag and increases the number of interfaces in the microstructure,which hinders the movement of dislocations and improves the stress and yield strength of the Cu-20Ag alloy.The concentration and distribution density of dislocations and the precipitation of Ag were the main reasons improve the flow stress and yield strength of the Cu-20Ag alloy.     

粉煤灰聚氨酯复合泡沫静动态力学特性实验研究

以大尺寸粉煤灰漂珠为主要组分,以硬质聚氨酯泡沫为黏结剂制备了一种具有多尺度胞孔形态的复合泡沫,对其准静态压缩和动态冲击下的力学性能和变形机制进行研究。结果表明:①该复合泡沫应力应变曲线具有典型的线弹性、塑性平台和致密化三个特征阶段且具有相对稳定的平台应力;在密度0.45~0.6 g/cm^3,复合泡沫平台应力(6.5~18 MPa)和到压实应变处吸收的能量(3.42~8.9 MJ/m 3)随密度增大而提高,且平台应力与相对密度之间满足幂函数关系;②采用铝蜂窝为增强相可使同密度下复合泡沫抗压强度和平台应力分别提升约20%~45%和10%~25%,准静态下复合泡沫主要发生剪切失效,增强泡沫的主要失效形式则转变为轴向压缩失效。③在0.001~1500 s^-1应变率范围内,复合泡沫抗压强度有明显的应变率效应但平台应力并未随应变率的增大而提高。增强复合泡沫的强度和平台应力均呈现出明显的应变率效应,采用铝蜂窝不仅能提高复合泡沫力学性能,还能够改善其力学行为,使材料具有更优异的动力学特性;研究为工业固废粉煤灰的综合利用提供新思路。     

Dependence of mechanical properties on the microstructure characteristics of a near β titanium alloy Ti-7333

In this work, the microstructure and the corresponding tensile properties of the rolled Ti-7Mo-3Nb-3Cr-3Al(Ti-7333) alloy before and after the thermal treatments were investigated. The results show that a strong α-fiber texture is developed in the rolled Ti-7333 alloy. The deformed matrix and the texture significantly induce the variant selection of β phase. The high strength of the rolled Ti-7333 alloy is attributed to the 110 texture parallel to the tensile direction and the dispersed α phase within the matrix. After the solution treatment followed by the aging treatment, the texture decreases and the microstructure consists of the equiaxed β grains, the spheroidal α_p phase and various needle-like α variants. Eventually, the alloy could achieve an optimal combination with the strength of about 1450 MPa,the ductility of about 10.5% and a considerable shear strength of about 775 MPa. This balance can be ascribed to the performance of the spheroidal α_p phase and various needle-like α_s variants. The results indicate that the Ti-7333 alloy could be a promising candidate material for the high-strength fastener.     

Effect of aging on high strain rate and high temperature properties of 7075 aluminium alloy

Abstract

The high strain rate and high temperature properties of as cast and aged 7075 aluminium alloy were examined by metallographic observation and by means of a split Hopkinson bar test at temperatures between 25 and 300°C and at strain rates of 1·3 × 10³ and 3·1 × 10³ s^-1. The effect of aging, as well as strain rate and temperature, on the dynamic mechanical response, microstructure evolution, and fracture characteristics are presented. The compressive stress–strain response of as cast and aged 7075 alloy is found to depend strongly on both the applied strain rate and the test temperature. However, the aged material is generally found to be stronger than the as cast material. The work hardening rate is seen to decrease with increasing strain, strain rate, and temperature, and its value is higher in the aged material than in the as cast material. Microscopic observation shows that aging, strain rate, and temperature have a significant influence on the microstructural evolution and the changes in grain morphologies. The average grain size can be expressed by a Hall–Petch type relationship after impact deformation. Fracture surface examination revealed that a high strain rate favours the formation of deformed shear bands that are precursors to crack formation and fracture. The aged material has a better ductility owing to the higher percentage of transgranular fracture and an increased density of microdimples.     

装甲用镁合金抗弹性能表征体系探讨

介绍了高应变率载荷条件下镁合金的吸能特性及变形特征；论述了对镁合金抗弹性能有重要影响的动态强度、高应变率能量吸收率、高应变率变形断裂特征和动态强度等科学问题；就镁合金在装甲领域的应用研究做了初步探讨。     

High strength and ductility Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy with bimodal structure and nano-precipitates

To resolve the strength-ductility trade-off problem for high-strength Mg alloys, we prepared a high performance Mg-8 Gd-3 Y-0.5 Zr(wt%) alloy with yield strength of 371 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of419 MPa and elongation of 15.8%. The processing route involves extrusion, pre-deformation and aging,which leads to a bimodal structure and nano-precipitates. Back-stress originated from the deformationincompatibility in the bimodal-structure alloy can improve ductility. In addition, dislocation density in coarse grains increased during the pre-deformation strain of 2%, and the dislocations in coarse grains can promote the formation of chain-like nano-precipitates during aging treatment. The chain-like nanoprecipitates can act as barriers for dislocations slip and the existing mobile dislocations enable good ductility.     

升温速率对2219铝合金蠕变时效行为的影响

研究2219铝合金在蠕变时效成形过程中,升温速率对其蠕变行为及力学性能的影响规律。实验模拟构件在热压罐中的升温条件,降低材料的升温速率(0.75℃/min),延长其升温时间至4h(某典型构件真实蠕变时效升温时间),分别在0,150,210MPa 3种应力条件及不同的时效时间下进行蠕变实验,并对材料拉伸力学性能和微观组织(TEM)进行分析。结果表明:对比在材料尺度下0.5h的升温条件(5.5℃/min),升温速率的降低,在一定程度上提高了材料的力学性能,并且延长了材料强度达到峰值的时间;铝合金析出相的形状因子随着时效时间呈现先增长,到达峰值后下降的趋势;降低升温速率,材料在升温阶段即已发生了显著蠕变形变,在150MPa和210MPa应力条件下升温阶段的蠕变量分别占总蠕变量的29.28%和21.56%,且蠕变变形量和稳态蠕变速率会随着应力的升高而增加;由此,基于材料尺度(标准蠕变试样)的蠕变时效研究,用于表征构件尺度蠕变时效行为时,须进一步考虑升温速率对其成形及性能演变的影响。