塑性变形及消应力热处理对10CrNi5MoV钢性能与组织的影响

分析了塑性变形量分别为2.4%、3.2%、4.8%、6.6%和9.1%的10CrNi5MoV钢在消应力热处理前后力学性能和微观组织的变化。结果表明,10CrNi5MoV钢具有包申格效应,热处理后该效应消除、屈服强度恢复正常,但低温韧性较热处理前有不同程度的降低,且下降幅度随着试样塑性变形增大而增加;当塑性变形量为9.1%时,出现了明显脆化,断口呈韧窝+准解理+沿晶断裂的混合断裂形貌;包申格效应的产生、消除与塑性变形引起的位错密度变化有关;热处理后马氏体板条间条状碳化物的析出以及P、Ni元素和部分碳化物在晶界处的偏聚,致使晶内和晶界部分脆化是该钢在较大塑性变形下韧性下降的主要原因。     

800MPa级别钢熔敷金属热处理脆化机理研究

用于制造船体结构的10Ni5CrMoV钢,为了消除焊接残余应力,在焊后需对其焊接接头进行热处理。试验采用纯氩气体保护焊接10Ni5CrMoV钢,焊后热处理后发现其熔敷金属-50℃冲击韧性大幅下降。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和俄歇电子能谱分析方法(AES)对熔敷金属热处理前后的组织和冲击断口进行分析,找出其冲击韧性下降的原因。试验结果表明:10Ni5CrMoV钢熔敷金属热处理后由于回复作用板条状组织变粗或消失,在晶界磷元素的偏聚和大量的碳化物在晶界析出导致其冲击韧性下降。     

X20CrMoV12.1钢长期高温时效的逆回火脆性研究

X2 0CrMoV12 .1耐热合金钢是热电厂主蒸汽管线的主要用材之一。该管材经 16×10 4 h长期高温载荷运行后 ,性能明显退化 ,常温下呈完全脆性状态。试验结果表明 ,管材的脆化是可逆的 ,属于逆回火脆现象。运用透射电镜和俄歇电子能谱等方法对其显微组织结构进行了研究 ,发现晶界碳化物的球化以及有害元素磷在晶界的偏聚是材料性能退化和致脆的原因     

硼对M2高速钢凝固组织的影响

研究了微量硼对Ｍ２高速钢的凝固组织以及热处理过程中共晶碳化物团球化的影响及其机理。发现,硼促进层片状Ｍ２Ｃ碳化物的形成;促进共晶碳化物的偏析,使碳化物量增加,层片变粗;促进共晶碳化物在高温加热时的断网和团球化,在高速钢中硼主要偏聚在晶界共晶碳化物上。     

冷却-等温-冷却处理过程硼的晶界偏聚

用径迹显微照相技术研究了含硼 10× 10 - 6和 30× 10 - 6的 Fe- 40 % Ni合金在模拟冷却 -等温 -冷却处理过程后硼的晶界偏聚特征。结果表明 ,在从 115 0℃以 2℃ / s冷速分别冷却到 110 0℃ ,10 0 0℃ ,90 0℃ ,80 0℃和 70 0℃保温 2 min,然后再以 2℃ / s冷速冷却到 6 0 0℃水淬的冷却 -等温 -冷却过程中 ,硼在晶界会形成明显的偏聚 ,晶界偏聚量随等温温度的下降先有所减少后增加 ,最低值在 10 0 0℃左右出现。含硼 10× 10 - 6 合金在 80 0℃以上温度等温后冷到 6 0 0℃时 ,试样晶界偏聚包括连续硼偏聚带及一定量含硼析出相 ,其它试样沿晶硼偏聚带中硼主要以析出相形式存在。实验还观察到在晶内亚晶界上也有明显的硼偏聚存在 ,并在偏聚带两侧存在有贫硼区。在晶粒晶界与亚结构相交处 ,硼原子优先偏聚在晶粒晶界上     

超低碳微合金钢中硼的偏聚

用硼径迹显微照相技术研究了超低碳微合金钢从1150℃以5℃/s冷却到850℃过程中硼晶界偏聚的形成与发展过程,测量了不同温度时硼富集因子与贫化区宽度,分析了铜元素对硼晶界偏聚的影响.结果表明:在冷却初始阶段,晶界硼偏聚量迅速增加,在1000℃左右达到最大值后,随着温度的降低,硼晶界偏聚量开始逐渐减少,在910℃左右达到最小,温度继续降低,晶界上硼的偏聚量又开始增加.实验结果还表明添加铜元素能促进硼向晶界的偏聚.     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢后续热处理中的磷偏聚行为

根据溶质晶界偏聚理论和原子扩散原理研究了2.25Cr-1Mo钢服役12年后磷晶界偏聚行为及脱脆处理工艺。采用俄歇电子能谱实验对溶质原子的晶界偏聚程度进行了测试分析。结果表明:对于已脆化的2.25Cr-1Mo钢,存在临界脆化温度,且脆化程度越高,临界脆化温度越低;高于临界脆化温度数小时的保温即可消除脆化现象,即2.25Cr-1Mo钢的脱脆速率远大于脆化速率。     

微量Hf对大角度晶界含Re双晶合金高温持久性能的影响

采用籽晶法制备含有大角度晶界(约20°)的双晶试板,通过分析不同Hf含量(质量分数:0%,0.4%)的含Re合金晶界处析出相、γ/γ′组织、晶界成分及1100℃/100MPa横向持久性能,研究Hf对晶界组织及高温力学性能的影响。结果表明:Hf显著提高了铸态合金大角度晶界处共晶和碳化物体积分数;热处理后,Hf显著抑制了晶界胞状再结晶组织的形成,含Hf合金的1100℃/100MPa横向持久寿命均显著提高。晶界持久性能与晶界析出相种类、形貌、含量和成分密切相关,而Hf元素在晶界未发现显著的偏聚。本研究对先进镍基单晶合金中晶界缺陷的评价及Hf元素晶界强化作用机制的认识具有一定的指导意义。     

加氢反应器环境服役的2.25Cr1Mo钢性能退化研究

通过对比服役前后加氢反应器挂块母材和焊缝的力学性能,对2.25Cr1Mo钢的服役退化程度进行了分析。运用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对服役材料的微观组织及断口形貌进行了观察和分析。结果表明:运行12万小时挂块的力学性能下降较大,韧脆转变温度升高,并在晶界及碳化物处出现裂纹;部分碳化物粗化,呈链状分布在晶界附近,造成晶界弱化;基体合金元素含量降低,促进了P的晶界偏聚,降低了材料的回火抗力。     

三维原子探针表征淬回火Cr-Mo-V-Ni中合金钢的元素分布

将Cr-Mo-V-Ni中合金钢在1 030℃奥氏体化保温0.5h后油淬,在600℃回火2次,每次2h。结合光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),采用三维原子探针(3DAP)技术分析了淬火态和回火态各元素原子的三维空间分布以及碳化物内部和碳化物/基体界面处元素分布和成分变化。结果表明,淬火试样中C原子由于自回火和短程扩散出现了较为明显的片状偏聚,而其他合金原子Cr、Mn、Mo、Si、V和Ni基本分布均匀;回火试样中C、Cr、Mo和V发生共偏聚形成厚度约10nm的合金碳化物M23C6,Si原子形成一层薄薄的偏聚层包裹着M23C6,而Ni又包裹着Si原子而偏聚于最外层。     

Microstructural evolution and its influence on the impact toughness of GH984G alloy during long-term thermal exposure

The microstructure evolution and its effect on the impact toughness of a new Ni-Fe based alloy GH984 G,used in 700℃ ultra-super critical coal-fired power plant,were investigated during thermal exposure at 650℃-750℃ for up to 10,000 h.The results show that the impact toughness at room tempe rature drops rapidly at the early stage during thermal exposure at 700℃ and then has no significant change even if after exposure for 10,000 h.The significant decline of the impact toughness is attributed to the coarsening of M₂₃C₆ carbides at grain boundaries,which weakens the grain boundary strength and leads to the aging-induced grain boundary embrittlement.The M₂₃C₆ carbides have almost no change with further thermal exposure and the impact toughness also remains stable.Additionally,the impact toughness rises with the increase of thermal exposure temperature.The size of γ' after thermal exposure at 750℃ for10,000 h is much bigger than that at 650℃ and 700℃ for 10,000 h.There fore,the intragranular strength decreases significantly due to the transformation of the interaction between γ' and dislocation from stro ngly coupled dislocation shearing to Orowan bowing.More plastic deformation occurs within grains after thermal exposure at 750℃ for 10,000 h,which increases the impact toughness.     

正火工艺对冷轧态低合金低温钢组织及拉伸性能的影响

采用拉伸性能、显微硬度测试及OM、SEM、TEM等实验方法研究了正火工艺对冷轧态低合金低温钢板组织演变和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,热处理温度为700℃时,冷轧试样仅处于回复阶段,铁素体基体内为严重的位错缠结组态和位错网格结构;正火温度升高至750℃和800℃时,冷轧组织再结晶及相变过程同时发生,以M/A小岛为特征的粒状组织出现;860℃完全正火组织为等轴铁素体和弥散珠光体,位错呈稀疏的位错墙组态。23%压下率冷轧试样经860℃正火后铁素体晶粒尺寸由10%压下率冷轧试样的12.0μm细化到10.2μm。正火温度为860℃时,冷轧试样达到最佳的强塑性配合,10%和23%压下率试样的强塑积分别为20 007 MPa%、17 850 MPa%。与700℃正火试样相比,860℃正火试样拉伸断口附近及颈缩区组织中微孔数量显著降低,拉伸变形能力改善。     

焊接热循环对1 000 MPa级焊缝金属组织性能的影响

为研究多层多道焊对1 000 MPa级焊缝金属组织性能的影响,采用热模拟试验对末道焊缝金属进行一次及二次焊接热循环,并通过冲击、硬度试验,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电子显微镜和电子背散射衍射技术分析热循环后焊缝金属组织性能的变化规律.结果表明:单次热循环下,随着峰值温度(Tp)的升高,冲击韧性逐渐下降,显微硬度先上升后下降;TP为800℃时出现了软化现象,显微硬度326 HV,冲击韧性较高为64 J;TP为950℃时,其奥氏体晶粒相对细小,具有良好的综合力学性能;TP为1 350℃时,显微硬度最高为383 HV,冲击吸收功只有19 J,其脆化原因是冷却时获得粗大原奥氏体晶粒以及粗大的、且方向性较为一致的板条马氏体和贝氏体硬脆组织;经800℃的二次循环后,再次出现软化现象,显微硬度为313 HV,并且焊缝热影响区中残余奥氏体体积分数为1.39%,冲击韧性得到改善为59 J.     

SCC of XT0 and Its Deteriorated Microstructure in Simulated Acid Soil Environment

In order to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint in acid soil environment of southeast of China, two simulating methods were used here. The one was to obtain the bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300℃ for 10 min and air cooling to room temperature,the other was to get a series of simulating solutions of the acid soil environment. SCC susceptibilities of X70pipeline steels'before and after being normalized in the simulated solutions were studied by slow strain rate test (SSRT) and microstructural observation of fracture areas. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were used to study the electrochemical behaviour of different microstructures. SCC does occur to both the as-received material and normalized microstructure after heat treatment as the polarization potential decreased. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is indicated occurring to all tested materials at -850 mV (vs SCE) and -1200 mV(vs SCE). The SCC mechanisms are different within varying potential range. Anodic dissolution is the key cause as polarization potential higher than null current potential, and HE will play a more important role as polarization potential lower than the null current potential.     

Effect of tube spinning and subsequent heat treatments on strength,microstructure and residual stress state of AISI/SAE type 4140 steel

Abstract

In the present study, the effects of deformation percentage (23, 30, 50 and 66%) and subsequent stress relief and tempering heat treatments on the mechanical properties, residual stress state and microstructure of AISI/SAE type 4140 steel tubes manufactured by forward spinning were evaluated. Mechanical properties were determined by means of hardness and tensile tests. The tangential component of the surface residual stresses was determined by a slitting method. Plastic deformation of the metal during spinning refined and elongated the grains in the direction of metal flow, following a spiral path, resulting in improved mechanical properties. Tensile and yield strengths, as well as hardness, were all increased as a function of increasing percentage deformation. With stress relieving, the strength values were enhanced, whereas a slight decrease in hardness took place. Stress relieving did not change the microstructure considerably, whereas tempering resulted in a partially recrystallised microstructure, removing the effect of plastic deformation. The tangential residual stresses were tensile, and those of the as deformed tubes increased with an increasing amount of deformation up to 50%, then tended to decrease. The magnitude of the residual stresses decreased with stress relieving heat treatment, while tempering reduced the residual stresses to negligible levels.     

Statistical analysis of phosphorus segregation on intergranular fracture facets in pressure vessel steels

Abstract

A533B and C–Mn steels, widely used as nuclear pressure vessel steels, have been aged at 520°C after tempering at 650°C for various periods of time to produce different levels of embrittlement resulting from the segregation of P to grain boundaries. Metallographic observation and tensile test results showed that the embrittlement heat treatment did not have significant influence on the microstructures or tensile properties of the steels. P segregation at grain boundaries and on intergranular facets was investigated using field emission gun transmission electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. After such treatment, enhanced segregation was found to be a linear function of the square root of embrittling time. Statistical analysis of the AES measurements indicated that there is a minimum segregation level for intergranular fracture to occur.     

基于不同原始组织预设变形第四代单晶高温合金的再结晶行为

第四代单晶高温合金标准热处理试样和铸态试样压痕后分别在1100,1150,1200,1250,1300℃和1340℃退火处理,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子背散射仪研究不同条件的再结晶组织。结果表明:1100,1150,1200℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都出现胞状再结晶。1250℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都为混合再结晶。1300℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样再结晶组织全部为等轴再结晶,而铸态试样仍为混合再结晶。1340℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都形成了等轴再结晶。随着退火温度升高,标准热处理试样和铸态试样的再结晶层深度明显增加,标准热处理试样再结晶深度明显大于铸态试样,相同条件下标准热处理试样的再结晶晶粒更容易长大。再结晶与基体的界面为小角度晶界、大角度晶界,而再结晶晶粒之间为小角度晶界、大角度晶界和孪晶界。孪晶在单晶高温合金再结晶的过程中发挥了重要作用。     

冷成型10CrNi5MoV钢拉伸性能恢复热处理工艺研究

采用不同的热处理工艺参数对冷成型10CrNi5MoV钢进行性能恢复热处理试验,并对比热处理前后拉伸性能及显微组织变化情况。结果表明,由于包申格效应,冷成型10CrNi5MoV钢的拉伸性能发生了显著的变化,受压侧拉伸屈服强度降低,受拉侧拉伸屈服强度上升;冷成型10CrNi5MoV钢在250℃～620℃温度范围内进行性能恢复热处理时,加热温度对钢板拉伸性能恢复程度影响显著,而保温时间和升温速率则对其影响不明显;性能恢复热处理后的冷成型10CrNi5MoV钢金相组织及晶粒度未发生明显变化,而位错密度减小。     

Manufacturing Residual Stress States in Heat Treatment Simulation of Bearing Rings

Residual stresses generated in the different steps of a manufacturing chain are attached great importance to the distortion due to heat treatment. Because the measurement of residual stress states is associated with large experimental work, the use of simulation would be qualified for the examination of the influence of manufacturing residual stresses on distortion. Due to this reason, a simple method for generating realistic residual stress states by the use of artificial thermal strain in a pre‐simulation step is presented. By changing the thermal strain distributions a wide range of residual stress distributions in a component can be generated. A typical residual stress distribution after machining was generated in a bearing ring. The calculated residual stress profile was in good agreement compared to XRD‐measurement. In a second simulation step the local development of stress relieving during heating was observed. Stress relieving can be attributed to local plastic deformation and rearrangement of stresses.     

均匀化对EK31镁合金组织与腐蚀性能的影响

为了研究均匀化热处理对含有稀土元素Er的EK31镁合金组织及其耐蚀性能的影响,本文利用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD)和化学工作站研究了铸态EK31镁合金在均匀化温度为300,400和500℃,保温时间由0.5 h至8 h热处理后的组织结构和在3.5 wt.%的Na Cl水溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,EK31镁合金主要由基体α-Mg晶粒和β-Zr核相组成.经过300℃×6 h均匀化处理后,合金基体α-Mg中的β-Zr核相溶解扩散,在3.5%Na Cl水溶液中浸泡96 h后的腐蚀速率达到最低,为4.3×10-3mg/(cm2·h);当均匀化温度为400和500℃时,保温时间超过6 h后,在晶界附近富集的稀土元素Er生成Mg24Er5相,使该合金的腐蚀速率上升到1.1×10-2mg/(cm2·h).然而,与其它镁合金相比较,EK31镁合金具有优异的耐蚀性能,其原因为稀土元素Er在晶界附近形成富Er区以及Mg24Er5相的阻碍作用.