新型十字形负泊松比蜂窝结构的抗冲击性能

负泊松比力学超材料具有高可设计性、轻量化以及抗冲击方面的优势，引起学者们的关注，对内凹六边形结构、手性结构等经典构型进行了广泛研究。提出了一种新型的十字形负泊松比蜂窝结构，基于能量法对该结构泊松比的解析式进行了推导，所得解析解与有限元结果吻合良好，证明了推导方法的有效性；针对不同冲击速度和不同杆长比例系数的十字形蜂窝结构的变形模式、冲击载荷下的名义应力应变曲线以及能量吸收特性进行了研究。结果表明：杆长比例系数越小，泊松比越小；冲击速度和杆长比例系数会影响十字形蜂窝结构的变形模式、冲击载荷下的名义应力应变曲线和平台应力；十字形蜂窝结构的体吸能在中速冲击下会随应变增大出现增长加快现象，而高速冲击下体吸能增长趋势不再随应变增大出现加快但呈现出规律的波浪形增长。     

负泊松比超材料和结构

负泊松比超材料和结构具有优异的抗剪切性能、抗冲击性能、抗断裂性能、吸能隔振、渗透率可变性能、曲面同向性等力学性能,在航空航天、航海、机械自动化、生物医疗、国防军事、纺织工业等领域具有广泛的应用前景.本文从负泊松比超材料和结构的变形机理出发,综述了内凹结构、旋转刚体结构、手性/反手性结构、纤维/节点结构、折纸结构、褶皱结构、弯曲-诱导结构、螺旋纱线结构等物理模型,这些模型具有广泛的适用性,可运用于轻质夹层板、流体输送、纱线等工程应用,有利于改善结构的使用性能.最后,本文对负泊松比超材料和结构未来的挑战和在航空航天、军事等领域的应用进行了展望,指出利用负泊松比逆转了正泊松比对单轴应力引起的体积和面积变化的补偿效应可有效改善发动机叶片、深空天线以及汽车吸能盒等关键构件的抗冲击性能等,以期为负泊松比超材料和结构的推广应用提供参考.     

正弦曲边负泊松比蜂窝结构面内冲击性能研究

提出了一种引入正弦函数曲线的负泊松比蜂窝结构,通过改变振幅、胞壁厚度等微结构几何参数,建立了参数化的正弦曲线负泊松比蜂窝结构模型。研究了冲击速度和微结构几何参数对正弦曲线蜂窝结构面内冲击变形模式、动态响应和吸能特性的影响。研究表明:正弦曲线负泊松比蜂窝结构的面内冲击性能主要与其振幅、壁厚以及冲击速度有关。中低速冲击时,振幅越大,胞壁越厚,结构面内变形越均匀。随着冲击速度的提高,增大振幅、壁厚均可一定程度增加冲击端的平台应力。对结构吸能特性的分析表明,振幅较小的正弦曲线负泊松比蜂窝结构具有更强的能量吸收能力,相对于内凹六边形蜂窝结构,能够显著降低峰值冲击力。     

六韧带手性蜂窝材料韧带的冲击动荷系数及稳定性分析

手性蜂窝材料内部韧带的变形及失稳特性控制了该类材料的抗冲击性能。本文运用能量法和泛函数极值分析的方法,分别探讨了六韧带手性蜂窝材料在受到面内冲击时缓冲第一阶段中韧带的冲击动荷系数及韧带失稳坍塌临界压力,得到了韧带的动荷系数及其失稳临界压力的解析表达式,进而揭示手性蜂窝材料抗冲击性能的内部微结构溃塌机制和关键影响因素。结果表明:视为扭簧的韧带节点环在冲击压缩变形过程中扭转角越大,韧带的动荷系数越小,而韧带的失稳临界压力随着节点环扭转角的增大而增加。研究方法和结果可为手性蜂窝材料及其它蜂窝型材料抗冲击能力的进一步研究和微结构设计提供理论参考。      

连续爆炸冲击下负泊松比超材料防护结构性能研究

连续爆炸冲击现象在重大爆炸事故中经常出现,这对防护结构的性能提出更高要求。该研究对负泊松比超材料防护结构在连续爆炸冲击作用下的抗爆性能开展研究。首先,探讨了连续爆炸载荷的特点及作用方式。其次,采用数值仿真方法分析了海洋平台的负泊松比超材料防爆墙和负泊松比超材料双层横舱壁在连续爆炸冲击下的变形模式和应变分布,揭示了连续爆炸冲击下该类超材料结构的二次变形规律和毁伤机理。研究发现,內爆和外爆连续冲击载荷的作用方式并不相同,负泊松比超材料结构在连续外部及内部爆炸冲击时分别出现了局部坍塌挤压吸能、结构密实化整体弯曲等两种不同变形模式。研究结果可为防护结构连续抗爆设计提供参考。     

负泊松比内凹蜂窝结构梯度设计与动态冲击响应EI北大核心CSCD

根据负泊松比内凹蜂窝结构的变形机理,提出了一种变截面内凹蜂窝结构构型,利用ABAQUS软件研究了三维结构的动力学特性,分析了变截面负泊松比蜂窝结构在准静态压缩时的变形模式,并进行了实验验证,实验结果与有限元吻合良好。讨论了在不同冲击速度下梯度变截面内凹蜂窝结构的能量吸收性能,结果表明,在中低速下双向负梯度的能量吸收效果优于其他3种结构。所得结果为研究负泊松比力学超结构在动态冲击作用下的能量吸收提供了参考。     

力学超材料的构筑及其超常新功能

力学超材料是具有反直觉力学性质的人工微结构,其性能取决于人工原子的几何结构而不是材料组分。典型的力学超材料通常与4个弹性常数相关联:杨氏模量E,剪切模量G,体模量K和泊松比v。按所调控弹性常数的不同,将几何结构种类繁多的力学超材料分类为负泊松比拉胀材料(v0,GK)、剪切模量消隐五模式反胀材料(GK)、负压缩性材料(-4G/3K0)、模式转换可调刚度材料(E)、低密度超强仿晶格材料(E/ρ)、负热膨胀材料。基于人工晶格结构和手性/反手性几何结构单元,扼要地论及在人工几何构筑方面的基本情况,以及不同构型与超常力学性能之间的联系。从而为拓展力学超材料的研究领域提供了系统性的架构,展望了面向3D打印技术制备的力学超材料的发展前景。     

负泊松比内凹环形蜂窝结构的冲击响应特性研究

为了降低最大峰值应力和维持良好的冲击载荷一致性,在内凹六边形蜂窝(CHH)的基础上,基于机械超材料的设计理念,提出了一种新型负泊松比内凹环形蜂窝(RCH)结构模型。利用显式动力有限元方法,研究了面内冲击载荷作用下胞元微结构对该内凹环形蜂窝材料的变形行为、动态冲击应力和能量吸收特性的影响。研究结果表明:除了冲击速度和相对密度,内凹环形蜂窝结构的冲击动力学响应还依赖于胞元微结构;在中低速冲击作用下,内凹环形蜂窝亦表现出明显的负泊松比效应;与传统内凹六边形蜂窝不同,在相同冲击速度下,内凹环形蜂窝的最大峰值应力明显降低,并且具有良好的冲击载荷一致性;基于一维冲击波理论,还给出了内凹环形蜂窝材料的动态平台应力经验公式,理论计算结果和有限元结果吻合较好。     

聚脲涂覆三维负泊松比点阵夹层结构在碰撞冲击作用下的动态响应试验

针对四面内凹金字塔型负泊松比点阵夹层结构在有无聚脲涂覆两种情况下的抗冲击力学性能进行了研究。采用增材制造方法制作负泊松比点阵结构,通过长直杆冲击试验得到负泊松比点阵夹层结构在碰撞载荷作用下的变形过程、吸能特性和破坏模式。试验结果表明:涂覆聚脲可使该型负泊松比点阵夹层结构提高17%以上的总吸能,增强结构的整体抗冲击能力,显著降低前面板的内凹变形,有效避免芯层大范围的坍塌破坏。相比于未涂覆聚脲模型,涂覆聚脲的负泊松比点阵夹层结构在受冲后保持完整,芯层仍具有承载能力,表现为塑性弯曲变形。     

船用新型抗冲击隔振蜂窝基座

利用蜂窝多孔材料良好的抗冲击吸能特性,改进面内刚度较低难以承载缺点,设计具有宏观负、正泊松比效应的新型船用抗冲击与低频隔振性能兼顾的蜂窝基座。调节内外圆环封板、上下面板刚度可调节蜂窝基座的固有频率及承载性能;调节蜂窝胞元壁厚、胞元角度及层数可调节基座抗冲击特性及低频隔振性能。研究保持蜂窝芯总质量不变的蜂窝层数及胞元壁厚对基座隔振性能及抗冲击性能影响,给出蜂窝胞元壁厚对基座强度、固有频率、振级落差及抗冲击性影响曲线。     

Folding at the Microscale: Enabling Multifunctional 3D Origami‐Architected Metamaterials

Mechanical metamaterials inspired by the Japanese art of paper folding have gained considerable attention because of their potential to yield deployable and highly tunable assemblies. The inherent foldability of origami structures enlarges the material design space with remarkable properties such as auxeticity and high deformation recoverability and deployability, the latter being key in applications where spatial constraints are pivotal. This work integrates the results of the design, 3D direct laser writing fabrication, and in situ scanning electron microscopic mechanical characterization of microscale origami metamaterials, based on the multimodal assembly of Miura‐Ori tubes. The origami‐architected metamaterials, achieved by means of microfabrication, display remarkable mechanical properties: stiffness and Poisson’s ratio tunable anisotropy, large degree of shape recoverability, multistability, and even reversible auxeticity whereby the metamaterial switches Poisson’s ratio sign during deformation. The findings here reported underscore the scalable and multifunctional nature of origami designs, and pave the way toward harnessing the power of origami engineering at small scales.     

Illuminating Origins of Impact Energy Dissipation in Mechanical Metamaterials

Elastomeric mechanical metamaterials have revealed striking ability to attenuate shock loads at the macroscopic level. Reports suggest that this capability is associated with the reversible elastic buckling of internal beam constituents observed in quasistatic characterizations. Yet, the presence of buckling members induces non‐affine response at the microscale, so that clear understanding of the exact energy dissipation mechanisms remains clouded. In this report, the authors examine a mechanical metamaterial that exhibits both micro‐ and macroscopic deformations under impact loads and devise an experimental method to visualize the resulting energy dissipation mechanisms. By illuminating the dynamic distribution of strain in the metamaterial, the authors uncover a rational way to program the macroscopic deformation and enhance impact mitigation properties. The results emphasize that mechanical metamaterials clearly integrate materials science and structural engineering, encouraging future interdisciplinary studies to capitalize on the opportunities.

     

零泊松比超材料设计的多评价点功能基元拓扑优化方法

提出基于多评价点约束的零泊松比超材料功能基元拓扑优化设计方法。在同一功能基元拓扑基结构中,通过建立对于多个评价点的正、负泊松比约束,实现胞元零泊松比效应。分别采用最小质量和最大柔度目标函数拓扑优化模型优化设计出与半内六角蜂窝相似的零泊松比功能基元最优拓扑构型。提取功能基元最优构型并周期性序构了零泊松比超材料试件,通过有限元方法验证了该功能基元的零泊松比效应,并分析超材料试件的静、动力学特性。计算结果表明,最大柔度目标函数设计的功能基元构型的泊松比更接近于零,且具有更好的承载与隔振性能。设计了零泊松比超材料环肋双层圆柱壳结构,进行外壳静压和内部设备激振下壳体水下辐射噪声分析。研究表明,零泊松比超材料环肋可将外壳压缩变形转换为内外壳间环肋旋转,实现耐压壳内壳的保形,且具有较好的降噪性能。      

梯度铝蜂窝夹芯板的力学行为

梯度分层铝合金蜂窝板是一种有效的吸能结构,本工作在梯度铝蜂窝结构的基础上根据梯度率的概念,通过改变蜂窝芯层的胞壁长度,设计了4种质量相同、梯度率不同的铝蜂窝夹芯结构。通过准静态压缩实验,并结合非线性有限元模拟准静态及冲击态下梯度铝蜂窝夹芯结构的变形情况及其力学性能,分析对比了相同质量下梯度铝蜂窝夹芯结构在准静态下的变形模式以及冲击载荷下分层均质蜂窝结构和不同梯度率的分层梯度蜂窝结构的动态响应和能量吸收特性。结果表明:在准静态压缩过程中,铝蜂窝梯度夹芯板的变形具有明显的局部化特征,蜂窝芯的变形为低密度优先变形直至密实,层级之间的密实化应变差随芯层密度的增大而逐渐减小;在高速冲击下,梯度蜂窝板并非严格按照准静态过程中逐级变形直至密实,而是在锤头冲击惯性及芯层密度的相互作用下整体发生的线弹性变形、弹性屈曲、塑性坍塌及密实化;另外,在本工作所设计的梯度率中,当梯度率为γ₁=0.0276时,梯度蜂窝夹芯板的吸能性达到最好,相较于同等质量下的均质蜂窝夹芯板,能量吸收提高了10.63%。     

Tensile Properties of 3D-Projected 4-Polytopes: A New Class of Mechanical Metamaterial

In this article, we research the tensile behavior mechanical metamaterial based on the 3D projections of 4D geometries (4-polytopes). The specific properties of these mechanical metamaterials can be enhanced by more than fourfold when optimized within a framework powered by an evolutionary algorithm. We show that the best-performing metamaterial structure, the 8-cell (tesseract), has specific yield strength and specific stiffness values in a similar range to those of hexagonal honeycombs tested out-of-plane. The 8-cell structures are also cubically symmetrical and have the same mechanical properties in three orthogonal axes. The effect of structure is quantified by comparing metamaterial tensile strength against the Young's modulus of constituent solid material. We find that the strength-to-modulus value of the 8-cell structures exceeds that of the hexagonal honeycomb by 76%. The 5-cell (pentatope) and 16-cell (orthoplex) metamaterials are shown to be more effective under tensile loading than gyroid structures, while 24-cell (octaplex) structures display the least optimal structure-properties relationships. The findings presented in this paper showcase the importance of macro-scale architecture and highlight the potential of 3D projections of 4-polytopes as the basis for a new class of mechanical metamaterial.     

Optimal electromechanical bandgaps in piezo-embedded mechanical metamaterials

Elastic mechanical metamaterials are the exemplar of periodic structures. These are artificially designed structures having idiosyncratic physical properties like negative mass and negative Young’s modulus in specific frequency ranges. These extreme physical properties are due to the spatial periodicity of mechanical unit cells, which exhibit local resonance. That is why scientists are researching the dynamics of these structures for decades. This unusual dynamic behavior is frequency contingent, which modulates wave propagation through these structures. Locally resonant units in the designed metamaterial facilitate bandgap formation virtually at any frequency for wavelengths much higher than the lattice length of a unit. Here, we analyze the band structure of piezo-embedded negative mass metamaterial using the generalized Bloch theorem. For a finite number of the metamaterial units coupled equation of motion of the system is deduced, considering purely resistive and shunted inductor energy harvesting circuits. Successively, the voltage and power produced by piezoelectric material along with transmissibility of the system are computed using the backward substitution method. The addition of the piezoelectric material at the resonating unit increases the complexity of the solution. The results elucidate, the insertion of the piezoelectric material in the resonating unit provides better tunability in the band structure for simultaneous energy harvesting and vibration attenuation. Non-dimensional analysis of the system gives physical parameters that govern the formation of mechanical and electromechanical bandgaps. Optimized numerical values of these system parameters are also found for maximum first attenuation bandwidth. Thus, broader bandgap generation enhances vibration attenuation, and energy harvesting can be simultaneously available, making these structures multifunctional. This exploration can be considered as a step towards the active elastic mechanical metamaterials design.

     

Magnetoelastic metamaterials

The study of advanced artificial electromagnetic materials, known as metamaterials, provides a link from material science to theoretical and applied electrodynamics, as well as to electrical engineering. Being initially intended mainly to achieve negative refraction, the concept of metamaterials quickly covered a much broader range of applications, from microwaves to optics and even acoustics. In particular, nonlinear metamaterials established a new research direction giving rise to fruitful ideas for tunable and active artificial materials. Here we introduce the concept of magnetoelastic metamaterials, where a new type of nonlinear response emerges from mutual interaction. This is achieved by providing a mechanical degree of freedom so that the electromagnetic interaction in the metamaterial lattice is coupled to elastic interaction. This enables the electromagnetically induced forces to change the metamaterial structure, dynamically tuning its effective properties. This concept leads to a new generation of metamaterials, and can be compared to such fundamental concepts of modern physics as optomechanics of photonic structures or magnetoelasticity in magnetic materials.     

内凹-反手性蜂窝结构的面内动态压溃性能研究

通过内凹六边形蜂窝与反手性蜂窝的结合得到一种内凹-反手性蜂窝(re-entrant anti-trichiral honeycomb,RATH)结构。利用显式动力有限元软件LS-DYNA对不同冲击速度和不同相对密度下内凹-反手性蜂窝的变形模式、抗冲击性能及拉胀性能进行了研究。结果表明,引入内凹结构可以显著增强中低速冲击时反手性蜂窝的局部“颈缩”现象,且在靠近内凹-反手性蜂窝的冲击端呈现出明显的“V形”变形带。与三边反手性蜂窝及传统蜂窝相比,内凹-反手性蜂窝的能量吸收性能更强,负泊松比效应更明显。基于一维冲击波理论,推导了内凹-反手性蜂窝的临界冲击速度和平台应力的经验公式。此外,讨论了冲击速度和胞壁厚度对平台应力及平台应变的影响。该研究将为混合变形机制拉胀蜂窝结构的设计提供新的思路。     

TC4负泊松比复合结构的人工骨力学性能调控研究

目的 基于不同变形机制的负泊松比结构优化设计新型复合多孔结构样件,增加力学性能的调控维度,以满足人体骨低弹性模量的匹配要求。方法 用内凹多边形替代手性结构的圆环,以获得新型的复合胞元结构。利用选区激光熔化成形技术制备负泊松比多孔人工骨样件,通过压缩实验揭示胞元结构类型、结构参数、孔隙率对屈服强度、弹性模量的影响规律,评测不同结构样件与人体骨间的力学性能匹配程度。结果 当孔隙率为65%～85%时,复合结构样件的成形质量、力学性能基本介于手性结构的和内凹结构的之间,且与孔隙率密切相关。手性结构、内凹结构和复合结构的弹性模量分别为2.39～4.64、1.12～3.77、1.01～3.47 GPa,屈服强度分别为65.19～223.06、45.25～195.81、26.54～143.58MPa。复合结构的弹性模量随环径和内凹角度的增大而减小。当孔隙率为75%时,环径由2.4 mm变至2.0 mm,弹性模量由2.651 GPa降低至2.082 GPa。当内凹角度由85°变至65°时,弹性模量则由3.566GPa降低至1.982GPa。结论 复合胞元结构可以融合材料特性,增加调控维度,进而匹配人工...     

Composite bending-dominated hollow nanolattices: A stiff,cyclable mechanical metamaterial

Manufacturing ultralight and mechanical reliable materials has been a long-time challenge. Ceramic-based mechanical metamaterials provide significant opportunities to reverse their brittle nature and unstable mechanical properties and have great potential as strong, ultralight, and ultrastiff materials. However, the failure of ceramics nanolattice and degradation of strength/modulus with decreasing density are caused by buckling of the struts and failure of the nodes within the nanolattices, especially during cyclic loading. Here, we explore a new class of 3D ceramic-based metamaterials with a high strength–density ratio, stiffness, recoverability, cyclability, and optimal scaling factor. Deformation mode of the fabricated nanolattices has been engineered through the unique material design and architecture tailoring. Bending-dominated hollow nanolattice (B-H-Lattice) structure is employed to take advantages of its flexibility, while a few nanometers of carbonized mussel-inspired bio-polymer (C-PDA) is coherently deposited on ceramics’ nanolayer to enable non-buckling struts and bendable nodes during deformation, resulting in reliable mechanical properties and outperforming the current bending-dominated lattices (B-Lattices) and carbon-based cellulose materials. Meanwhile, the structure has comparable stiffness to stretching-dominated lattices (S-Lattices) while with better cyclability and reliability. The B-H-Lattices exhibit high specific stiffness (>10⁶?Pa·kg^?1·m^?3), low-density (～30?kg/m³), buckling-free recovery at 55% strain, and stable cyclic loading behavior under up to 15% strain. As one of the B-Lattices, the modulus scaling factor reaches 1.27, which is lowest among current B-Lattices. This study suggests that non-buckling behavior and reliable nodes are the key factors that contribute to the outstanding mechanical performance of nanolattice materials. A new concept of engineering the internal deformation behavior of mechanical metamaterial is provided to optimize their mechanical properties in real service conditions.