连续碳化硅纤维增强钛基(SiCf/Ti)复合材料的制备技术及界面特性研究综述

连续碳化硅纤维(SiCf)由于具有比强度、比模量高,耐磨性、热稳定性好等性能优点,常作为增强体制备SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料。与钛合金基体相比,其具有密度更低、强度更高、疲劳蠕变性能大幅提升等优点,但横向性能却明显下降。因此,该类材料常被设计制作成单向增强性部件,广泛应用在航空航天等领域,如发动机的传动轴、整体叶环、盘类及风扇叶片等多种复合材料的结构件。碳化硅纤维增强钛基复合材料的性能主要由碳化硅纤维的性能、基体性能及纤维与基体之间的结合界面性能决定。目前批量生产的SiC纤维性能较差,界面结合状态与复合材料性能之间关系的研究开展较少,还不能为钛基复合材料构件设计提供足够的数据支持。因此,近年来研究者们主要从SiCf/Ti基复合材料力学行为的研究角度出发,探究不同基体及纤维类型、复合材料制备工艺方法、界面特性及产物对SiCf/Ti基复合材料界面结合力及破坏机制的影响,获得了大量有价值的数据,以期开发出成本低、产物稳定性好、可批量生产SiCf/Ti基复合材料的制造工艺方法。目前较为成熟的碳化硅纤维有英国DERA-Sigma公司提供的Sigma系列SiCf及美国Textron公司提供的SCS系列SiCf,后者强度最高达到6 200 MPa。SiCf/Ti基复合材料的制备工艺包括金属箔-纤维-金属箔工艺(FFF)、单层带工艺(MT)、基体-涂层纤维工艺(MCT)等,制备复合材料的工艺根据零部件的用途来定,FFF适用于制备板材等大尺寸构件,MCT适用于制备叶环、轴、管、叶片等复杂结构件。界面是增强体与基体之间的纽带和桥梁,界面结构设计、界面反应控制及反应产物均影响着界面的力学特性。在SiCf/Ti基复合材料的纤维和基体之间添加过渡层能够减缓它们之间的相互扩散及化学反应,过渡层选用反应层和惰性涂层组成的双层涂层较好。界面反应产物受涂层成分、基体组织、复合和热处理工艺、环境因素等的影响,增强纤维及基体性能、优选制备工艺、控制界面反应及产物有利于提高复合材料的力学性能。本文总结了连续SiC纤维(SiCf)增强钛基复合材料的应用研究现状,详述了SiCf/Ti基复合材料的钛合金基体材料、SiCf的种类及性能,SiCf与SiCf/Ti基复合材料的制备方法,分析了SiCf/Ti基复合材料界面结构设计及反应产物,阐明了界面力学特性与复合材料性能的关系,指出国内SiCf/Ti基复合材料发展的重点应放在高性能SiC纤维的研究与开发、界面层设计及界面与性能的关系以及复合材料分析检测手段三个方面,为SiCf/Ti基复合材料的制备及其今后的实际应用提供了参考。     

SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料制备技术与性能研究进展

连续SiC纤维增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料(SiCf/SiC)具有良好的高温力学性能、抗氧化性及放射耐受性等,是继Cf/C和Cf/SiC复合材料之后航空航天和原子能等领域最理想的新一代高温结构材料.从原材料、制备技术、微观结构与性能及应用等方面对SiCf/SiC复合材料的最新研究进展进行了综述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.开发新型制备技术和优化现有技术及采用其联合工艺减低成本,进一步优化材料微观结构提高其使用性能是今后SiCf/SiC复合材料的研究重点.     

气相渗硅工艺制备KD-1 SiCf/SiC 复合材料及其性能研究

以国产KD-1型SiC纤维为增强体,采用化学气相沉积和酚醛树脂浸渍裂解获得两种碳源的多孔SiCf/C,通过气相渗硅工艺制备了KD-1 SiCf/SiC复合材料,对复合材料的微观结构和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:不同碳源的多孔SiCf/C,经过气相渗硅得到SiCf/SiC复合材料的断裂韧性相差较大,分别为12.9,2.0MPa·m1/2.而对于酚醛树脂浸渍裂解制备的高孔隙率SiCf/C中间体,经过气相渗硅得到SiCf/SiC复合材料的密度及力学性能明显高于由低孔隙率SiCf/C得到的SiCf/SiC复合材料.     

SiCf/SiC复合材料制备研究进展

随着科学技术的不断发展,人类对极端条件下应用的材料的需求持续上升.SiCf/SiC复合材料具有耐高温、高强高韧、耐氧化等优点,成为航空航天领域热端部件的理想候选材料;同时,SiCf/SiC复合材料还具有低活化、抗辐照、高温化学稳定性好等优异性能,在核电领域结构材料的应用具有广阔的前景.常用的SiCf/SiC复合材料的制备方法有化学气相渗透法、先驱体浸渍裂解法、热压烧结工艺和熔融浸渍法,其中化学气相渗透法和先驱体浸渍裂解法两种工艺已经应用于航空发动机静载热端部件的生产,但是这些工艺自身固有的不足在材料制备中依然无法较好地解决,于是近年来出现了混合采用多种工艺来制备SiCf/SiC复合材料的尝试.SiC纤维和基体间需要有一层界面层来偏转裂纹、保护纤维,目前常用的界面材料有热解炭和六方氮化硼涂层,由于单一涂层较难满足材料在多种复杂条件下的应用需求,针对涂层改进的新方法和新思路层出不穷.相对于传统烧结工艺,新型烧结方式如微波烧结和放电等离子烧结等在烧结速度、温度均匀性等方面展示出巨大的优势,为陶瓷基复合材料的制备提供了新的选择.为了进一步提升SiCf/SiC复合材料的性能,近年的研究工作主要集中在对SiCf/SiC复合材料的制备方法的优化、纤维/基体界面层的创新和对烧结技术的选择等方面.本文从这些方面对SiCf/SiC复合材料的研究进展进行了详细的归纳和介绍.     

连续纤维增强SiC复合材料制备工艺与性能研究进展

综述了国内外碳纤维与碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅复合材料的制备工艺与性能的研究进展,并介绍了其氧化性能及防护措施.认为连续纤维增强SiC复合材料的制备工艺复杂,成本较高,生产周期长,但是如果采用连接技术制备成陶瓷/金属复合构件使用,既有利于降低成本,又能够扩大该先进陶瓷基复合材料的应用范围.目前,国内对连续纤维增强的SiC复合材料与金属(如高温合金等)的连接技术研究较少.     

SiCf/Ti复合材料的研制

概述了国外碳化硅连续纤维增强钛基复合材料的研制、性能及应用情况，并对箔压法制备SiCf/Ti复合材料的工艺及材料性能进行了研究。结果表明，本研究采用FFF法制作的SiCf/Ti复合材料能达到国外同类材料水平。此外，本研究还对SiCf/Ti复合材料各主要制作工艺进行了分析比较，认为真空等离子喷涂工艺是较有前途的。     

核用碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅复合材料研究进展

碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅(SiC_f/SiC)复合材料具有低中子毒性、耐中子辐照和耐高温氧化等特性, 成为先进核能系统重要的候选结构材料。近年来, 国内外学术界和工业界针对核用SiC_f/SiC复合材料开展了大量研究工作, 取得了一系列重要的研究进展。针对SiC_f/SiC复合材料面向核用所关注的重点方向, 如核用SiC纤维、纤维/基体界面相、复合材料制备工艺、数值仿真、腐蚀行为和表面防护、连接技术以及辐照损伤等方面, 本文进行了综述和讨论, 并针对核用要求指出了SiC_f/SiC复合材料存在的主要问题和可能的解决思路, 希望对该材料的进一步研发和最终应用有所裨益。     

纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料高导热性能研究进展

作为一种先进的高温结构及功能材料,高效传热和高温耐热相结合对纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料(silicon carbide matrix composites, SiC CMC)在热管理领域(thermal management, TM)中的应用至关重要。常见的纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料,如碳纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料(C_f/SiC或C_f/C-SiC)、碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料(SiC_f/SiC)等,增强纤维的石墨化程度较低,难以形成有效的热输运网络。本文综述了纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料制备及高导热性能等方面的最新研究进展。可通过引入高导热相、优化界面结构、粗粒化碳化硅晶体、设计预制体结构等方式提高纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的热输运能力。此外,展望了纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料发展趋势,即综合考虑影响高导热碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料性能要素,灵活运用复合材料结构与性能的构效关系,以期制备尺寸稳定、性能优异的纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料。     

连续纤维增强SiCf/SiC陶瓷复合材料的发展

连续纤维增强SiCf／SiC陶瓷基复合材料具有良好的高温力学性能、抗氧化性和化学稳定性，是航空航天和核能等领域新的高温结构材料研究的热点之一。回顾了增强体连续SiC纤维的发展，综述了SiCf／SiC材料的成型制备工艺、界面相对力学性能的影响和目前的应用研究，展望了连续纤维增强SiCf／SiC陶瓷基复合材料以后的研究重点及发展前景。     

先驱体浸渍裂解结合化学气相渗透工艺下二维半和三维织构SiC/SiC复合材料的结构与性能

通过先驱体浸渍裂解工艺结合化学气相渗透工艺(PIP+CVI)制备了二维半(2.5D)和三维(3D)编织结构的碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基(SiC/SiC)复合材料,对两者的密度、热导率、力学性能以及微观结构等进行了测试分析。结果表明,PIP+CVI工艺制备的SiC/SiC复合材料具有较低的密度(1.98~2.43g·cm-3)和热导率(0.85~2.08 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)),初期CVI纤维涂层能够提高纤维-基体界面剪切强度(~141.0 MPa),从而提高SiC/SiC复合材料的力学性能,后期CVI整体涂层明显提高了2.5DSiC/SiC复合材料的密度、热导率和力学性能,对3DSiC/SiC复合材料性能的影响不明显。     

SiCf/SiC陶瓷复合材料的研究进展

SiCf/SiC陶瓷复合材料具有良好的力学性能、高温抗氧化性和化学稳定性，是航空航天和原子能等领域理想的新一代高温结构材料。本文概述了增强体SiCt的发展状况及存在的问题，对SiCt/SiC材料的制备工艺、界面相的研究状态、材料的损伤破坏机理和目前的应用研究进展做了综述，并分析了SiCf/SiC陶瓷复合材料的研究重点和发展前景。     

Mechanical behavior of SiCf/SiC composites with alternating PyC/SiC multilayer interphases

In order to tailor the fiber–matrix interface of continuous silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiC_f/SiC) composites for improved fracture toughness, alternating pyrolytic carbon/silicon carbide (PyC/SiC) multilayer coatings were applied to the KD-I SiC fibers using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Three dimensional (3D) KD-I SiC_f/SiC composites reinforced by these coated fibers were fabricated using a precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. The interfacial characteristics were determined by the fiber push-out test and microstructural examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of interface coatings on composite mechanical properties was evaluated by single-edge notched beam (SENB) test and three-point bending test. The results indicate that the PyC/SiC multilayer coatings led to an optimum interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix and greatly improved the fracture toughness of the composites.     

Interlaminar shear strength of SiC matrix composites reinforced by continuous fibers at 900 °C in air

To reveal the shear properties of SiC matrix composites, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of three kinds of silicon carbide matrix composites was investigated by compression of the double notched shear specimen (DNS) at 900 °C in air. The investigated composites included a woven plain carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite (2D-C/SiC), a two-and-a-half-dimensional carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composite (2.5D-C/SiC) and a woven plain silicon carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite (2D-SiC/SiC). A scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the microstructure and fracture morphologies. It can be found that the fiber type and reinforcement architecture have significant impacts on the ILSS of the SiC matrix composites. Great anisotropy of ILSS can be found for 2.5D-C/SiC because of the different fracture resistance of the warp fibers. Larger ILSS can be obtained when the specimens was loaded along the weft direction. In addition, the SiC fibers could enhance the ILSS, compared with carbon fibers. The improvement is attributed to the higher oxidation resistance of SiC fibers and the similar thermal expansion coefficients between the matrix and the fibers.     

Microstructure, mechanical properties and reaction mechanism of KD-1 SiCf/SiC composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration and vapor silicon infiltration

Three-dimensional (3D) KD-1 silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix (KD-1 SiC_f/SiC) composites were fabricated by a combining chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and vapor silicon infiltration (VSI) process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the resulting KD-1 SiC_f/SiC composites were studied. The results show that the resulting SiC_f/SiC composites have high bulk density and low open porosity (<6%). The mechanical properties of the resulting SiC_f/SiC composites firstly increase and then decrease with decreasing the open porosity of the SiC_f/C composites. The KD-1 SiC fibers were not severely deformed and adhered to the matrix with a weak interface during the VSI process. As a result, the composites exhibit non-catastrophic failure behavior. Additionally, the diffusion mechanism for the VSI process was also investigated in our work.     

High mechanical performance SiC/SiC composites by NITE process with tailoring of appropriate fabrication temperature to fiber volume fraction

Unidirectional SiC/SiC composites are prepared by nano-powder infiltration and transient eutectic-phase (NITE) process, using pyrolytic carbon (PyC)-coated Tyranno-SA SiC fibers as reinforcement and SiC nano-powder with sintering additives for matrix formation. The effects of two kinds of fiber volume fraction incorporating fabrication temperature were characterized on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties. Densification of the composites with low fiber volume fraction (appropriately 30 vol%) was developed even at lower fabrication temperature of 1800 °C, and then saturated at 3rd stage of matrix densification corresponding to classic liquid phase sintering. Hence, densification of the composites with high volume fraction (above 50 vol%) became restricted because the many fibers retarded the infiltration of SiC nano-powder at lower fabrication temperature of 1800 °C. When fabrication temperature increased by 1900 °C, densification of the composites was effectively enhanced in the intra-fiber-bundles and simultaneously the interaction between PyC interface and matrix was strengthened. SEM observation on the fracture surface revealed that fiber pull-out length was accordingly changed with fabrication temperature as well as fiber volume fraction, which dominated tensile fracture behaviors. Through NITE process, SiC/SiC composites with two fracture types were successfully developed by tailoring of appropriate fabrication temperature to fiber volume fraction as follows: (1) high ductility type and (2) high strength type.     

电场处理对碳化硅/聚合物复合材料电导特性的影响

通过在碳化硅(SiC)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)的热压成型和SiC/硅橡胶的硫化过程中施加不同形式的直流电场,研究了电场处理对SiC/聚合物复合非线性绝缘材料电导特性的影响.研究结果表明,在SiC/LDPE的热成型过程中待到模具中的物料流动结束后施加均匀电场仅使复合材料的电导率发生微弱变化,而在SiC/LDPE的热压流动过程中施加均匀电场导致复合材料的电导率明显增加;SiC/硅橡胶共混物的粘度较SiC/LDPE的粘度低,故均匀电场处理导致前者电导率增加的趋势较后者明显;非均匀电场处理导致复合材料的电导率明显增大,电导非线性特性明显得到改善,其作用效果明显好于均匀电场.     

The role of oxidation in time-dependent response of ceramic–matrix composites

In this work, a model is constructed to account for the effect of oxidation of the fiber, fiber interface coating and surrounding matrix on the stress distribution and strain accumulation in ceramic–matrix composites. The model includes the role of the fabric architecture, the effect of porosity and the distribution of cracks in its formulation and utilizes oxidation rate constants and phenomenological models for the progress of oxidation as reported in literature.Dwell fatigue experiments were carried out for silicon carbide/silicon carbide nitride (SiC/SiNC) and Melt infiltrated silicon carbide/silicon carbide (MI SiC/SiC) composites to evaluate their time-dependent strain accumulation. Strain accumulation due to oxidation calculated by the model was compared to time-dependent strain obtained from experiment and showed that the rate of strain accumulation due to oxidation was low before the fibers were exposed to the environment but drastically increased after that. Such high rate of strain accumulation can be one of the main causes for failure of the composite.Model results showed that strain accumulation in both composites due to oxidation was dependent on the stress level with the SiC/SiNC accumulating more strain at similar stress levels. This can be explained by the higher modulus of the MI SiC/SiC that limits deformation, reducing crack density and accordingly decreasing the chance of oxygen to infiltrate the specimen and oxidize the fibers. Strain accumulation due to oxidation was also dependent on the fabric architecture and stress distribution within the unit cell. Additionally, comparing the effect of the value of the linear and parabolic oxidation rate constants reported by different researchers showed that not only is their absolute value important, but also their ratio to one another.     

复合材料在传动过程中的摩擦磨损行为

采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备了二维碳纤维增强碳化硅(C/SiC)陶瓷基复合材料. 基于耦合应力等效模拟系统的开发, 采用摩擦扭矩的变化表征传动过程的摩擦磨损性能. 研究了以传动为背景的高载荷、低转速摩擦磨损行为及机理. C/SiC复合材料以其较低的摩擦扭矩、低的磨损率特别是在高载荷下的较小变形验证了良好的耐磨特性以及承载能力. 相同条件下其磨损率只有Ti合金的1/10～1/20. 低转速下磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主, 高载荷没有引起表面热裂纹.     

SiC微粉含量对先驱体转化制备碳纤维布增强碳化硅复合材料性能的影响

以聚碳硅烷(PCS)、二乙烯基苯(DVB)和SiC微粉为原料制备了碳纤维布增强碳化硅复合材料，考察了SiC微粉含量对材料结构与性能的影响。实验表明，SiC微粉含量过低，材料内部存在大的孔洞，容易造成应力集中，导致材料的力学性能较差；而当SiC微粉含量较高时，在制备过程中微粉对碳纤维机械损伤加大，同样导致材料力学性能下降。当SiC微粉含量为30％(质量分数)时，所制备的材料的力学性能较好，其弯曲强度和拉伸强度分别为246．4MPa和72．5MPa。