Ti和Ti-V微合金化低碳贝氏体钢组织性能及析出行为的研究

利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等,研究了不同Ti含量的低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征.结果表明:在450℃和520℃保温2h,三种实验钢组织为粒状贝氏体.与低Ti实验钢相比,高Ti及Ti-V复合实验钢的屈服强度增加了150MPa以上.高Ti钢中纳米级析出相有两种类型:一种大于15nm的TiC析出相;另一种是在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(Ti,Mo)C复合析出相.Ti-V钢基体中存在大量尺寸在10nm以下的(Ti,V,Mo)C复合析出相.     

卷取温度对高Nb微合金钢组织、力学性能及第二相析出的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、力学性能测试试验机和透射电镜(TEM)对一种高Nb微合金钢在400,450℃和500℃不同卷取温度下的组织、力学性能和第二相析出行为进行研究。结果表明:随着卷取温度的降低,卷取过程中过冷奥氏体转变所得贝氏体组织分别为粒状贝氏体(GB)、板条贝氏体铁素体(BF)+GB和板条BF。不同卷取温度下的实验钢析出的第二相主要为(Nb,Mo)C在位错线上的随机析出,部分区域观察到不同程度的相间析出。随着卷取温度的降低,(Nb,Mo)C析出量减少,粒子平均尺寸增大。随着卷取温度的升高,抗拉强度和屈服强度提高,低温冲击韧性下降。强度提高是由于尺寸小于10nm的(Nb,Mo)C大量析出产生的析出强化。     

Sanicro25耐热钢中析出相的热力学计算与平衡相分析

利用热力学软件Thermal-Calc计算了Sanicro25耐热钢中的平衡态析出相,分析讨论了关键元素含量变化对析出相的影响规律.研究结果表明:增加钢中W、C含量可以升高M23C6的回溶温度以及增加M23C6的析出量,Cr、Co含量对M23C6的析出量没有明显影响;Cr含量越低,W含量越高,Laves相的回溶温度越高,析出量越大;Cr、N含量越低,Nb含量越高,MX相的析出量越高;Nb含量越高,N含量越少,Z相的析出量越大;W、Cr含量越高,σ相析出量越大,回溶温度越高.     

N含量对Cr-Mo-V系超低碳贝氏体钢组织性能和析出行为的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等实验方法,研究了三种不同N含量的超低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征。结果表明:低氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体,高氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体+少量的针状铁素体。当实验钢中V/N比为3.4时,通过细晶强化和沉淀强化综合作用,可以使材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加231MPa和95MPa。与氮含量低的钢相比,高氮含量的钢具有更细小的贝氏体铁素体板条亚结构,且析出相尺寸减小,体积分数增加。基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种尺寸在10～15nm之间,为V(C,N)析出相,弥散分布在贝氏体板条内部;另一种是含有Cr和V尺寸在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相。     

N含量对Cr-Mo-V系超低碳贝氏体钢组织性能和析出行为的影响EI北大核心CSCD

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等实验方法,研究了三种不同N含量的超低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征。结果表明:低氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体,高氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体+少量的针状铁素体。当实验钢中V/N比为3.4时,通过细晶强化和沉淀强化综合作用,可以使材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加231MPa和95MPa。与氮含量低的钢相比,高氮含量的钢具有更细小的贝氏体铁素体板条亚结构,且析出相尺寸减小,体积分数增加。基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种尺寸在10～15nm之间,为V(C,N)析出相,弥散分布在贝氏体板条内部;另一种是含有Cr和V尺寸在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相。     

Ti,Nb和W复合强化超纯铁素体不锈钢的高温析出行为

为提高汽车尾气排放系统中高温端排气歧管等所用铁素体不锈钢的综合性能,采用真空熔炼制备Ti,Nb和W复合强化的超纯铁素体不锈钢(不含Ni),并利用硬度和力学性能测试、场发射扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析研究固溶态材料在550,600℃和700℃的时效硬化规律、拉伸性能以及时效析出行为。600℃时效40h之后材料力学性能达到最佳值,在晶粒内部和晶界区域弥散分布着两种形态的纳米析出相,一种是呈不规则颗粒状的(Ti,Nb)C,另一种是呈长条状的Laves相Fe_2(Nb,W);这两种析出相与铁素体基体均存在固定的晶体学取向关系,即[011]Fe∥[011](Ti,Nb)C和(0 11)Fe∥(200)(Ti,Nb)C(晶面偏差约3°)以及[011]Fe∥[0001]Fe2(Nb,W)和(200)Fe∥(01 10)Fe_2(Nb,W)(晶面偏差4°~5°)。随时效温度提高,析出相的尺寸增大,且析出相由(Ti,Nb)C逐渐转变为Fe2(Nb,W)。     

Ti,Nb和W复合强化超纯铁索体不锈钢的高温析出行为

为提高汽车尾气排放系统中高温端排气歧管等所用铁素体不锈钢的综合性能,采用真空熔炼制备Ti,Nb和W复合强化的超纯铁素体不锈钢(不含Ni),并利用硬度和力学性能测试、场发射扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析研究固溶态材料在550,600℃和700℃的时效硬化规律、拉伸性能以及时效析出行为.600℃时效40h之后材料力学性能达到最佳值,在晶粒内部和晶界区域弥散分布着两种形态的纳米析出相,一种是呈不规则颗粒状的(Ti,Nb)C,另一种是呈长条状的Laves相Fe2(Nb,W);这两种析出相与铁素体基体均存在固定的晶体学取向关系,即[011]Fe∥[011](Ti,Nb)c和(0(-1)1)Fe∥(200)(Ti,Nb)C(晶面偏差约3°)以及[011]Fe∥[0001]Fe2(Nb,w)和(200)Fe∥(01(-1)0)Fe2(Nb,w)(晶面偏差4°～5°).随时效温度提高,析出相的尺寸增大,且析出相由(Ti,Nb)C逐渐转变为Fe2 (Nb,W).     

超快冷条件下Mn-Nb-B系低碳贝氏体高强钢组织与性能研究

采用Mn-Nb-B减量化成分设计的低碳贝氏体高强钢为研究对象,通过热模拟实验研究实验钢热变形行为和相变行为。结合中厚板生产线特点制定控制轧制与超快速冷却相结合生产工艺路线,充分利用超快速冷却条件下的细晶强化、析出强化等综合强化机制,实现综合力学性能优良的低成本高强工程机械用钢的试制和生产。产品屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到678MPa和756MPa,伸长率A50为33%,-20℃低温冲击达到261J。产品显微组织由粒状贝氏体、针状铁素体和板条贝氏体组成,基体组织内弥散分布着细小的点状、粒状M/A岛和均匀细小的(Nb,Ti)(C,N)析出粒子以及大量位错组织。     

低碳低合金钢的连续冷却相变组织特征及其形成机制

利用Formastor-Digital全自动相变仪测定低碳Mn,Ni,Mo,Cr,V,Ti等低合金化钢的静态CCT曲线,结合光学显微镜、透射电镜、显微硬度法分析冷却速率对相变组织演变规律的影响。结果表明:当冷速为0.03℃/s时,相变组织为多边形铁素体(PF)+珠光体(P);冷速为0.06℃/s时,出现退化珠光体(PD);冷速为0.29℃/s时,出现针状铁素体(AF);冷速为1.7℃/s时,组织为粒状贝氏体(GB)+板条贝氏体(LB);冷速为42℃/s时,出现马氏体(M)。提出极低冷速下低碳钢中出现退化珠光体是由于多元低合金元素的耦合交互作用,引起碳活度的变化所致。针状铁素体在晶内形核并长大,对后续相变组织起到分割作用,利于细化组织。低碳钢中局部孪生马氏体的形成归因于淬透性元素聚集对钢局域相变切应力过大所致。     

回火温度对含钒ULCB钢组织及析出的影响

利用热模拟技术并结合SEM和TEM分析方法,研究了含钒超低碳贝氏体钢(ULCB)在轧后快速加热回火过程中不同回火温度对其组织、显微硬度及析出行为的影响.结果表明:未经回火的试验钢组织为板条贝氏体+粒状贝氏体;经高温回火后,组织中出现了多边形铁素体,随回火温度的增加,板条贝氏体数量减少,多边形铁素体数量增加.在600℃以下回火时,析出相主要是沿位错析出;在600℃以上时,以晶界析出和沿位错线析出两种方式存在.高的加热速率、较短的保温时间不利于位错的回复消失以及碳元素和钒元素的扩散,故随回火温度的增加,析出相的数量增多,但尺寸变化不明显.基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种是只含有V,尺寸在15～20 nm的V(C,N);另一种含有V、Cr两种元素,尺寸在10 nm以下具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相.当回火温度为600℃时,试验钢具有最高的硬度值,332 HV.试验钢硬度的变化是回火后贝氏体组织粗化、位错亚结构的回复软化以及第二相析出的强化机制综合作用的结果.     

Effect of Nb-Mo additions on precipitation behaviour in V microalloyed TRIP-assisted steels

The microstructural evolution and precipitation behaviour of Nb-V-Mo and single V containing transformation-induced plasticity-assisted steels with an acicular/bainitic ferrite matrix were investigated by a heat treatment up to the austenite formation range. It was found that during the heating stage the acicular/bainitic ferrite matrix resisted recrystallisation, while cementite and martensite were decomposed and austenite was formed in the acicular/bainitic ferrite. Both Nb-V-Mo and V containing steels after the heat treatment showed a microstructure consisting of a polygonal ferrite matrix with small islands of pearlite. During these transformations, the microscopy observations showed that 0.04 wt% Nb and 0.08 wt% Mo additions to the 0.16 wt% V microalloyed steel considerably reduced the growth-coarsening of microalloy precipitates.     

Microstructure Stability of V and Ta Microalloyed 12%Cr Reduced Activation Ferrite/Martensite Steel during Long-term Aging at 650℃

In view of developing novel alloys for applications in supercritical water-cooled reactor fuel cladding and in-core components, a 12%Cr reduced activation ferrite/martensite(RAFM) steel with good corrosion resistance and irradiation performance was developed. V and Ta were added to form fine MX type carbonitrides and enhance the high temperature creep rupture strength. Microstructure stability of the steel during long-term aging at 650 C was studied experimentally combined with the simulation of ThermoCalc and DICTRA software. The results show that the precipitates in the steel during long-term aging contain M23C6, MX and Laves phase. M23C6 carbides play a major role in the stabilization of the tempered martensite lath structure by exerting a large Zener pinning force as compared with MX and Laves phase.Adding V and Ta in the steel can not only promote MX precipitation, but also refine M23C6 carbides and thus improve the thermal stability of lath/subgrains, which is beneficial to the improvement of high temperature microstructure stability of the 12%Cr RAFM steel.     

Simulations of Coarsening Behavior for M23C6 Carbides in AISI H13 Steel

Based on the local equilibrium assumption, coarsening behavior of M23C6 carbide at 700℃ in H13 steel was simulated by DICTRA software. The results from the calculations were compared with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The results show the interfacial energy for M23C6 in H13 steel at 700℃ is thus probably 0.7 J·m-2, which fits the experiments well. The influence of composition and temperature on the coarsening rate was also investigated by simulations. Simulations show a decrease in the coarsening rate when V/Mo ratio is increased, while the coarsening rate increases with increasing temperature.     

Effect of dissolution and precipitation of Nb on the formation of acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite in low-carbon HSLA steels

Effect of dissolution and precipitation of Nb on the phase transformation during cooling was investigated. It is firstly recognized that either the formation of acicular ferrite or the separation of bainite ferrite could be adjusted by the preparation of the steel specimens with different amounts of solute Nb and Nb-precipitates in austenite (isothermally holding at 850 °C for different durations). An increase in isothermal duration at 850 °C would spawn more Nb(CN) precipitates, leading to a microstructural evolution from bainite ferrite to acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite dual phase, and eventually to acicular ferrite in the final microstructure. This could be explained by the solution of Nb in the austenite, due to the solute dragging effect of Nb, can decrease the A_r3 temperature and promote the formation of bainite ferrite, while the precipitation of NbC can increase the A_r3 temperature and promote the formation of acicular ferrite by increasing the nucleation sites of acicular ferrite. Thus, the properties of acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite dual phase steel can generally be improved by appropriately controlling the state of Nb (Nb(CN) as precipitates and Nb in solution) in the austenite before cooling, which provides a new approach to the modification of acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite ratio.     

Precipitation of MC phase and precipitation strengthening in hot rolled Nb–Mo and Nb–Ti steels

Hot rolled Nb–Mo steel of yield strength 600 MPa and Nb–Ti steel of yield strength 525 MPa with polygonal and acicular ferrite microstructure have been developed. Using physicochemical phase analysis, XRD, TEM and EDS, the distribution, morphology, composition, crystal structure and particle size of precipitates were observed and identified in these steels. The results revealed that the steels containing both Nb and Mo exhibited fine and uniformly distributed MC-type carbides, while the carbides were coarse and sparsely distributed in the steels containing Nb and Ti. The physicochemical phase analysis showed MC-type carbides contain both Nb and Mo, and the ratio of Mo/Nb was 0.41. Meanwhile, the mass% of the fine particles (<10 nm in size) of Nb–Mo steel was 58.4%, and higher than that of Nb–Ti steel with 30.0%. Therefore, the results of strengthening mechanisms analysis showed the higher strength of Nb–Mo steel than that of Nb–Ti steel is attributed to its relatively more prominent precipitation strengthening effect. The yield strength increments from precipitation hardening of Nb–Mo steel attained 182.7 MPa and higher than that of Nb–Ti steel.     

终轧温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢组织演变和硬度的影响

采用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机、OM、EBSD、TEM及Vickers硬度计等研究终轧温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢的组织转变、析出相和硬度的影响,并阐明了组织演变和硬度变化的原因。结果表明,不同终轧温度的Ti-V-Mo钢其组织均为多边形铁素体;随着终轧温度由1000℃降低到800℃,Ti-V-Mo钢的硬度由400HV提高到427HV;铁素体晶粒的平均尺寸由3.44μm减小到3.05μm;(Ti, V, Mo)C粒子的析出数量增加,其平均尺寸由8.38 nm减小到6.25 nm。随着终轧温度的降低,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸的减小和纳米级(Ti, V, Mo)C粒子的增多及细化是硬度增大的主要因素。在980℃以下,降低终轧温度(Ti, V, Mo)C在奥氏体中的形核率不断减小,使得其在铁素体中析出的10 nm以下的(Ti, V, Mo)C粒子不断增多,促进了硬度的提高。     

三维原子探针表征淬回火Cr-Mo-V-Ni中合金钢的元素分布

将Cr-Mo-V-Ni中合金钢在1 030℃奥氏体化保温0.5h后油淬,在600℃回火2次,每次2h。结合光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),采用三维原子探针(3DAP)技术分析了淬火态和回火态各元素原子的三维空间分布以及碳化物内部和碳化物/基体界面处元素分布和成分变化。结果表明,淬火试样中C原子由于自回火和短程扩散出现了较为明显的片状偏聚,而其他合金原子Cr、Mn、Mo、Si、V和Ni基本分布均匀;回火试样中C、Cr、Mo和V发生共偏聚形成厚度约10nm的合金碳化物M23C6,Si原子形成一层薄薄的偏聚层包裹着M23C6,而Ni又包裹着Si原子而偏聚于最外层。     

Effect of initial ferrite content on phase transformations in niobium stabilized austenitic clad metals

Austenitic stainless steel welds which normally contain some ferrite may be exposed to high temperatures either during stress relief or service exposure. Ferrite being an unstable phase is transformed to various secondary phases during high temperature exposure. Data on the affect of temperature and time at temperature on the transformation products of austenitic stainless steel welds are meagre, also few reports are available on the affect of initial ferrite content on phase transformations.The present study included cladding on low carbon steel with two niobium-stabilized austenitic stainless strips using submerged arc welding to obtain clads with two ferrite contents, low (4 FN) and high (12 FN). Clads were PWHT at 600, 800, 1000 ° C for 1, 10 and 100 h. Ferrite was measured using a ferritescope. Electrochemical dissolution in 10%HCl-CH₃OH solution was done to separate out secondary phases which were analysed using the X-ray diffraction powder technique.The results of the study indicated that the as-weld samples contained both M23C6 and NbC. The PWHT samples were found to contain M23C6, NbC and sigma phases. NbC was found in all the PWHT samples. Both 4 FN and 12 FN samples showed M23C6 after PWHT at 600 °C. After 800 °C PWHT 4 FN samples did not show M23C6, while 12 FN samples showed weak M23C6 lines. After 1000 °C PWHT, was absent in both cases.Sigma was absent in the 4 FN sample PWHT at 600 °C, while it was present in the 800 °C PWHT samples. In contrast, samples containing 12 FN samples showed sigma both after 600 and 800 °C PWHT. Sigma was absent in samples PWHT at 1000 °C.The interesting observation of the study was the effect of initial ferrite content on sigma phase formation. It was observed that ferrite transformed to sigma at 600 °C itself when ferrite content is relatively high (12 FN) and not when it is less (4 FN). This behaviour suggests that sigma formation is not only a function of temperature but also initial ferrite content and readily forms even at lower temperatures like 600 °C when initial ferrite content is high. This in contrast to the earlier studies where it was noticed that short time exposures at temperatures up to 700 °C did not show sigma formation.The observations based on percentage ferrite transformed indicated that the kinetics of sigma at 600 and 800 °C are very fast. Also, ferrite dissolution is faster at 1000 °C when the ferrite content is lower.     

Thermal aging of 16Cr – 5Ni – 1Mo stainless steel Part 1 – Microstructural analysis

Abstract

Specimens of 16Cr - 5Ni - 1Mo stainless steel were solution treated at 1050 ° C for 1 h followed by heating in the temperature range 400 - 750 ° C for different holding times (1 - 16 h). After heat treatment, optical microscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction examinations were conducted. The microstructure of all aged specimens was found to consist of martensite with variable fractions of δ ferrite and reversed austenite. Very fine precipitates of Mo carbides were revealed in the specimens aged at 475 ° C. The specimens aged at 625 ° C showed a decrease in the dislocation density and a high volume fraction of austenite and precipitation of Fe₂Mo Laves phase was detected by X-ray analysis. Above 625 ° C, Cr₂₃C₆ and TiC became the predominate carbides heterogeneously precipitated in the martensitic matrix. Partial transformation of reversed austenite to unaged martensite was observed at temperatures above 625 ° C.     

Microstructural evolution of ASTM grade 91 after long-term creep testing

Modified 9Cr–1Mo steel (ASTM grade P/T91) is conventionally applied in the construction of high efficiency supercritical and ultra-supercritical boilers, reaching metal temperatures up to 600–610 °C. As a part of the characterisation process of commercial pipes, Tenaris has performed over the years several long-term creep tests, with duration up to over 100,000 h, for temperatures between 550 and 650 °C. Microstructural characterisation has been performed on broken specimens, including analysis of the state of precipitation after TEM imaging of extraction replicas. The evolution of M₂₃C₆ coarse carbides, and MX carbo-nitrides, as well as the nucleation of new phases, such as Laves and Z are described in this paper. Observations reveal Laves phase nucleation and growth peak at 600 °C, whereas almost no particles were observed after ageing at higher temperature; moreover, transformation of MX carbo-nitrides into Z-phase is also faster at 600 °C, and slows at higher temperature.