柴油润滑性与其组成关系的研究

研究直馏柴油、催化柴油及加氢精制柴油的组成变化和其润滑性的关系,考察柴油的馏程、90％馏出温度与其润滑性的对应关系。结果表明,催化柴油的润滑性能最好,直馏柴油的润滑性能次之;对于加氢柴油,随着加氢深度增大,柴油抗磨性能变差;柴油中某些能改善其润滑性的组分,多集中在高馏程中;柴油90%馏出温度与柴油润滑性线性相关性较好,柴油中的有效抗磨组分多集中在重组分中,重组分含量增加,柴油的抗磨性能变好。     

基于SRV磨损试验机评定柴油润滑性能评定

采用SRV线摩擦磨损试验机考察柴油的润滑性与柱塞偶件磨损的相关性。结果表明,低硫（S含量wS≤500 μg/g）低润滑柴油润滑时柱塞偶件磨损比较严重,其润滑性与柱塞偶件磨损没有相关性;高硫低润滑柴油的承载能力较高,其润滑时柱塞偶件磨损相对较轻,且润滑性与柱塞偶件磨损相关性较好;适量的酸性组分有助于提高柴油的润滑性和承载能力。部分直馏工艺生产的高硫含量柴油虽经HFRR测试润滑性较差,但在适量酸性组分、较高运动黏度共同作用下,实际SRV测试时并未出现严重的磨损。     

基于SRV磨损试验机的柴油润滑性能评定

采用SRV线摩擦磨损试验机考察柴油的润滑性与柱塞偶件磨损的相关性。结果表明,低硫(S含量wS≤500μg/g)低润滑柴油润滑时柱塞偶件磨损比较严重,其润滑性与柱塞偶件磨损没有相关性;高硫低润滑柴油的承载能力较高,其润滑时柱塞偶件磨损相对较轻,且润滑性与柱塞偶件磨损相关性较好;适量的酸性组分有助于提高柴油的润滑性和承载能力。部分直馏工艺生产的高硫含量柴油虽经HFRR测试润滑性较差,但在适量酸性组分、较高运动黏度共同作用下,实际SRV测试时并未出现严重的磨损。     

生物柴油调合燃料润滑性能的研究

对不同来源的生物柴油、车用柴油及其生物柴油调合燃料的润滑性能及影响因素采用高频往复试验机法(HFRR)进行研究,认为不同原料的生物柴油其调合柴油燃料的润滑性能存在差异;生物柴油的精制深度会减弱调合柴油燃料的润滑性能;生物柴油体积分数大于20%的调合燃料其润滑性基本与纯生物柴油达到一致;生物柴油体积分数为5%的调合燃料中超标的水含量会降低其润滑性能,但幅度不大,其润滑性主要由5%的生物柴油决定,抗氧、防锈剂、流动改进剂不影响润滑性能;与车用柴油不同,生物柴油调合燃料的运动黏度与磨斑直径没有很好的对应关系。     

柴油成膜润滑机制探讨

柴油是发动机燃料供给系统的润滑剂,其润滑性非常重要。在高频往复试验机上对不同柴油样品进行了润滑性评价,对试验后的金属件进行磨斑表面分析,通过对比研究,探讨了柴油成膜润滑机制。结果表明,柴油成膜组分少,不能形成良好润滑保护膜,或者因腐蚀反应不能形成有效润滑保护膜,是柴油润滑性差并导致偶件磨损的原因。     

烷烃乳液润滑Si3N4陶瓷摩擦副的摩擦学特性研究

采用多种烷烃乳液以及添加剂对氮化硅陶瓷摩擦副进行润滑试验。试验结果表明:对于氮化硅陶瓷摩擦副来说,所有的烷烃都可以得到较好的润滑效果,摩擦因数最高的基础油也仅有0.13;相对于包含直链烷烃、支链烷烃和环状饱和烃的基础油和柴油,正构烷烃的摩擦因数更低,抗磨性能更好;润滑性能最佳的液体石蜡中添加极性添加剂氯化石蜡和油酸后,乳液的润滑性能变差,但加入有机硅乳液后则润滑性能大大提高,摩擦因数进一步降低为0.017。基于试验试剂的结构特征,得出对于水乳润滑剂来说,化学性质和分子结构与氮化硅陶瓷相似的有机物可以更好地在陶瓷摩擦副表面聚集从而起到更好的润滑效果的结论。     

润滑添加剂三乙醇胺硼酸酯的摩擦学特性研究

三乙醇胺硼酸酯是一种新的绿色水基全合成切削液防锈添加剂,但其在切削加工过程中的摩擦学特性尚未有报道。以钛合金与硬质合金为摩擦副,通过摩擦磨损试验比较三乙醇胺硼酸酯并与传统润滑添加剂丙三醇和聚乙二醇的摩擦学性能,同时考察不同含量的三乙醇胺硼酸酯水溶液的摩擦学性能。结果表明:三乙醇胺硼酸酯具有与丙三醇和聚乙二醇相似的减摩抗磨性能,在相对较高的载荷下,三乙醇胺硼酸酯的润滑性能更优;三乙醇胺硼酸酯水溶液的减摩抗磨性能随着其含量的增加逐渐增强,当三乙醇胺硼酸酯的体积分数达到40%以上时,溶液的润滑性能更为显著。研究表明,三乙醇胺硼酸酯有可能成为一种新型切削液润滑添加剂。     

生物柴油-柴油混合燃料润滑性能研究

对比研究菜籽油为原料制取的生物柴油与石化柴油混合后组成的混合燃料与纯石化柴油的润滑性能。在摩擦磨损测试机上,考察2种燃料作为润滑剂时摩擦副的磨损失重;采用体式显微镜观察摩擦副表面纹理;采用铁谱显微镜分析润滑油油样。结果表明:生物柴油的加入使混合燃料中含有较多的氧和极性团,表现出较好的油性和湿润性,有利于裸露金属表面氧化膜和物理吸附膜的生成,使得混合燃料具有优于石化柴油的润滑性能。     

柴油润滑性的机制研究

利用作者从事柴油润滑性研究与检测工作十年来积累的大量数据,将柴油的常规理化分析指标以及质谱分析结果与柴油润滑性的相关性进行归纳总结,探讨柴油润滑性的机制。结果表明:脱硫工艺过程与柴油的润滑性有很好的相关性;磨损对某些含硫物质的多少并不敏感;柴油中氮含量越高,润滑性越好;柴油的黏度和密度越大,润滑性越好;馏出点温度越高,馏分的润滑性越好;饱和烃中的链烷烃和环烷烃对润滑性起负作用,而非饱和烃对润滑性有贡献,在芳烃组分中,多环芳烃比单环芳烃对提高润滑性的贡献大。     

环保型水基切削液中润滑添加剂的润滑性能研究

利用盘球式摩擦磨损试验机进行摩擦磨损试验,比较了金属切削液中分别加入不同含量的油酸三乙醇胺、硼酸脂、硫脲对自制合成切削液润滑性能的影响,认为三者有良好的协同润滑作用。通过与润滑油的润滑性能比较发现自制切削液具有更好的极压润滑性能。该切削液不仅润滑防锈性能优良,而且不含亚硝酸钠等有毒物质,具有良好的环保性能。     

Study on Influence of Cylinder Liner Surface Texture on Lubrication Performance for Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Components

A marine diesel engine, where the cylinder liner–piston ring (CLPR) pair is one of the most important rubbing pairs, is the heart of a marine system. Studying the lubrication characteristics of the CLPR will provide a guide for rational design of the CLPR to reduce wear and prolong its service life. The surface texture features have a significant impact on the lubricating performance of the CLPR. In this study, the tribological system of the CLPR was investigated. Different surface textures (such as different sizes of surface concaves and grooves, etc.) were designed and produced on the cylinder liners using surface treatment. A series of experimental tests were then carried out in a specially designed diesel engine tester to investigate the tribological characteristics of the treated CLPR pairs. The comparison analyses of the worn surface texture features, element content of the lubrication oil, and abrasive particle characteristics were conducted under different wear surface texture features and cylinder liner speeds. The analysis results showed that there were significant differences in the tribological and lubrication properties of the rubbing pairs in different wear surface texture features. The wear performance of the CLPR pair with a regular concave texture was superior to that of the concave and groove, and regular groove textures. In addition, the regular concave with a depth-diameter ratio of 0.1 was the most effective surface texture to improve the lubrication and wear properties of the CLPR pairs. It is believed that the knowledge obtained in this study provides the real practical basis for tribological design and manufacturing of CLPR pair in marine diesel engines.     

聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料的摩擦性能

采用溶液共混法制备聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料,探讨碳纳米管含量和超声分散时间对聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料摩擦性能的影响。结果表明:随着碳纳米管含量的增加,聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料的摩擦因数逐渐降低,随着载荷的增大,摩擦因数有所减小;超声分散时间对聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料摩擦性能影响不大;碳纳米管具有较好的润滑性质,可以降低聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料的摩擦因数,改善聚氨酯的摩擦性能。     

润滑油水侵对动压可倾瓦推力轴承润滑性能的影响*

针对核主泵、船用轴系等特定工况下推力轴承润滑油的进水问题,以46润滑油和68润滑油为例研究润滑油水侵对推力轴承润滑性能的影响。通过黏度测试获得润滑油中水分质量分数为0、0.5%、1.0%时的运动黏度,采用黏温曲线对润滑油含水前后的动力黏度进行表征。将润滑油的黏温关系代入推力轴承的润滑计算当中,获得不同含水量下轴承的最小油膜厚度、温升、流量及功耗等静态特性参数,并分析含水量对推力轴承起飞转速的影响。研究结果表明：润滑油含水后对最小油膜厚度和功耗影响较大,对温升和流量影响较小;随着润滑油含水量的增加最小油膜厚度和功耗均降低,而温升增大,流量减小;使用2种润滑油在不含水和水分质量分数为0.5%时的起飞转速都在50 r/min以下,水分质量分数为1.0%时起飞转速都在50 r/min以上,表明随着含水量的增加起飞转速增大。     

基于正交试验的含氮硼酸酯铝材轧制润滑油摩擦学性能研究

合成一种新型含氮硼酸酯铝材轧制润滑油添加剂,利用四球试验机考察添加含氮硼酸酯的铝材轧制润滑油的油膜强度、摩擦因数,通过显微镜观察磨斑形貌并测量磨斑直径。利用正交试验法评估极压剂含量、基础油种类、四球试验机载荷和转速对含氮硼酸酯润滑油摩擦学性能的影响,并通过多目标优化设计,对4种参数对铝材轧制润滑油摩擦学性能的强化效果进行综合研究。结果表明:各工艺参数对油样的摩擦学性能影响显著性由大到小依次为极压剂添加量、基础油种类、转速和载荷;经过多目标优化设计,得到的含氮硼酸酯铝材轧制润滑油强化工艺参数的最佳组合:极压剂质量分数为1.0%,基础油种类为D100,载荷为294 N,转速为1 200 r/min;通过极差、方差等分析,发现极压剂添加量和基础油种类对油样的摩擦学性能有显著影响。     

Antifriction properties of calcium phenate-type detergents used in marine cylinder lubricants

The antifriction properties of calcium phenate-type detergents of different lubricity were investigated by laboratory methods. Simulation of the operating environment in super-long-stroke marine diesel engines was achieved using concentrated sulphuric acid. The influence of the tested additives on engine oil antifriction properties was determined after their being mixed with acid. The tribological performance of oil samples with 50 and 70 TBN values was characterised by testing on a friction machine, and by thickness determination of friction surface layers using Auger spectroscopy. It was found that the effectiveness of antifriction action of the detergents tested depends on the thermal stability of the lubricating layers, the temperature at which the destruction of the boundary lubricating layers occurred, and the thickness of secondary structure layers in the metal surface of the friction pairs.     

磨屑对润滑油摩擦性能的影响

通过实验和模拟研究磨粒对润滑油摩擦性能的影响。首先通过微纳米压/划痕试验测量含磨屑润滑油的摩擦因数。同时,建立边界润滑体系模型,采用分子动力学方法模拟含磨屑润滑油膜在不同载荷下沿膜厚方向的压缩率和密度分布;对体系的上下固体壁面施加方向相反的剪切速度,计算出壁面原子的应力、摩擦力、正压力和摩擦因数;分析不同粒径磨屑的动态行为特征;通过减少润滑油分子数量,探究乏油工况下含磨屑润滑体系的摩擦性能。结果表明,润滑体系摩擦因数的模拟值与试验值一致;磨屑的存在会降低油膜的压缩率,同时在高载下磨屑的存在会对油膜的分层产生破坏,影响磨屑附近的密度分布;含小粒径磨屑的润滑体系的摩擦因数比含大粒径磨屑的润滑体系的小,表明磨粒聚集长大现象会恶化润滑油的润滑性能;磨屑在剪切过程中同时存在滚动和滑动,含小粒径磨屑的润滑体系剪切过程中表现出波动幅度更大的角速度;随着载荷的增大,磨屑角速度减小,波动幅度降低;在乏油工况下,磨屑会在剪切过程中出现变形破碎现象。     

黏结石墨基固体润滑涂层在油介质中的摩擦学性能

为了探讨聚酰亚胺黏结石墨基固体润滑涂层在油介质中的摩擦学性能及其作用机制,采用MHK-500型摩擦磨损实验机对聚酰亚胺黏结石墨基固体润滑涂层在4种油介质(RP-3煤油、0#柴油、液体石蜡和SG 15W-40机油)中的摩擦磨损性能进行评价,并对其机制进行初步的探讨。结果表明:与干摩擦相比,涂层在4种油介质中的摩擦学性能都有显著提高,其中在柴油介质中涂层的抗磨性能提高最为突出,可能的原因是中等黏度的柴油介质在摩擦界面能形成足够厚的油膜,又能对涂层进行有效的冷却;同种油介质中,涂层在高速(2.56 m/s)、低载(1 120 N)下的耐磨性能明显优于低速(1.54 m/s)、高载(2 120 N)下的耐磨性能。     

The impact of biofuels on engine oil performance

The dilution of biogenic fuels into lubricating engine oils often leads to a shortening of the recommended oil drains (between 30% and 60%) and an increase in wear. The large number of overlapping and influencing factors, of which dilution and polymerization of fuel components in the engine oil are emphasised, makes it difficult to find a uniform solution to prevent failures in the various applications. Insofar single solutions for the different types of biofuels are needed. The contribution of base oil chemistry and additives as well as triboactive materials is featured to deal with the adverse effects of biofuels. In the frame of the European Commission (EC)‐funded project ‘cleanengine’, tentative engine oils based on esters with a content of renewables and polyglycols are formulated to increase the lubricant's tolerance in engines fuelled with biofuel‐based blends, with the aim of ensuring required lubricating and wear protection performance while keeping oil drain intervals unchanged. The present paper focuses on four‐stroke diesel applications, fuelled by biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester — FAME) as well as by rapeseed oil and Jatropha oil (pure vegetable oils, triglycerides), together with relevant blends of those biofuels and conventional diesel fuel. This paper screens the functional profile (in particular rheological, toxicological, bio‐compatibility, tribological and biofuels affinity) of lube families with respect to biofuel contamination. Moreover, this is followed by the contributions of piston ring and liner materials as well as thin film coatings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tribological thermodynamic model of the viscosity,flow properties and lubricating performance of lubricating oils

Lubricating phenomena are described thermodynamically. Tribological parameters, in particular pressure and relative sliding speed, are related to thermodynamic properties of the tribological system such as thermodynamic potential, enthalpy and entropy. On this basis tribological thermodynamic models of the viscosity, flow properties and lubricating performance of materials are deduced. Changes of lubricating performance in a tribological system are determined by considering such tribological thermodynamic parameters. A tribological thermodynamic model of lubricating phenomena is therefore obtained which with the use of suitable thermodynamic data for optimum tribological parameters allows the prediction of the lubricating performance of tribological systems.     

微弧氧化电源占空比对陶瓷基自润滑复合涂层性能的影响*

为提高柴油机铝合金活塞的可靠性和耐用性,在不同电源占空比下通过微弧氧化实验在铝合金基体上制备得到微弧氧化陶瓷层,利用电泳技术将MoS_2微纳米粒子引入陶瓷层的孔隙中,制备得到陶瓷基自润滑复合涂层。研究微弧氧化电源占空比对陶瓷层和复合涂层微观形貌、厚度和表面粗糙度的影响,并利用往复式摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦、油润滑条件下对复合涂层的摩擦学性能进行分析。结果表明:随占空比的提高,微弧氧化陶瓷层的厚度、表面粗糙度呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势;随占空比的提高,制备得到的复合涂层的摩擦因数先减小后增大,占空比为60%～70%得到的复合涂层摩擦因数最低,且复合涂层与基体结合状态好,抗磨自润滑性能显著。