白洋淀湿地生态服务功能及价值估算

湿地是具有多功能的独特的生态系统,对其生态服务功能进行评价.为管理和保护湿地提供科学的依据。以白洋淀湿地为研究对象,采用市场价值法、权变估价法、生产成本法、影子工程法,模糊数学法、旅行费用法、生态价值法等.对该湿地生态系统服务功能进行了价值估算。经计算,该湿地生态系统服务功能的总利用价值为1 75 910.1×104元/a,其中,维持白洋淀湿地生态系统的完整性和自然过程的服务功能最人为68 200×104元/a,柄息地价值最低为92×104元/a。扎最后,对该湿地生态系统服务功能的价值构成进行了分析和讨论。     

石佛寺人工湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

在生态经济学、环境经济学和资源经济学理论的指导之下,应用市场价值法、影子工程法、生态价值法、旅游费用法等对石佛寺人工湿地生态系统服务功能价值进行评估。评估结果表明:该湿地直接利用价值为3.22×108元,间接利用价值为3.71×108元,非利用价值为2.5×108元,总价值为9.43×108元。同时在众多的生态系统服务功能中,供水与蓄水、调蓄洪水、降解污染功能较显著。通过计算石佛寺人工湿地的生态系统服务功能价值,使人们意识到湿地生态系统可持续发展的重要作用,从而达到增强人们对湿地保护意识的目的。     

辽宁省凌河口湿地生态服务效应货币价值评估

应用Odum创立的生态经济系统能值分析的理论和方法,根据建立的凌河口湿地生态服务功能评价指标体系,对湿地内部8项生态服务功能效应的货币价值进行了评估。结果表明:凌河口湿地每年的生态服务综合能值-货币价值为1 375.11亿元/a,经济效益显著。其中,碳固定、土壤保护、生物多样性货币价值比较大,能值-货币价值分别为734.26亿、330.53亿、293.01亿元/a,说明这些生态功能是凌河口湿地生态系统中的主导服务功能;湿地产品能值-货币价值最小,为1.29亿元/a,说明物质生产服务效应在生态系统中占次要位置。因此,在开发利用凌河口湿地资源时,应在保护和恢复湿地环境及维持生物多样性的前提下,适当开发湿地产品,充分发挥湿地的主导生态功能效应,协调各生态功能要素之间的动态平衡,实现凌河口湿地的可持续发展。     

海河流域湿地生态服务价值评价及对策研究

参照Costanza等对全球生态系统服务价值的测算方法,初步估算了海河流域湿地生态系统服务价值,并分析其变化趋势.研究结果表明:2005年,海河流域12个重要湿地服务总价值为5.52×108USD/a,其中生态效益占总价值的96.27%,这说明海河流域湿地系统具有显著的生态功能.在生态效益方面,养分循环、调节水分和水资源供给等方面功能尤为突出.海河流域湿地的生态系统服务功能结构发生了变化,由建国初期以调节水分和水资源供给为主运渐转变为以养分循环和调节水分为主,湿地服务价值明显降低.针对湿地开发利用中存在的问题提出了相应的管理对策.     

基于大数据的湿地生态系统服务价值评估

湿地生态系统服务具有显著的时空特异性和综合性特征,传统的评估手段对于准确量化及评估湿地生态系统服务价值具有较大难度。以提出湿地生态系统服务价值大数据分析方法为目标,分析湿地生态系统服务价值评估的进展及面临的挑战,探讨基于湿地观测站网和遥感技术的湿地大数据观测体系,阐述湿地生态系统服务价值评估大数据的维度分析、空间分析和属性分析方法,进而提出一种面向湿地生态系统服务价值评估的湿地维度—空间—属性大数据耦合分析框架,选取中国滨海湿地作为案例进行实证研究,总结了大数据时代湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估研究的未来方向。结果表明:湿地生态系统观测网络可获取长时间序列动态变化的数据,遥感对地观测可实现空天地一体化观测,二者结合有助于构建湿地生态大数据观测体系;我国滨海湿地生态系统服务价值为5 010.32×10~8元。研究成果可有效解决地域异质性问题,对湿地生态系统保护和管理具有参考价值。     

近20a来黄河河口湿地植被退化特征研究

基于RS和GIS技术,利用1992年8月、1995年9月、2000年9月和2004年9月的四期TM、ETM+影像,对黄河河口湿地植被进行了分类。利用E O dum生态系统能值分析法,初步估算出1992年、1995年、2000年和2004年黄河河口湿地生态系统服务的价值,并计算了研究区的生态环境经济效益。结果表明:①研究区的植被具有先退化后逐步恢复的总体演化趋势,1992—2000年处于不断退化阶段,植被覆盖度由59.08%降至40.07%,2004年恢复至58.23%,河口湿地生态系统具有自我修复的特点;②2004年系统输入的太阳能总值为7.77×1021sej,总初级生产力为1.44×1016sej;③黄河河口湿地的生态系统服务功能总价值为2.11×1015元,其中水文调节价值最大,达2.04×1015元。     

民勤红崖山水库生态系统服务功能的经济价值

以干旱区典型沙漠水库——红崖山水库为例,估算干旱区水库生态系统服务的经济价值。结果表明:2007年红崖山水库生态系统服务功能的静态和动态生态价值分别为4.525 2亿元/a和3.529 7亿元/a,其生态系统服务功能的价值主要有:水源涵养1.453 9亿元/a、废物处理1.296 9亿元/a和食物生产1.253 0亿元/a,分别占水库生态系统服务功能静态生态价值的32.13%、28.65%和27.69%,而其他的生态系统服务功能如生物多样性保护、娱乐文化、气候调解等仅占11.53%。     

鄂尔多斯遗鸥保护区生态系统服务价值评估

摘要：本文针对鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家自然保护区遗鸥繁殖生境——尾闾湖泊湿地遭到破坏的问题,从生态系统服务功能的“分项”和“准整体”两种角度出发,分别采用现行的价值评估方法和生态系统服务价值当量,结合研究区生态系统的服务功能分析以及2005年全国粮食及其他产品的价格水平,评估了研究区的生态系统服务价值,分别为0.93亿元和1.48亿元,约1.4万元/hm?和2.2万元/hm?。通过对两个结果的分析比较可知,研究区湿地生态系统服务功能的价值量在1亿元～1.5亿元之间,其价值量的大小受选用方法、对生态系统服务功能各部分的认识及价格水平等因素的影响。 关键词：生态系统服务价值;价值评估;湿地;鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家自然保护区     

鄂尔多斯遗鸥保护区生态系统服务价值评估

对鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家自然保护区遗鸥繁殖生境——尾闾湖泊湿地,从生态系统服务功能的"分项"和"准整体"两种角度出发,分别采用现行的价值评估方法和生态系统服务价值当量,结合研究区生态系统的服务功能分析以及2005年全国粮食及其他产品的价格水平,评估了研究区的生态系统服务价值,其分别为0.93亿元和1.48亿元,约为1.4万元/hm2和2.2万元/hm2。通过对两个结果的分析比较可知,研究区湿地生态系统服务功能的价值量在(1.0～1.5)亿元之间,其价值量的大小受选用方法、对生态系统服务功能各部分的认识及价格水平等因素的影响。     

济西国家湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

为评估济西国家湿地生态系统服务功能价值,将其分为供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持功能4大类11项指标进行评价,采用市场价值法、影子价格法、替代工程法、支付意愿法、旅行费用法等方法评估了济西国家湿地生态系统服务功能价值.结果表明:济西国家湿地生态服务价值总计20057.195万元,济西国家湿地生态系统不同服务功能价值差...     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.