NiCr合金在KCl-ZnCl2盐膜下含氯氧化性气氛中的腐蚀

研究了纯Ni、纯Cr以及3种不同Cr含量的NiCr合金在600℃KCl-ZnCl2盐膜下含氯氧化性气氛中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,5种材料均发生了严重的加速腐蚀.在材料表面形成了多孔的氧化膜,并发生了开裂,在氧化膜与基体金属的界面处有金属氯化物生成.NiCr合金的腐蚀增质比纯Ni和纯Cr的小.Ni50Cr和纯Cr有较高的腐蚀速度,前者与其具有的双相组织有关,后者是其氧化膜易脱落所致.材料的加速腐蚀机制是氯化物蒸汽的气相输运加速了金属离子向外扩散速度的‘活化氧化'.     

铬钢在高温还原性含氯气氛中的腐蚀行为

采用热重法并配以SEM／EDX、XRD研究了NF616钢在500—600℃下，含氯还原性气氛中的腐蚀行为。结果表明，材料在两种温度下均发生了腐蚀，在600℃时发生了铬的内氧化并且在外氧化膜／基体界面检测到了氯的存在。合金腐蚀动力学从500℃时的近似抛物线向600℃时的直线转变与氯化物在该温度下的蒸汽压有关。此外讨论了材料发生加速腐蚀的机制。     

Fe-Cr合金预氧化后涂覆KCl盐膜的热腐蚀行为

为开发新型耐高温氯化腐蚀合金及防护涂层,对比研究了750 ℃下Fe-20%Cr(质量分数)合金直接涂KCl和预氧化后再涂KCl盐膜条件下的热腐蚀行为.采用XRD及EPMA对其现象进行分析,结果表明:预氧化生成的初始Cr2O3层对Fe-20%Cr合金在KCl盐膜下的热腐蚀有一定的保护作用,表现为降低腐蚀速率,减轻腐蚀对基体的破坏并维持氧化膜的完整性;Fe-20%Cr在750℃KCl盐膜下的腐蚀产物主要是Fe2O3,Cr2O3以及少量K2Fe2O4和K2Cr2O7等复杂氧化物,其中Fe2O3分布在氧化膜外层,而Cr2O3集中于靠近氧化膜/基体界面的氧化膜内侧.用热力学理论解释了这种氧化膜的形成原因.     

熔融 NaCl-(Na,K)_2SO_4引起的 Fe-Cr 合金的热腐蚀

本文采用电化学方法研究了 Fe-Cr 合金在800℃、熔融 NaCl-(Na,K)_2SO_4中的腐蚀行为,并对腐蚀产物进行了观察和分析。结果表明,提高合金 Cr 含量可以改善合金耐蚀性能。氧化-硫化是Fe5Cr、Fe10Cr 合金腐蚀破坏的主要方式;氧化膜的熔融反应是 Fe20Cr、Fe25Cr 合金加速腐蚀的主要原因。同时,氧化膜的机械破裂也加速了合金的腐蚀。     

气氛中硫和氯导致Fe-15Cr-10Al合金表面氧化铝膜退化

研究了Fe-15Cr-10Al合金在700℃还原性H_2-CO_2和H_2-HCl-H_2S-HCl混合气氛中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,添加到H_2-CO_2气氛中的微量HCl和H_2S导致合金表面氧化铝膜退化,在合金表面生成了铁铬铝混合氧化物层.这种退化与腐蚀过程中生成的硫化物和氯化物密切相关.计算混合气氛中平衡时的氯势、氧势和硫势预测了合金与气氛可能发生的反应,并解释了腐蚀机制.     

氯化钾蒸气对纯铬材高温氧化行为的影响

为研究微量KCl蒸气对纯Cr材高温氧化行为的影响,利用热重法对其在750～850 ℃含有微量KCl蒸气的氧气中的腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果显示,随着温度的提高和KCl蒸气浓度的增大,Cr的腐蚀明显加剧,并形成了疏松的、与基体结合差的氧化膜.此外,在850 ℃时,动力学曲线出现了减重现象.热力学分析表明,Cr的加速腐蚀是由挥发性铬的氯化物的生成及挥发造成的.     

Ni3Al在低氯分压和低氧分压混合气氛中的高温腐蚀行为

研究了Ni3Al在800℃,PCl2=1×10-4Pa,Po2=2.34×10-15Pa氯氧混合气氛中的高温腐蚀行为.应用热重分析方法研究了Ni3Al在该环境中的动力学行为,借助SEM、金相显微镜和X衍射分析来研究反应后样品的表面形貌和断面形貌以及分析反应生成的腐蚀产物,并用热力学平衡相图对Ni3Al在该环境下的高温腐蚀机理进行了探讨.     

循环流化床锅炉风帽合金的组织及抗高温氧化性能研究

针对循环流化床锅炉风帽的严重高温氧化腐蚀问题,研制出适用于风帽的高温合金AN1(Cr23Ni32MoNb),结合金相(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能谱(EDS)等分析方法对风帽试样的微观组织和高温氧化性能进行了研究,并与25-20钢和316钢进行对比分析。结果表明,AN1铸态组织为典型的树枝状晶结构,由奥氏体基体和Cr23C6、NbC等晶间碳化物组成,固溶处理后,枝晶结构基本消失;1000℃氧化100h,AN1的高温氧化抗力分别为25-20钢和316钢的2.2和3.8倍;AN1氧化实验后的表层相结构主要由γ奥氏体、Cr2O3和Cr与Mn的复合氧化膜组成。     

20钢在450℃ ZnCI2及ZnCI2＋KCI混合盐膜下的腐蚀

利用热重试验研究了表面沉积有ZnCI2和ZnCI2 KCI盐膜的20钢在450℃流动氧气中的腐蚀行为。20钢在单纯氧气中具有很低的氧化增重,涂盐条件下加速腐蚀,氧化层明显变厚,而ZnCI2 KCI比在单一ZnCI2盐膜下腐蚀更为严重,在氧化膜／合金界面均检测到金属氯化物,在基体局部区域还出现球状的含氯腐蚀产物,讨论了合金在盐膜下的加速腐蚀机理。     

1Cr13合金沉积Y2O3薄膜后的高温氧化行为

为了研究Y2O3薄膜处理对1Cr13合金的高温氧化行为的影响,采用电沉积-热解法在1Cr13合金表面制备了Y2O3薄膜,并研究了薄膜处理后合金在800℃空气中的氧化动力学曲线,并进行了SEM及XRD分析.经100 h循环氧化后沉积薄膜试样表面生成了晶体状的氧化铬,氧化增重和氧化膜剥落量显著下降,分别为空白试样的0.39和0.11.沉积薄膜的作用在于在氧化初期为氧化膜提供了优先形核的位置,改变了氧化铬中的传输机制和应力状态,促进了合金的选择氧化,生成了保护性的氧化膜.因此,Y2O3薄膜处理能显著提高1Cr13合金的抗高温氧化性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...