形变对Cr-Mo低合金钢相变的影响

 Cr-Mo低合金钢在工业生产中有着重要的应用。CCT曲线是研究过冷奥氏体相转变的重要依据。通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机及DIL805A淬火变形膨胀仪模拟了Cr-Mo低合金钢的变形及冷却工艺,并利用超组元模型进行热力学计算分析。理论计算结果表明,形变通过提高了Cr-Mo低合金钢相变过程中的自由能进而影响了碳在奥氏体中的活度及相界面碳平衡摩尔分数,相界面碳平衡摩尔分数的变化带来了相变驱动力与形核驱动力的不同,进而影响相变的孕育期与过冷度。结果表明,相变孕育期与过冷度的变化与理论计算结果一致,热力学计算很好地解释了形变对相变的影响。同时表明形变可以提高铁素体相变临界冷速,当冷速为0.3 ℃/s时,Cr-Mo低合金钢可获得最为均匀细小的铁素体晶粒。适当的变形与冷却工艺对改善Cr-Mo低合金钢组织与性能有着重要的作用。     

变形能对奥氏体相变临界核胚尺寸的影响

针对利用变形诱导铁素体相变来细化晶粒这一材料研究领域的新方向，基于热力学原理，考虑变形诱导相变因素时，对奥氏体－铁素体相变在不同条件下形核的临界核胚尺寸进行了模拟计算，从相变时形核这一角度对变形诱导的铁素体相变进行了分析，比较了变形存储能对临界核胚尺寸的影响。计算表明，变形能的加入可以使临界核胚减小，并且提高铁素体开始转变的温度。     

临界退火温度对中锰TRIP钢组织和性能的影响

采用淬火热膨胀仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和拉伸试验机对0.2C-5Mn TRIP钢临界区相变行为、微观组织及力学性能进行了研究,并运用Factsage软件对0.2C-5Mn TRIP钢在临界区的相变热力学进行了计算,在此基础上讨论了临界区相变过程的特点。研究结果表明,临界区逆转奥氏体含量随着临界退火温度的升高而逐渐增加,逆转奥氏体中碳含量先增加后减少,Mn含量逐渐下降,逆转奥氏体热稳定性也逐渐下降。当临界退火温度为700℃时,在冷却过程中发生明显的马氏体相变;随着临界退火温度增加,渗碳体逐渐溶解,但由于相变时间较短,渗碳体无法完全溶解;当临界退火温度为600~675℃时,临界退火后的微观组织由铁素体、渗碳体和残余奥氏体构成。当临界退火温度为700℃时,临界退火后的组织由铁素体、残余奥氏体、马氏体以及少量未溶解的渗碳体构成;随着临界退火温度的升高,实验钢的工程应力-应变曲线变化显著,在675℃退火3min后获得最佳的力学性能,抗拉强度为1 138MPa,断后伸长率为23%。     

临界热处理对中碳 Q&P 钢组织与性能的影响

摘要：对中碳钢采用Q&P（淬火 碳分配）和I&QP（临界热处理,淬火 碳分配）热处理工艺,通过对试样的显微组织,残余奥氏体的体积分数及其碳含量,硬度及其拉伸性能进行分析,研究了临界加热对中碳Q&P钢组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明,经临界热处理的Q&P钢组织中,除了马氏体和残余奥氏体,还存在部分铁素体,同时残余奥氏体的体积分数较少,马氏体板条更加细小。在相同的碳分配时间下,I&QP试样的硬度和抗拉强度都比Q&P试样低,但由于I&QP试样中软相铁素体的存在以及残余奥氏体能发挥更好的TRIP效应,使得临界热处理的实验钢的伸长率更高,加工硬化指数增加,强塑积更大。     

Q&P钢在冷却过程中铁素体的相变规律

 为了研究冷却过程中Q&P钢(quenching and partition steel)铁素体的相变规律,在热膨胀仪上以846 ℃均热200 s为冷却的初始条件,检测了成分(质量分数)为0.2%C、1.25%Si、2.0%Mn的Q&P钢在不同冷却速率下铁素体的相变热膨胀数据,应用杠杆定律将数据处理为相变规律与温度的关系,通过光学显微镜检测热处理后金相中的铁素体相体积分数和铁素体晶粒尺寸,得出了饱和位置形核条件下铁素体的形核率,基于混合控制模型得出了铁素体相变的相界迁移速率。结合相变开始温度,利用混合控制模型计算了相变结束温度和铁素体晶粒尺寸在相变过程中的演变规律,铁素体晶粒尺寸计算值与实测值吻合程度较高,相变结束温度的计算值与实测值的误差在±15 ℃以内,所获得的铁素体相变规律可以用于控制Q&P钢在冷却过程中的铁素体相变体积分数。     

钒对高氮钢形变诱导相变的影响

通过实验室模拟试验,研究了高氮钒钢的金相组织和形变诱导铁素体体积分数,分析了钒对高氮钒钢变形诱导相变的影响.试验结果表明,钒的加入促进了形变诱导铁素体相变,细化了铁素体晶粒,提高了形变诱导铁素体体积分数.     

Al对热挤压模具钢 SDAH13连续冷却转变规律的影响

采用热膨胀仪测定Al质量分数分别为0.77%和1.43%以及无Al的热挤压模具钢SDAH13的连续冷却转变曲线,并结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜及显微硬度仪分析Al元素对SDAH13钢相变点、连续转变规律、组织以及硬度的影响.结果表明:Al元素显著提高SDAH13钢的Ac₁、Ac₃和Ms点,降低淬火残留奥氏体含量,同时扩大铁素体及奥氏体两相区.在1060℃奥氏体化温度下,Al元素对SDAH13钢贝氏体相变的临界冷速（0.30℃·s-1）无明显影响,但使贝氏体相区变宽,Al质量分数分别为0.77%和1.43%的SDAH13钢的珠光体相变的临界冷速（0.05℃·s-1和0.3℃·s-1）均高于无Al的SDAH13钢的临界冷速（0.02℃·s-1）,且Al质量分数为1.43%的SDAH13钢在0.02—0.08℃·s-1冷速下出现先共析铁素体组织.Al的加入还使SDAH13钢淬火硬度有所降低.      

Nb的析出对变形诱导铁素体相变的影响

通过Gleeble2000热模拟实验机，研究了X65管线钢中Nb在变形奥氏体中的析出状态对变形诱导铁素体相变（DIFT）的影响。试验结果表明，在奥氏体临界区变形时，第一道次变形后，随变形后等温时间延长，诱导铁素体量变化不大。等温时间达120S时，变形奥氏体仍未发生再结晶。在道次间随时间延长，Nb的析出量增加，第二道次变形后诱导的铁素体也显著增加。微合金元素Nb通过碳氮化物的析出作用促进变形诱导铁素体相变。     

奥氏体状态对 Mn-Cr 齿轮钢连续冷却相变组织的影响

使用Cleeblel500热模拟试验机研究了成分(%)为：0.23C,0.74Mn,0.90Cr 齿轮钢奥氏体晶粒尺 寸和变形(真应变量0.4)对连续冷却相变组织的影响和连续转变冷却(CCT)曲线。实验结果表明,当齿轮钢 未变形时,获得完全多边形铁素体+珠光体混合组织的临界冷速为0.5~1℃/s,冷速较快时,中温相变产物 由贝氏体及针状铁素体组成;奥氏体变形时,多边形铁素体相变开始温度升高,获得完全多边形铁素体+珠光 体混合组织冷速增大,为1~2℃/s,中温相变产物没有出现贝氏体,只有针状铁素体。     

冷却速度对V-N微合金钢相变行为的影响

采用Gleeble-3500热/力模拟试验机、金相显微镜和显微硬度计研究了V-N微合金钢的连续冷却组织转变规律,分析了冷速对组织及性能的影响.试验结果表明:V-N微合金钢过冷奥氏体连续冷却过程中发生了铁素体析出、珠光体转变、贝氏体转变和马氏体转变;冷却速度影响铁素体分布和晶粒大小;珠光体相变结束临界冷速为7.0℃/s、贝氏体相变开始临界冷速为3.0℃/s、马氏体相变开始临界冷速为15℃/s.     

热轧低碳钢不同冷却模式下的相变模拟与验证

利用计算机模拟技术，研究了控轧控冷中输出辊道上冷却模式对低碳钢相变的影响。以低碳钢SS400为例，针对鞍钢热轧带钢厂1780生产线，计算了输出辊道上3种不同冷却模式下低碳钢的相变行为，包括铁素体转变开始温度、组成相体积分数随时间的变化以及铁素体体积分数沿带钢长度方向的分布。研究表明，冷却模式对输出辊道上带钢的温度一时间曲线、铁素体转变开始温度及组成相的演化过程影响较大，但对最终组成相的体积分数影响较小。     

Towards an austenite decomposition model for TRIP steels

The current status of developing a fundamental model for describing the overall austenite decomposition kinetics to ferrite and carbide‐free bainite in low carbon TRIP steels alloyed with Mn and Si is reviewed. For ferrite growth, a model is proposed where both interface and carbon diffusion‐controlled ferrite formation are considered in a mixed‐mode approach. The kinetic model is coupled with Thermocalc to obtain necessary thermodynamic information. Spherical geometry with an outer ferrite shell is assumed to capture in a simple way the topological conditions for growth. The mixed‐mode modelling philosophy has been identified to permit a rigorous incorporation of the solute drag effect of substitutional alloying elements, in particular Mn. The Purdy‐Brechet solute drag theory is adopted to characterize the interaction of Mn with the moving austenite‐ferrite interface. The challenges of quantifying the required solute drag parameters are discussed with an emphasis on a potential solute drag interaction of Mn and Si. The model is extended to non‐isothermal processing paths to account for continuous and stepped cooling occurring on the run‐out table of a hot strip mill or on a continuous annealing line. The transformation start temperature during cooling is predicted with a model combining nucleation and early growth which had previously been validated for conventional low carbon steels. The overall model is evaluated by comparing the predictions with experimental data for the ferrite growth kinetics during continuous cooling of a classical TRIP steel with mass contents of 0.19 % C, 1.49 % Mn and 1.95 % Si. Extension of the model to include bainite formation remains a challenge. Both diffusional and displacive model approaches are discussed for the formation of carbide‐free bainite. It is suggested to develop a combined nucleation and growth model which would enable to capture a potential transition from a diffusional to a displacive transformation mode with decreasing temperature.     

Effect of Thermo‐Mechanical Process on Phase Transformation Behaviors of V–Ti–N Microalloyed Steel

Thermo‐mechanical simulation tests were performed on V–Ti–N microalloyed steel under three hot working conditions by using Gleeble‐3800 thermo‐mechanical simulator to study the effects of hot deformation and post‐deformation holding process on the continuous cooling transformation behaviors of overcooled austenite. The continuous cooling transformation diagrams (CCT diagrams) were determined by thermal dilation method and metallographic method. The effects of the hot deformation, post‐deformation holding, and cooling rate on the microstructure evolution were analyzed. The results show that deformation promotes ferrite and pearlite transformation. In addition, deformation leads to an increase in bainite start temperature, which becomes more markedly with the increase in cooling rate. The post‐deformation holding process is much favorable to promote carbonitride precipitation of the microalloying elements, which contributes to ferrite nucleation and smaller austenite grains. As a result, an increase in ferrite quantity and a decrease in ferrite grain size can be observed. And further more, the post‐deformation holding process reduces the effect of hot deformation on the bainite start temperature.     

Effect of Niobium on Transformations From Austenite to Ferrite in Low Carbon Steels

Niobium has an important effect on the transformation behaviour,grain size refinement and precipitation strengthening during hot rolling and subsequent cooling in low carbon steels,with even a low content of niobium having a strong effect on the transformation rate from austenite to ferrite.However,the effects of niobium on transformation behaviour have not been fully characterised and understood to date.This paper examines in detail austenite grain growth as a function of austenitisation time in high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels with three different niobium contents,together with the effect of niobium on the isothermal transformation kinetics from austenite to ferrite as a function of temperature.It is shown that austenite has the slowest grain growth rate in the steel with the highest niobium content.When austenite grain sizes are consistent,the steel with the highest niobium content was found to have the slowest transformation rate from austenite to ferrite.     

Analysis of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis> → <Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis> transformation in a C-Mn steel by phase-field modeling

This article deals with the austenite (γ) decomposition to ferrite (α) during cooling of a 0.10 wt pct C-0.49 wt pct Mn steel. A phase-field model is used to simulate this transformation. The model provides qualitative information on the microstructure that develops on cooling and quantitative data on both the ferrite fraction formed and the carbon concentration profile in the remaining austenite. The initial austenitic microstructure and the ferrite nucleation data, derived by metallographic examination and dilatometry, are set as input data of the model. The interface mobility is used as a fitting parameter to optimize the agreement between the simulated and experimental ferrite-fraction curve derived by dilatometry. A good agreement between the simulated α-γ microstructure and the actual α-pearlite microstructure observed after cooling is obtained. The derived carbon distribution in austenite during transformation provides comprehension of the nature of the transformation with respect to the interface-controlled or diffusion-controlled mode. It is found that, at the initial stage, the transformation is predominantly interface-controlled, but, gradually, a shift toward diffusion control takes place to a degree that depends on cooling rate.     

Thermo-Metallurgical Modeling of Nodular Cast Iron Cooling Process

A new numerical model to describe the microstructural evolution of a eutectic nodular cast iron during its cooling is presented. In particular, equiaxial solidification assuming an independent nucleation of austenite and graphite nodules is considered. In this context, the austenite has dendritic growth whereas the graphite grows with a spherical shape. After solidification occurs, the model assumes that the graphite nodules present in the cast iron continue growing since the carbon content in austenite decreases. Once the stable eutectoid temperature is reached, the alloy undergoes the austenite-ferrite transformation. The nucleation of the ferrite takes place at the contour of the spherical graphite nodules where austenite has low carbon concentration. A ferrite shell surrounding the graphite nodules is formed afterward by means of a process governed by carbon diffusion. Then, a ferrite-pearlite competitive transformation occurs when the temperature is below the metastable temperature. This thermo-metallurgical model is discretized and solved by means of the finite element method. The model allows the computation of cooling curves, fraction evolution for each component, and size and distribution of graphite nodules. The present numerical results are compared with experiments using standardized Quick-cup-type cups, and satisfactory numerical predictions of the final microstructure and cooling curves are achieved.     

Grain Size Dependence of Austenite Decomposition in Air-Cooled 16MnCr5 Steel

A hot-rolled and controlled rolled 16MnCr5 steel was analyzed after similar industrial cooling conditions. The hot rolled steel had a ferrite–bainite microstructure whereas the controlled rolled steel had a ferrite–pearlite microstructure. The prior austenite grain size was found to be the controlling factor based on a cooling analysis. The effect of prior austenite grain size on the bainite start temperature had to be considered in the transformation model.     

Effect of Austenite Deformation on Continuous Cooling Transformation Microstructures for 22CrSH Gear Steel

 The effect of compressive deformation of austenite on continuous cooling transformation microstructures for 22CrSH gear steel has been investigated using a Gleeble 1500 thermal simulator. The experimental results show that the deformation of austenite promotes the formation of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite, and leads to the increase of critical cooling rate of proeutectoid ferrite plus pearlite microstructure. The grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite occupies the austenite grain surfaces when the prior deformation takes place or the cooling rate is decreased, which causes a transition from bainite to acicular ferrite. The deformation enhances the stability of transformation from austenite to acicular ferrite, which results in an increase of M/A constituent.