壳聚糖开发与应用进展

一、形势分析 壳聚糖是由甲壳素脱乙酰基得到的重要衍生物。甲壳素来源于甲壳类动物,在我国,尤其在沿海、沿江、大河湖泊地区,虾蟹壳资源丰富,其中虾壳中甲壳素含量为20％～50％,蟹壳中约为17.1％～18.2％。甲壳素每年地球上自然生成量高达百亿吨,其产量可与纤维素匹敌,储量十分巨大,用来开发生产壳聚糖具有广阔的余地。 壳聚糖分子结构内含游离氨,具有相当优良的物化性质及生理功能,自1997年起国际上每年召开     

开发壳聚糖前景广阔

壳聚糖（ Chitosan）又称可溶性甲壳素，为甲壳素系列产物中最重要的衍生物，在日本是唯一允许宣传疗效的机能性产品。欧美把壳糖称为人体六大生命要素之一 ,也被誉为第四代保健食品。也有学者预言“ 21世纪将是甲壳素的世纪”。 　　甲壳素（ Chitin）是一种天然直链状酰胺类多糖，又称甲壳质、几丁质或壳蛋白。甲壳素部分和全部脱去乙酰基后就得到壳聚糖。甲壳素是地球上蕴藏最丰富的有机物之一，在蟹、虾壳中含量高达 15％～ 30％。估计地球上每年由生物合成的甲壳素约有 10 Gt之多，是仅次于纤维素的第二大再生天然资源。如果从海洋生…     

壳聚糖开发与应用

1市场 [1， 2]　　壳聚糖是由甲壳素脱乙酰基得到的重要衍生物。甲壳素来源于甲壳类动物，在我国，尤其在沿海、沿江、大河湖泊地区，虾蟹壳资源丰富，其中虾壳中甲壳素含量为 20％～ 25％，蟹壳中约为 17． 1％～ 18． 2％。每年地球上甲壳素自然生成量高达百亿 t，其产量可与纤维素匹敌，储量十分巨大，用于开发生产壳聚糖具有广阔的前景。 　　壳聚糖分子结构内含游离氨，具有相当优良的物化性质及生理功能，自 1997年起国际上每年召开一次会议，研讨其提取技术并不断开拓其在生产工程、酶和细胞固定化、生化药物等方面的用途。壳聚糖是…     

可溶于水的脱乙酰甲壳素的制备

高纯度甲壳素（蛋白质含量为≤０．１％，无机物含量为≤０．０１％的制备方法。在５０℃温度时，将胶滞体粘度≤４００ＣＰ的碱性甲壳素水解后，制得脱乙酰甲壳素（脱乙酰度为３５％～６５％）然后用酸中和或用醇、离子交换树脂脱碱，在温度为３０℃的条件下反应１６小时。经过滤后用酸中和，制得胶状物，再将该胶状物过滤、洗涤、脱盐、压滤并干燥后，制得乙酰度为５２．３％的脱乙酰甲壳素。日特开１１，０５，８０３可溶于水的脱乙酰甲壳素的制备     

甲壳素黄原酸酯溶液流变性的研究

研究甲壳素黄原酸酯体系的流变性能，在所研究的甲壳素溶液浓度范围内的非牛顿指数n值均小于1,n值随着甲壳素浓度的增加而减小，随着溶液温度的升高而增大，甲壳素溶液的结构粘度随温度升高而下降，甲壳素浓度4－7％溶液的粘流活化能高于纤维素粘胶，浓度8％溶液的粘流活化能低于纤维素粘胶。     

蝉壳壳聚糖的制备和分析

从蝉壳中提取了甲壳素和壳聚糖，脱乙酰度可达９４％，研究了蝉壳甲壳素的脱色条件和高分子量壳聚糖降解为低分子量壳聚糖的方法。     

β-甲壳素与胶原混合多孔支架的制备与性质

通过用盐淋洗和冷冻干燥的方法来制备 β-甲壳素和胶原混合多孔支架。作为框架的 甲壳素多孔支架很容易按要求成型,孔隙的平 均大小为260-330μm,这些孔分布均匀且内 部相互连接,力学强度和生物降解速率随孔隙 率而增加,孔隙率可随盐浓度而进行调节。另 外,在甲壳索多孔支架的大孔隙中引入未成熟 胶原溶液用来改善细胞之间的连接。在甲壳 素空隙间形成的网状胶原纤维是由0.1％(质 量分数)的胶原溶液制得的;而用0.5％的胶 原溶液只涂敷在甲壳素表面。经过3d的培 养,在胶原涂敷的甲壳素中培养的纤维原细胞 附着在胶原涂敷的地方,而细胞并不附着聚集 在单有甲壳素多孔支架上。14d后纤维原细 胞对胶原涂敷的甲壳素表现出很好的亲合性, 且快速繁殖。     

改性甲壳素杀菌混凝剂的研制及性能实验

以甲壳素、亚硫酰氯、三苯基磷为原料,合成了具有良好混凝及杀菌性能的季(鏻)基接枝甲壳素.考察了其对大肠杆菌和假丝酵母菌的杀菌能力.通过动态混凝试验考察了改性甲壳素对高岭土模拟废水的混凝效果.实验结果表明,该杀菌混凝剂最佳合成条件:n(甲壳素)∶n(亚硫酰氯)∶n(三苯基磷)为1∶1.5∶1.5,接枝反应温度为70℃,反应时间为10 h,环己酮为溶剂.改性甲壳素在pH=6、模拟水浊度为102 NTU、投药量为30 mg/L的条件下,除浊率可达80％；当投药量分别为10、40 mg/L时,改性甲壳素对大肠杆菌、假丝酵母菌的杀菌率均可达到90％以上.     

甲壳素型聚脲氨酯的合成与性能研究

以甲壳素的DM Ac-LiCl(质量分数为5％)溶液与过量的改性MDI(L-MDI)为原料合成了甲壳素型聚脲氨酯，研究了-NCO与甲壳素重复单元摩尔比值(异氰酸酯指数R)对甲壳素型聚脲氨酯溶解性能和吸湿保湿能力的影响，并以FTIR、TG、DSC等对产物进行了表征。     

过硫酸钾引发羧甲基甲壳素和丙烯酸钾溶液接枝聚合

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,水为介质,制备了羧甲基甲壳素接枝丙烯酸钾共聚物,讨论了反应温度、反应时间、引发剂用量、单体用量对接枝率的影响,获得了最佳反应条件。结果表明：在含羧甲基甲壳素0．3g的30．0mL水溶液中,加入过硫酸钾50．0mg,丙烯酸钾水溶液8．0mL,于60℃反应120min时接枝率最高,达305．1％。接枝共聚物具有水溶性。接枝共聚改性反应可以扩展羧甲基甲壳素的应用价值。     

D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐的虾壳合成及其含量的紫外分光光度法测定

由预处理后的虾壳制备几丁质,以盐酸水解制得D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐,优化水解工艺,得到最佳工艺条件:水解盐酸浓度11.7mol/L,水解温度95℃,水解时间4h,收率63%,采用紫外分光光度法测定样品中D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐的含量为94.6%。     

几种医用甲壳素无纺布的红外光谱分析和应用性能比较

文章研究了三种医用甲壳素无纺布的红外光谱和应用性能,结果表明：透射法所得红外光谱吸收峰扁平,不适合甲壳素无纺布的分析;红外反射法不需特别制样,分析在900-1700cm^-1和2800～3600cm^-1处出现了明显和较尖锐的吸收峰,分析方法完全可行：木纤维在1108．9cm。比甲壳素多一个峰,甲壳索在1264．8cm^-1、1587．7cm^-1和1658．2cm。处的峰强度大于木纤维;甲壳素／木纤维复合无纺布在创面模拟中没有出现粘连,手感柔软,颜色较白,更适合医疗敷料用途。     

甲壳质及其衍生物的制备与应用

甲壳质是一种丰富的天然资源。近年来，甲壳质及其衍生物的开发应用受到国内外的重视，越来越多的产品将从实验室走向市场，本文介绍了甲壳质及其衍生物的制备方法及其在工业、农业、医药、环保、生物学等领域的应用。     

水溶性甲壳素衍生物的制备,性质及应用

主要阐述了水溶性甲壳素衍生物的制备方法和性质,并介绍了它们在生物医学、日用化妆品、环境保护、纺织品等领域的应用 。     

In vitro biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of chitin monomer obtain from hollow fiber membrane

This study for the first time shows the effective utilization and production of chitin monomers at laboratory level, with immense potential for its biomedical application. Low molecular weight (LMW) N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is prepared by depolymerization of chitin using chemical method coupled with a physical separation method. A novel filtration strategy exploiting polysulfone hollow fiber membrane is used for the preparation of GlcNAc particles with 94% yield within 8.5 ± 0.5 h. This high efficiency is analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The GlcNAc obtained was further analyzed using dynamic light scattering, first derivative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The antimicrobial properties of GlcNAc, chitin, and GlcNAc/chitin mixture were investigated using minimal inhibitory concentration against S. aureus and E. coli. Bacteriostatic property was exhibited by high molecular weight chitin, while GlcNAc and GlcNAc/chitin mixture (LMW) demonstrated bactericidal activity. Blood biocompatibility below 0.25 g/ml and cytocompatibility with NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and the proliferative efficacy suggested its utilization and suitability of these particles in biological applications.     

Valorization of chitins extracted from North Morocco shrimps: Comparison of chitin reactivity and characteristics

Huge quantities of waste discharged by the gray and pink shrimp decortication units in the North of Morocco can be valorized by producing about 950 tons of pure chitin, which can be transformed into 700 tons of highly to totally deacetylated chitosan. During the preparation of chitin and chitosan from gray and pink shrimps, differences in reaction behavior were observed even though these are taxonomically close species. The presented results concern several chitinous sources, and they show that the progress in the N-deacetylation reactions of chitin would be linked to the crystallinity index of the starting chitin. Following the kinetic study of the polymer hydrolysis during N-deacetylation, the difference in the molecular weights of the chitosan samples obtained under identical reaction conditions was related to the differences between molecular weights of the native chitin, 478 000 g.mol⁻¹ for pink shrimp and 562 000 for gray shrimp. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47804.     

The preparation and properties of cellulose/chitin blend filaments

The focus of this article is the preparation and characterization of cellulose/chitin blend filaments obtained from cellulose/chitin xanthate blend solution over the experimental blend ratio, i.e., 2.89% and 6.46% (w/w) chitin content. The addition of chitin xanthate into cellulose xanthate leads to an increase of intermittence rate and the blend solution has good filtering property. Scanning electronic microscope photos shows that there exist grooves on the filaments surface, which are becoming coarse with increasing chitin content. The mechanical properties of the spun blend filaments is much higher than that of Crabyon® fiber, which proves that the viscose method we adopt here is an efficient way to prepare cellulose/chitin blend filaments with satisfactory mechanical properties and processing property. Based on the data from X‐ray, sonic velocity, equilibrium regain rate, and accessibility, it is concluded that the degree of crystallinity, modulus, degree of orientation, density, equilibrium regain rate, and accessibility of blend filaments decreases with increasing chitin content in the blend filaments in the experiment scope. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

降解制备壳寡糖研究进展

壳寡糖因具有多种生物活性,成为国内外研究的热点,其制备技术是壳聚糖产业研究开发的重点领域。壳寡糖的制备方法主要有化学法、酶解法和综合法。本文对壳寡糖的制备方法及其作用机理进行了综述。     

Lipochitin Oligosaccharides Immobilized through Oximes in Glycan Microarrays Bind LysM Proteins

Glycan microarrays have emerged as novel tools to study carbohydrate–protein interactions. Here we describe the preparation of a covalent microarray with lipochitin oligosaccharides and its use in studying proteins containing LysM domains. The glycan microarray was assembled from glycoconjugates that were synthesized by using recently developed bifunctional chemoselective aminooxy reagents without the need for transient carbohydrate protecting groups. We describe for the first time the preparation of a covalent microarray with lipochitin oligosaccharides and its use for studying proteins containing LysM domains. Lipochitin oligosaccharides (also referred to as Nod factors) were isolated from bacterial strains or chemoenzymatically synthesized. The glycan microarray also included peptidoglycan‐related compounds, as well as chitin oligosaccharides of different lengths. In total, 30 ligands were treated with the aminooxy linker molecule. The identity of the glycoconjugates was verified by mass spectrometry, and they were then immobilized on the array. The presence of the glycoconjugates on the array surface was confirmed by use of lectins and human sera (IgG binding). The functionality of our array was tested with a bacterial LysM domain‐containing protein, autolysin p60, which is known to act on the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. P60 showed specific binding to Nod factors and to chitin oligosaccharides. Increasing affinity was observed with increasing chitin oligomer length.     

甲壳质纤维的制备及应用

甲壳质及其衍生物具有天然的生物活性及良好的成膜成纤性能 ,已被广泛地应用到医药、纺织、食品、化工等多个领域。介绍了甲壳素纤维的制备、性能 ,并简述其在纺织领域中的应用