改性ZSM-5用于C4烯烃催化裂解

为了充分利用C4资源增产丙烯,中国石化上海石油化工研究院采用不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,以X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、氨程序升温脱附和N：吸附方法对改性后的催化剂进行表征,并考察了改性后的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在C4烯烃催化裂解反应中的性能。研究结果表明,氢氧化钠改性没有破坏分子筛的骨架结构,     

改性介微孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂制备及催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应性能

将微孔ZSM-5分子筛通过不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液处理不同的时间制备不同的介微孔ZSM-5分子筛,然后负载五氧化二磷制备介微孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,对介微孔ZSM-5分子筛负载五氧化二磷催化剂进行甲苯甲醇烷基化反应评价。其中氢氧化钠溶液浓度为1.0 mol/L、处理时间为30 min得到的介微孔ZSM-5分子筛负载五氧化二磷催化剂催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的活性较高。对介微孔ZSM-5分子筛负载五氧化二磷催化剂进一步采用铂进行改性,将制备的催化剂用于甲苯甲醇烷基化反应,在460 ℃条件下连续反应505 h,甲苯转化率保持在10.9%,二甲苯中对二甲苯的选择性保持在96%以上。研究结果表明,五氧化二磷、铂改性的介微孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂具有优异的甲苯甲醇烷基化反应性能。     

全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂研究及工业应用

制备了全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、N2物理吸附-脱附及NH3-TPD等对催化剂进行表征,并考察其用于碳四烯烃催化裂解制丙烯(OCC)反应的催化性能。结果表明,制备的全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂比常规成型的催化剂具有更高的结晶度、更大的比表面积、更丰富的孔结构以及更多的活性中心。高空速有利于反应的进行,提高压力对反应不利,升高温度有利于提高产物丙烯收率。在实验室研究的基础上,将全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂用于OCC工业装置,取得良好的应用效果。     

ZSM-5分子筛的磷改性及其碳四烯烃催化裂解性能

ZSM-5分子筛的磷改性及其碳四烯烃催化裂解性能
薛扬,袁桂梅*,陈胜利,李淑娟,袁锐
（中国石油大学（北京）重质油国家重点实验室,北京 102249） 为了提高丙烯和乙烯产率,增强催化剂的稳定性,采用等体积浸渍法对硅铝物质的量比为38的ZSM-5分子筛进行磷改性,对制备的催化剂进行SEM、XRD、N2吸附-脱附和NH3-TPD表征,考察不同磷含量ZSM-5分子筛对C4烯烃催化裂解反应性能的影响。表征结果表明,随着磷含量的升高,磷改性后的ZSM-5分子筛晶体结构变化不大,比表面积和孔容逐渐减小,结晶度降低,酸强度减弱,酸量减小。性能评价结果表明,随着磷含量的升高,丁烯转化率逐渐下降,丙烯和乙烯选择性、收率先升后降,磷质量分数为2%时,ZSM-5分子筛催化性能较好,相对结晶度为84.66%,平均孔径2.334 nm,孔容0.154 cm3·g-1,微孔孔容0.082 8 cm3·g-1,比表面积264.1 m2·g-1,总酸量0.559 mmol-NH3·g-1,丙烯选择性约40%,乙烯和丙烯总收率约57%。     

碱处理改性对Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂性能的影响

以不同浓度的NaOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理改性后所得多级孔ZSM-5分子筛作为活性组分制备甲醇制芳烃催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD和N2吸-脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征,分别考察了碱处理改性对分子筛催化剂骨架结构、酸性质、孔结构以及催化性能的影响.结果表明,通过合适浓度的NaOH碱溶液处理后,HZSM-5分子筛在保持微孔骨架结构的同时,可以调变其晶内介孔孔道结构分布以及酸性质.随着NaOH碱溶液浓度升高,HZSM-5分子筛的酸量、介孔孔容、介孔表面积都增加、孔容分布变宽,催化剂的活性和稳定性等催化性能得以改善.HZSM-5分子筛碱处理改性适宜的NaOH溶液浓度为0.4 mol/L,改性后的催化剂芳烃收率由25.07％增加到32.22％,使用寿命由8d增加到16d,但NaOH溶液浓度超过0.6 mol/L后会严重破坏HZSM-5分子筛骨架结构,催化活性下降较快.     

碱处理ZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇制丙烯性能

为了提高分子筛催化乙醇制丙烯的性能,使用Na OH溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性处理,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N2吸脱附和程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等方法对分子筛进行了表征。考察了碱处理时间对分子筛的结构、形貌以及酸性的影响,并将碱处理ZSM-5分子筛用于乙醇制取丙烯催化反应。结果表明:经过0.2 mol/L Na OH溶液处理120 min后,ZSM-5分子筛产生了一定量的介孔,但仍然保持晶体结构(MFI)的微孔骨架结构,分子筛表面酸性稍微降低。在500℃时该催化剂上乙醇转化为丙烯的收率比未经碱处理的ZSM-5有所提高,从22.8%提高到28.8%。ZSM-5分子筛表面酸性的微调和形成的有助于产物扩散的介孔结构,改善了分子筛催化乙醇转化丙烯的催化性能。     

碳五烃催化裂解制取丙烯/乙烯反应性能

以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,碳五烃混合物为裂解原料,考察空速对碳五烃催化裂解制丙烯/乙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明,在580℃和实验空速范围,随着空速的增加,碳五烷烃及烯烃转化率整体呈下降趋势,但碳五烯烃转化率远高于碳五烷烃。乙烯及丙烯收率在空速3 h-1时达到最大,分别为10.51%和13.02%。碳四烯烃收率随空速的升高而降低,但各丁烯异构体相对于总烯烃的质量分布接近热力学平衡态。     

碳五烃催化裂解制取低碳烯烃反应性能及机理

以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,碳五烃混合物为裂解原料,考察温度及稀释比对碳五烃催化裂解制丙烯/乙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明:随温度升高碳五烷烃及烯烃的转化率均不断升高,但碳五烯烃的转化率远高于碳五烷烃的转化率。同时乙烯及丙烯的收率也随温度的升高而升高,空速3.06 h-1,分压23.24 k Pa时,分别由450℃的2.38%,8.84%升高到620℃时的13.86%和19.67%。另外,随稀释比的增加,碳五烯烃转化率,乙烯、丙烯及丁烯的收率不断下降,但C6烃的收率随稀释比的增加而升高。碳五烯烃催化裂解机理分析指出:碳五烯烃催化裂解过程中碳五烯烃在直接裂解生成乙烯和丙烯的同时,也可通过二聚成C10中间体,然后生成的C10中间体再发生顺次裂解反应。该机理应用于实验规律的解释,取得了满意的结果。     

La修饰ZSM-5分子筛催化剂用于C4烯烃催化裂解制丙烯

采用不同含量的La对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性，考察其在C₄烯烃催化裂解制丙烯反应中的催化性能。结果发现，少量La的引入不会破坏分子筛催化剂的骨架结构，改性后催化剂活性的变化是由于其表面酸性的改变而引起。分子筛催化剂表面酸量决定其C₄烯烃裂解反应活性，La的加入使催化剂表面酸量减少，从而使烯烃转化率降低。催化剂表面酸强度是影响其产物分布的主要因素，酸性越强，催化剂裂解能力越强，产物丙烯的选择性也就越高。尽可能提高催化剂表面强酸的酸量是C₄烯烃催化裂解制丙烯反应催化剂的研制方向。     

双金属改性ZSM-5-USY复合分子筛催化裂解正己烷制备低碳烯烃

为了获得催化裂解制备低碳烯烃的高效催化剂,以等体积浸渍法制备了系列单金属(Ce, Y, Zr, Mn, Cu)及双金属(Zr-Ce, Mn-Ce, Y-Ce, Cu-Ce)改性ZSM-5-USY复合分子筛催化剂,通过XRD, NH3-TPD, BET等方法表征了其物理化学性质,并将所制备催化剂用于催化裂解正己烷。结果表明,催化剂的弱酸量越多,正己烷转化率及C2~C4烯烃选择性越高,Zr-Ce共改性分子筛的催化活性较优。水蒸气处理对Zr-Ce/ZSM-5-USY催化剂的酸性及催化裂解产物分布有较大影响,经水蒸气处理的催化剂性能更稳定,可将裂解产物中低碳烯烃的选择性由20.02% (催化剂未经水蒸气处理)提高到57.55% (催化剂经水蒸气处理4 h)。研究了0.25% Zr-0.5% Ce/ZSM-5-USY催化体系的裂解反应动力学,正己烷裂解为一级反应,裂解活化能为88.93 kJ/mol。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。