微通道内气-液传质研究

以CO₂-H₂O为模型体系，实验考察了当量直径为667 μm的单通道和16个并行通道内的气-液传质行为.实验发现，液体表观速度增加，单通道内液侧体积传质系数明显提高;同一液体表观速度下，液侧体积传质系数随气体表观速度增加而增加;在实验数据基础上关联了液侧体积传质系数与气-液两相流参数间的关系.微通道内的液侧体积传质系数较常规尺度气-液接触设备至少高1～2个数量级.并讨论了并行微通道内气-液两相流分配特性对整体传质性能的影响，表明合理设计气、液流动分布结构，可保证微通道内优异的传质特性.     

微通道反应器内气液二相流压降的研究

以氮气和去离子水为研究体系,采用混合均质模型,在内径分别为900μm和500μm的圆形微通道中针对微通道反应器内气液二相流的压降进行研究。分析了黏度、气液表观速度等因素对微通道反应器中气液二相摩擦压降的影响。结果表明:均相流模型与分相流模型在微通道反应器内适用性均有限;采用Mc Adams黏度公式对微通道内的压降进行理论计算,其结果与实际测量所得压降值吻合良好;微通道反应器中的气液二相摩擦压降随气液二相表观速度的增大而增大;将实验结果与分相流模型的预测值进行比较,分相流模型中Lockhart-Martinelli关系式不能很好地预测微通道中气液二相流的摩擦压降。     

并列矩形微通道内两相流流型和压降试验研究

以空气-水、空气-酒精为工质,在矩形截面为100μm×800μm的并列微通道(三通道)中进行了气液两相流动的流型和压降试验。观察到了泡状流、弹状流、波状流和分层流,而且微通道Ⅰ内流型变化最为复杂,微通道Ⅲ内的流型变化只出现了弹状流。通过与均相流计算模型预测值的对比发现:Mecadam粘度计算式预测的压降值在低气相速率时能较好地预测压降,但是预测范围非常小,全液相粘度预测的压降值在低液速时能够较好地预测本试验中的整体压降;分相流模型中Chishlom预测效果较好。     

微通道中液-液萃取传质特性的研究

研究了在一个内径为400 μm管式直线型玻璃微通道中的液-液两相的传质特性,其中去离子水为水相, 煤油（溶质是苯甲酸）为油相, 氮气为气相。实验研究了表面张力、黏度和气体分散相对体积传质系数的影响,结果表明：在内径为400 μm的微通道内,当停留时间为15 s时微通道内的萃取已达到平衡;水相的表面张力和液体黏度显著影响微通道内的传质效率;在液-液系统中引入气相后,水油两相之间的传质效率显著增加。     

微通道反应器内CO2传质反应行为研究

以水平放置圆形截面的微通道反应器,进行K_2CO_3-CO_2两相流传质实验。研究气速、液速、管径以及反应时间对微通道中瞬时吸收速率及气液两相传质的影响。实验结果表明:雷诺数Re与流动状态关系与传统理论类似;微通道中气液两相传质系数在0.1—6 s~(-1)之间,K_(La)随液体表观速率的增大而增大;随气体表观速率的增大而减小,属于液膜控制反应;随通道尺寸的增大,传质系数减小;瞬时吸收速率随时间先增大后减小并趋于平稳。     

小曲率蛇形微通道弯头处弹状流流动及传质特性的数值研究

采用CLSVOF（coupled level set and volume of fluid）方法,以空气和水为工作流体对小曲率矩形截面蛇形微通道内气液两相流动进行模拟研究。验证模型的合理性后,研究了曲率对弯通道内压降的影响,曲率及气相速度对弹状流气泡及液塞长度的综合影响;同时深入分析了弯管内气液两相流动的传质特性,包括不同曲率下气泡长度的变化,弯管内液侧体积传质系数与液膜体积传质系数的比较,曲率及气相速度对液相体积传质系数的影响。同时,对比了回转弯道与直微通道传质系数的差异,发现弯微通道可以强化传质。     

微通道内单乙醇胺水溶液吸收CO2/N2混合气的传质特性

采用高速摄像仪对400 μm×400 μm T形微通道内单乙醇胺（MEA）水溶液吸收混合气中CO₂过程的气液两相流及传质特性进行了实验研究,微通道内的压力降采用压力传感器进行测量。考察了弹状流型下气液两相流量及MEA浓度对压力降、比表面积和传质性能的影响。结果表明,当MEA浓度不变,气液两相流量增大时,压力降、比表面积、传质系数、体积传质系数和增强因子均增大,并逐渐趋于恒定。当气液流量不变,MEA浓度增大时,压力降、传质系数、体积传质系数和增强因子增大,但比表面积减小。实验条件下,压力降范围为2.00~5.23 kPa,化学吸收过程的传质系数范围为7.74×10^-4~2.97×10^-3 m·s^-1。对于伴有快速化学反应的传质过程,以Sherwood数、Reynolds数、Schmidt数及增强因子为变量建立了体积传质系数的预测关联式,平均偏差为5.09%,具有良好的预测性能。     

矩形截面螺旋细通道内气液两相流液相分布及压降特性

为探究不同操作参数及结构下矩形截面螺旋细通道内气液两相流的液相分布及压降特性,建立了光滑螺旋通道及内置矩形涡发生器的螺旋通道2种模型,在进口速度u_(in)=0.22～0.32 m/s,进口含气率α=0.55～0.59的条件下,以空气-水两相流为工质进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在研究的范围内通道内液体受离心力的影响被甩向螺旋通道外侧,而气体分布于通道内侧。进口含气率的增加会减少通道外壁面的液膜厚度。通道内置的矩形涡发生器可使内部工质产生二次流从而增强混合,有效提升截面含气率。除此之外,进口速度的增大、进口含气率的减小及矩形涡发生器的加入均会使矩形螺旋细通道内两相压降增大。     

阵列凸起微通道内气液两相传质特性研究

研究了阵列凸起微通道内N-甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）吸收CO₂过程的气液两相传质特性。在弹状流型下,考察了气液两相流量、MDEA浓度对体积传质系数、CO₂吸收效率、压力降以及能量损耗的影响。弹状气泡受到阵列凸起的挤压作用发生形变,促进了气液两相间的传质。与平滑通道相比,阵列凸起微通道在实验条件下具有更好CO₂吸收效率。在相同的能量损耗时,阵列凸起微通道具有更大的体积传质系数。     

微通道内铜离子反萃取过程

考察了油相铜离子负载浓度、硫酸浓度、油水两相体积比和温度对微通道内铜离子反萃取过程的影响.实验过程中水油两相表观速率分别为0.014～0.560 m/s和0.014～0.230 m/s,最高反萃取效率可达0 87,表观总体积平均传质系数为0.02～0.12 s-1.因反萃取时间短未达到平衡,故微通道内整个反萃取过程由传质过程与化学反应共同控制.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。